Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoids associated with acerola, mango, and guava in the municipality of Brasil Novo, Pará

Fruit flies are phytophagous insects that are important because of the damages caused to fruits, mainly by larvae that feed on the pulp. Surveys of the diversity of these tefritids are still scarce in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region, the objective of this study was to establish the tritrophic relationship existing between species of Anastrepha, their parasitoids, and the fruits acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and guava (Psidium guajava L.) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, Pará. Freshly fallen fruits were collected weekly from January to December 2018, in three farms. Throughout the survey, 4,324 puparium were collected in guavas, 2,682 in mangoes, and 644 in acerolas. The species Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) were identified in mango (90.3%), acerola (7.7%) and guava (2.1%), and Anastrepha striata Schiner, 1868 were identified in guava (98.8%) and acerola (1.2%). Five species of parasitoids were identified in association with A. obliqua and six species of parasitoids were identified in association with A. striata. The specie Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) was the most frequent among the species of parasitoids recorded.

Keywords:
Amazon; Anastrepha sp.; biodiversity; tritrophic relationship.

Authorship

Alexandra Soares de Souza ^**Corresponding author: souzaasd31@gmail.com

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura no Trópico Úmido, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. souzaasd31@gmail.comInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaBrazilManaus, Amazonas, Brazil Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura no Trópico Úmido, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. souzaasd31@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3394-8135

José Wilson Pereira da Silva

Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), campus de Altamira, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. jwilsonps@gmail.comUniversidade Federal do ParáBrazilAltamira, Pará, Brazil Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), campus de Altamira, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. jwilsonps@gmail.com

Beatriz Ronchi-Teles

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Capacitação, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. ronchi@inpa.gov.brInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaBrazilManaus, Amazonas, Brazil Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Capacitação, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. ronchi@inpa.gov.br

^*Corresponding author: souzaasd31@gmail.com

There was no conflict of interests in carrying the research and the paper is available for full disclosure

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (8)

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Table 1:
Infestation rates by Anastrepha species in commercial crop of guava (Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018. If: Infestation per fruit; Ifk: Infestation per kilogram of fruit; PV (%): pupal viability

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Table 2:
Infestation rates by Anastrepha species in commercial crop of mango (Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018. If: Infestation per fruit; Ifk: Infestation per kilogram of fruit; PV (%): pupal viability

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Table 3:
Infestation rates by Anastrepha species in commercial crop of acerola (Malpighia emarginata, Malpighiaceae) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018. If: Infestation per fruit; Ifk: Infestation per kilogram of fruit; PV (%): pupal viability

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Table 4:
Tritrophic relationships observed between species of parasitoids, fruit flies and host fruits collected in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January-December / 2018

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Table 5:
Parasitism indexes of Anastrepha species in guava fruits Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018

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Table 6:
Parasitism indexes of Anastrepha species in mango fruits Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018

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Table 7:
Parasitism indexes of Anastrepha species in acerola fruits Malpighia emarginata (Malpighiaceae) in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018

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Table 8:
Frequency of parasitoids (%) in guava, mango and acerola fruits collected in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January-December / 2018

Table 1: Infestation rates by Anastrepha species in commercial crop of guava (Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018. If: Infestation per fruit; Ifk: Infestation per kilogram of fruit; PV (%): pupal viability

Farm	Nº Fruits	Weight (kg)	Pupae	Males	A. striata	A. obliqua	If	Ifk	PV (%)
Santa Rita	310	7.4	961	201	250	1	3.1	129	55.8
Pouso Alegre	598	17.5	2.366	774	783	0	4	135.4	68.8
Boa Vista	336	14.7	997	323	290	9	3	68	64.9
Total	1,244	39.6	4,324	1,298	1,323	10	3.3	110.8	63.2

Table 2: Infestation rates by Anastrepha species in commercial crop of mango (Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018. If: Infestation per fruit; Ifk: Infestation per kilogram of fruit; PV (%): pupal viability

