Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Agroforestry systems (AFS) represent an alternative to the current agricultural model, based on monoculture, mechanization, and intensive use of agrochemicals. The aim of this study was to characterize existing AFS in the Southern region of Brazil and understand how their forestry certification process is conducted by the official governmental body (SEMA-RS). Interviews were carried out with the owners of five AFS and one technical visit was made to SEMA-RS. Changes in production model resulted from a process of raising farmers’ awareness, which was observed when the main reason mentioned by farmers for implementing AFS is to ensure a healthier life quality. Another reason mentioned is that this system is economically and environmentally feasible and complies with current legislation. On the other hand, SEMA-RS facilitated the certification process by developing a simplified and quicker modality for AFS. The support of technicians and associations helps by providing access to information and to a successful production. This study confirms the effectiveness of AFS and the need to further their visibility so that they are implemented in other locations, especially in degraded areas, thus contributing with environmental preservation and with improving the health of the population, from farmers to consumers.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Olive leaves are agro-industrial residues resulting from pruning and / or olive harvesting, and are used in animal feed, as an organic fertilizer and as a source of compound extraction for various applications. This study aimed to carry out the physicochemical characterization, main bioactive compounds and the fatty acid profile of olive leaves from the cultivars Frantoio, Koroneike, Manzanilha, Arbosana and Arbequina. Proximal composition, pH, titratable acidity, minerals by MIP OES, bioactive compounds were determined by spectrophotometry, oleuropein and tocopherols by high performance liquid chromatography and the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. The olive leaves had a high content of fibers and proteins, the predominant minerals were potassium and calcium, in addition the olive leaves had a high content of bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and carotenoids and the cultivar Koroneike had a higher content of oleuropein compared to the others. In relation to tocopherols, α-tocopherol stood out from the other tocopherols with the maximum concentration (63436.79 mg.100g-1) measured in the cultivar Arbequina. In view of the results found, it is concluded that olive leaves are sources of macromolecules, bioactive compounds and fatty acids, which can be extracted and applied in the most diverse areas.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate asepsis protocols, composition and concentration of culture media in the in vitro establishment of three physalis species. In experiment I, seeds of 3 species were used x 3 asepsis protocols. In experiment II, 3 culture media and explants 3 species were used. In experiment III, explants of 2 species x 4 concentrations of MS culture medium were used. In experiment IV, explants of 2 species x 4 sucrose concentrations were used. For experiments II, III and IV after 30 days were evaluated some phytotechnical parameters. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 3 (experiments I and II) and 2 x 4 (experiments III and IV) factorial scheme. Protocols II and III were appropriate for P. peruviana germination, and I and III for P. minima, the three protocols were efficient for controlling fungi and bacteria. The MS is the most suitable for the in vitro establishment of three species. The culture medium at 100% concentration obtained better values ​​in the in vitro development parameters evaluated for the species P. peruviana and P. minima. Sucrose concentrations close to 50 and 20 g L-1 favored the establishment of P. peruviana and P. minima.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Motivated by the lack of studies that standardize and optimize the parameters of texture tests, this study aimed to determine the operating conditions for TPA to maximize the discrimination among samples of fruit preserves. The texture of the commercial guava preserves was evaluated using a texturometer. The Design Central Composite Rotational (DCCR) method was applied with four independent variables: speed test, sample volume, time between compression cycles and compression percentage. Only the compression percentage and test speed were significantly influenced by the texture parameters evaluated. The optimum operating region of TPA to better discriminate differences in texture parameters depended on the variable to be optimized, and for adhesiveness a compression of 75% and a compression speed of 0.23 mm·s are recommended. To detect differences among the samples for the parameters of cohesiveness, gumminess and resilience, the use of 15% compression and 2.59 mm·s speed is suggested. In both cases, one must employ the shortest time between two cycles and use a smaller sample size to save both the time of analysis and of the sample, respectively. For the parameters of hardness, elasticity and chewiness, optimal regions were not identified.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of rooting of podocarpos cuttings in function of the number of leaves, concentrations of IBA and phytorregulators, application methods and cutting season. Two experiments were carried out under weaning conditions, in a factorial scheme containing 3 replicates of 15 cuttings, the first with 4 concentrations of IBA, 3 leaves at the cuttings and 2 seasons. These were removed in August/2016 and January/2017, prepared with 10 cm in length and immersed in solutions for 10 s. In the second experiment three types of phytoregulators and 2 application forms were tested (slow and quick immersion). Cuttings were prepared in the same manner as in the first experiment, maintaining 4 leaves. The bases of the cuttings were immersed for 10 s and 24 h in the solutions, then taken to root. After 100 days of experimentation, it was concluded that cuttings collected in the summer had a higher percentage of rooting, 4 leaves and IBA concentration should be maintained between 750 and 800 mg L-1. The best form of application of phytoregulator is by rapid immersion.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In Argentina, cassava (Manihot esculenta) production does not meet the national demand. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of two planting systems of the stem cuttings (horizontal and vertical), two plant densities (10,000 and 20,000 plant ha-1) and two cassava genotypes (cv. Palomita and Blanca de Santa Catarina) on biometric variables and on root and starch yields by means of a field experiment carried out in Corrientes, Argentina. Eight treatments were distributed following a randomized complete block design. The following variables were evaluated: cutting sprouting percentage, plant height, percentage of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PARi); total, shoot and root fresh weight per hectare and/or per plant; starch production per hectare and weed dry biomass. Blanca de Santa Catarina (BSC) demonstrated the best yield potential. Vertical planting determined higher sprouting percentages, plant length and PARi, consequently greater conversion into biomass and starch. Higher plant density was associated with lower weed dry biomass and with lower root yield per plant. In conclusion, in cassava producing areas, such as Corrientes, which has sandy soils, the vertical planting system at a density of 10,000 plant ha-1 with the cv. BSC could be recommended to increase cassava yield without additional costs.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Blossom blight and brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola is the most important peach disease in Brazil. Genetic resistance is a control strategy that is gaining importance in breeding programs worldwide. This study aimed to identify genotypes with higher levels of blossom blight resistance to estimate the heritability of this character; study the frequency distribution in populations; and test the possibility of maternal effect. Blossom blight susceptibility was tested in reciprocal hybridizations seedlings, as well as their parents. The detached flower technique was used in a randomized complete block design, considering each genotype as a treatment. Flower inoculation was made by spraying a M. fructicola suspension and evaluations were carried out after 72 and 120 hours using a scale of five severity levels. The studied populations presented low phenotypic variability regarding the flower resistance/susceptibility to M. fructicola, being most of them susceptible or very susceptible. Among the tested genotypes, the cultivars Maciel and Cerrito showed less blossom blight susceptibility, transmitting this character to their progenies. Heritability estimates of the blossom blight resistance were medium to low. The low heritability and its distribution in the progenies suggest that the character has additive inheritance, without detecting deviations associated with maternal effects.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Besides rubber production, one of the main goals of the genetic improvement of rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.] is to develop vigorous clones. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vigor of 34 elite juvenile rubber clones. To this end, three experiments were conducted in the municipality of Pontes Gestal, in the northwest region of the São Paulo State. Each experiment consisted of 10 treatments, and 2 controls in common to the 3 experiments. The experiments were arranged in the randomized block design, with three replications and ten plants per plot, in the 8 m x 2.5 m spacing. Individual and joint analyses of variance were performed. The means were compared using the Dunnett test at 5%. Significant effect of treatments was found in the three experiments and in the joint analysis. The most vigorous clones were not different from the controls in the comparison of means by the individual and joint analyses. The less vigorous clones were statistically different from the others and from the controls, reflecting this difference in the genetic variability observed. The breeding program must consider the lack of difference between the most vigorous clones and the controls when recombining superior clones, since genetic gain depends on variability.