Farm	Nº Fruits	Weight (kg)	Pupae	Males	A. striata	A. obliqua	If	Ifk	PV (%)
Santa Rita	237	29.4	810	116	0	89	3.4	27.6	26
Pouso Alegre	21	3.7	67	3	0	17	3.2	17.9	30.3
Boa Vista	230	30.6	1.805	339	0	330	7.8	59.1	41.3
Total	488	63.7	2,682	458	0	436	4.8	34.9	32.5

Table 3: Infestation rates by Anastrepha species in commercial crop of acerola (Malpighia emarginata, Malpighiaceae) in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018. If: Infestation per fruit; Ifk: Infestation per kilogram of fruit; PV (%): pupal viability

Farm	Nº Fruits	Weight (kg)	Pupae	Males	A. striata	A. obliqua	If	Ifk	PV (%)
Santa Rita	539	1.7	163	11	0	7	0.3	94.6	13.1
Pouso Alegre	598	5.1	387	52	4	26	0.3	75.4	25.4
Boa Vista	336	2.2	94	6	12	4	0.2	43.1	26.8
Total	1,473	9	644	69	16	37	0.3	71	21.8

Table 4: Tritrophic relationships observed between species of parasitoids, fruit flies and host fruits collected in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January-December / 2018

Fruit Fly	Fruit	Species parasitoids
Anastrepha striata	Guava	Doryctobracon areolatus
		Aganaspis pelleranoi
		Utetes anastrephae
		Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae
		Odontosema albinerve
		Opius bellus
Anastrepha obliqua	Mango	Doryctobracon areolatus
		Utetes anastrephae
		Odontosema albinerve
		Aganaspis pelleranoi
		Opius bellus
	Acerola	Doryctobracon areolatus
	Acerola	Utetes anastrephae

Table 5: Parasitism indexes of Anastrepha species in guava fruits Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018

Farm	N° Pupae	Nº Parasitoids	Parasitism (%)
Santa Rita	961	151	15.7
Pouso Alegre	2,366	103	4.4
Boa Vista	997	38	3.8
Total	4,324	292	8

Table 6: Parasitism indexes of Anastrepha species in mango fruits Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018

Farm	N° Pupae	Nº Parasitoids	Parasitism (%)
Santa Rita	810	23	2.8
Pouso Alegre	67	1	1.5
Boa Vista	1,805	181	10
Total	2,682	205	4.8

Table 7: Parasitism indexes of Anastrepha species in acerola fruits Malpighia emarginata (Malpighiaceae) in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January to December 2018

Farm	N° Pupae	Nº Parasitoids	Parasitism (%)
Santa Rita	163	26	16
Pouso Alegre	387	64	16.5
Boa Vista	94	12	12.8
Total	644	102	15.1

Table 8: Frequency of parasitoids (%) in guava, mango and acerola fruits collected in three properties in the municipality of Brasil Novo, state of Pará, Brazil, January-December / 2018

Frequency of parasitoids (%)
Fruit	Species	Farm			Total
		Santa Rita	Pouso Alegre	Boa Vista
Guava	Doryctobracon areolatus	27.2	76.7	68.4	57.4
	Aganaspis pelleranoi	66.2	19.4	18.4	34.7
	Utetes anastrephae	-	1.9	10.5	4.2
	Odontosema albinerve	2.0	1.9	2.6	2.2
	Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae	4.0	-	-	1.3
	Opius bellus	0.7	-	-	0.2
Mango	Doryctobracon areolatus	95.7	-	79.6	58.4
	Aganaspis pelleranoi	-	100	11.6	37.2
	Utetes anastrephae	4.3	-	6.1	3.5
	Odontosema albinerve	-	-	2.2	0.7
	Opius bellus	-	-	0.6	0.2
Acerola	Doryctobracon areolatus	42.3	73.4	66.7	60.8
	Aganaspis pelleranoi	34.6	3.1	16.7	18.1
	Utetes anastrephae	11.5	20.3	16.7	16.2
	Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae	7.7	-	-	2.6
	Opius bellus	3.8	3.1	-	2.3

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Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoids associated with acerola, mango, and guava in the municipality of Brasil Novo, Pará

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: souzaasd31@gmail.com