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of cassava cultivar ‘Santa Helena’ and the efficiency of weed control using herbicides applied alone or tank mixed with and without sequential applications. Two experiments were carried out, both in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments for the 1st experiment were: Hand hoeing (weed-free control); No hand hoeing (non-weeded control); sulfentrazone (500 g ha-1); sulfentrazone/[clomazone + clethodim] (500/[1125 + 120] g ha-1); sulfentrazone/mesotrione (500/240 g ha-1); S-metolachlor (1920 g ha-1); S-metolachlor/[clomazone + clethodim] (1920/[1125 + 120] g ha-1); S-metolachlor/mesotrione](1920/240 g ha-1); [sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor]/[clomazone + clethodim] ([500 + 1920]/[1125 + 120] g ha-1); [sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor]/mesotrione ([500 + 1920]/240 g ha-1). The treatments of the 2nd experiment were: Hand hoeing (weed-free control); No hand hoeing (non-weeded control); glyphosate (360 g ha-1) + hand hoeing; glyphosate + sulfentrazone (360 + 500 g ha-1); glyphosate + flumioxazin (360 + 50 g ha-1); glyphosate + clomazone (360 + 1125 g ha-1); glyphosate + S-metolachlor (360 + 1920 g ha-1); glyphosate + sulfentrazone + clomazone (360 + 400 + 900 g ha-1); glyphosate + sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor (360 + 400 + 1440 g ha-1); glyphosate + flumioxazin + clomazone (360 + 40 + 900 g ha-1); glyphosate + flumioxazin + S-metolachlor (360 + 40 + 1440 g ha-1). In the first experiment, only the treatments S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor/[clomazone + clethodim] and S-metolachlor/mesotrione did not present efficient weed control, causing reduction in yields; the other treatments were crop selective and efficient. In the second experiment, all treatments showed excellent levels of weed control up to 65 DAA and were crop selective. It is concluded that applications of tank mixtures, sequential mixtures and the use of glyphosate mixed with pre-emergent herbicides constitute excellent alternatives of weed management strategies in ‘Santa Helena’ cassava.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Fruit flies are phytophagous insects that are important because of the damages caused to fruits, mainly by larvae that feed on the pulp. Surveys of the diversity of these tefritids are still scarce in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region, the objective of this study was to establish the tritrophic relationship existing between species of Anastrepha, their parasitoids, and the fruits acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and guava (Psidium guajava L.) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, Pará. Freshly fallen fruits were collected weekly from January to December 2018, in three farms. Throughout the survey, 4,324 puparium were collected in guavas, 2,682 in mangoes, and 644 in acerolas. The species Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) were identified in mango (90.3%), acerola (7.7%) and guava (2.1%), and Anastrepha striata Schiner, 1868 were identified in guava (98.8%) and acerola (1.2%). Five species of parasitoids were identified in association with A. obliqua and six species of parasitoids were identified in association with A. striata. The specie Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) was the most frequent among the species of parasitoids recorded.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The use of organic waste in agriculture has stimulated the search for technologies that reduce environmental pollution. Among the residues are the biochar and swine wastewater (SW), which incorrectly disposed cause negative impacts, however, when combined, they can enhance agricultural production, due to the synergism between both. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the influence of doses of biochar, from conilon coffee straw, combined or not with swine wastewater diluted to 50% (SW50%), on the nutrient content in medium and clayey texture soils and in the corn plant tissue. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with five doses of biochar, two irrigation waters and two soils, with three repetitions. The pH, P, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Zn+2 and Na+ in the soil and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Na in plant were evaluated. The addition of biochar in doses linearly increased the levels of P and K+ in both soil textures, with synergy when irrigated with SW50%. The SW50% provided a nutrients increase in the corn plant tissue. The agricultural use of biochar from conilon coffee straw was important to increase the content of P and, mainly, K in the aerial part of corn.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT To evaluate the performance of different sampling arrangements, this work aimed to study, in a field of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, the variability and spatial dependence of some attributes of plant and soil (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico [Typic hapludox]). To collect the soil (water content [WC] and soil mechanical penetration resistance [PR]) and plant data (tree height [TH] and circumference at breast height [CBH]), a sampling arrangement containing 122 points was used in an area of 1.98 ha and three other arrangements, with 84, 48 and 42 points. Except for the CBH, the reduction of points did not expressively affect the parameters of the classical statistics of all other parameters evaluated. Spatially, for TH and WC, the reduction of collection points did not significantly affect the geostatistical parameters, allowing estimating mapping similar to the initial mapping with high correlation coefficients. The WC at 0.10-0.20 m layer could be estimated from 48 samples of the WC at 0-0.10 m layer and 48 samples in the layer of 0.10-0.20 m with a correlation coefficient (r) equal to 0.94 when compared to initial kriging from an arrangement with 122 sample points.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The cut flowers segment has an important share in the Brazilian floriculture market. However, most of the species traded are exotic because of the severe lack of information about the ornamental potential of the Brazilian flora. On the other hand, a trend observed in landscaping and floriculture is the use of native species, leading to their conservation, propagation and valuation. This study aimed to analyze the potential of Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae), a species native to Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, as ornamental cut flower by evaluating postharvest durability, as well as morphometric and aesthetic parameters. Floral scapes were harvested and kept in containers with tap water. Morphometric measurements, evaluation of commercially important esthetic parameters, and monitoring of postharvest durability were performed. In addition, an online questionnaire was applied to potential consumers to assess the acceptance of the species as a cut flower. The vase life of A. distichantha floral scapes was 10.1 ± 1.5 days, which in addition to size, shape, structure, colors, and originality make them commercially viable as cut flower. The species was accepted by more than 90% of the potential consumers assessed. Therefore, A. distichantha has great potential for the cut flowers market.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Abiotic factors, such as saline stress, can happen in agricultural areas and can harm the metabolism of the plants. Studies that seek to evaluate the acting of P. peruviana L. under stress conditions are still incipient. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the tolerance to salinity in plants of P. peruviana L. under different saline levels of irrigation water. The work was developed in the experimental farm of the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus Pombal, PB, from January to March 2017. Four saline concentrations of irrigation water were used (0.3; 1.2; 2.1; and 3.0 dS m-1) with five repetitions. At 60 days after the transplant, were evaluated the leaf area, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic rate, intrinsic water use efficiency, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, electrolyte extravasation, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. The results show that saline levels of irrigation water up to 3.0 dS m-1 did not provide physiological damages in plants of P. peruviana L. until 60 DAT, except for extravasation of electrolytes and chlorophyll a and b, characterizing the plant as tolerant to salinity until the studied level.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Fique (Furcraea spp., Agavaceae) is source of natural fiber commuly used for packing in Colombia. However, the crop faces phytosanitary limitations that affect production, with scarce information published in this regard. In an ex situ biological collection of Furcraea spp. larvae of an unidentified species of Pyralidae were found feeding on the reproductive structures of the plants. Then, the aim of this work was to identify and report the species and damage of a potential Furcraea spp. pest in Colombia. The study done in the Research Center La Selva of AGROSAVIA, in the Municipality of Rionegro Antioquia, Colombia (6°07´46”N; -75°24´55” W; 2,100 m elavation). The immature stages were collected from infested bulbils and capsules of Furcraea plants and reared under laboratory conditions (17 °C and 65% relative humidity) until adults emerge. The species was identified as Phidotricha erigens Ragonot, 1888 using specialized keys for larva and adult. These larvae adversely affect the sanitary quality of fique seeds, which could affect the expansion of cultivated areas.This paper presents a description of some characters useful for identifying the species in the field.