Resumo em Português:

1 - Os estudos sôbre o órgão cupuliforme datam de 1941, ocasião em que observávamos os "seedlings" de Eucalyptus tereticornis e Eucalyptus citriodora, com o propósito de colher material para estudos anatômicos comparativos das citadas espécies (1). 2 - Examinámos, a seguir, "seedlings" de outras espécies de Eucalyptus, comprovando em tôdas a existência do órgão cupuliforme. 3 -BRIOSI e WARMING, ambos mencionados por HABER-LANDT (4), assinalaram a presença de longos pêlos absorventes, no limite entre radícula e caulículo, respectivamente de plantas aquáticas e de Eucalyptus e outras Myrtaceae, sem contudo se reportarem à existência de qualquer órgão na região considerada. 4 - Revendo a bibliografia especializada, entre as quais a "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus" de Maiden (6) e a "Eucalyptographia" do Baron Ferd. von Mueller (7), nenhuma referência encontrámos a respeito de qualquer órgão ou de pêlos absorventes, na região do colo dos "seedlings" de Eucalyptus. 5 - As sementes das 105 espécies constantes dêste trabalho foram obtidas no Serviço Florestal da Cia. Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, em Rio Claro, por nímia gentileza dos Drs. Edmundo Sampaio e Ruben Foot Guimarães, respectivamente Chefe e Encarregado da Secção de Genética do Serviço Florestal. 6 - As sementes foram postas num substrato de esfagno ou "musgo branco", reduzido a pó, coberto com papel de filtro e recebendo apenas água destilada, quer durante a germinação, quer durante o período de crescimento dos seedlings". 7 - Cientificámo-nos que no embrião o órgão cupuliforme já se encontra diferenciado, apresentando-se, nesse estágio, como um anel, disposto à volta do colo, em cujo centro se pode ver a ponta cônica da radícula. 8 - Os pêlos absorventes vão surgindo nos bordos do anel, à medida que este se expande, durante o processo de crescimento dos "seedlings". 9 - A forma, o tamanho, o diâmetro da bôca do órgão cupuliforme, bem como a quantidade e o comprimento dos pêlos absorventes dos seus bordos variam segundo as espécies estudadas. 10 - Do ponto de vista anatômico, a estrutura do órgão é simples. Consta de um parênquima cortical, revestido pela mesma epiderme que recobre a radícula e que se continua pelo caulículo. Os pêlos absorventes, que nascem nos bordos, são semelhantes aos que se produzem na zona pelífera da radícula. 11 - A importância ecológica do órgão é óbvia, uma vez que as sementes de Eucalyptus, sendo exalbuminadas, os "seedlings" devem, o quanto antes, adaptar-se prontamente ao solo, para evitar a solução de continuidade no processo fisiológico da nutrição.

Resumo em Inglês:

With this paper the author concludes a series of studies he began in 1941; the work deals with a cupuliform organ, with hairy margins, located in the junction of radicle and hypocotyl of seedlings of 105 species of Eucalyptus. It was found out that in the embryo the organ looks like a ring placed on the end of the hypocotyl; for this reason one my led to consider the organ at this stage as merely a thickening of the radicle's end; however the radicle can be seen as it comes out from the center of the organ in discussion. Shape, size the diameter of the "mouth" of the organ as well as its hairs vary with the species under consideration. As far the anatomy of the organ is concerned it shows a cortical parenchyme covered on both faces, by the same epidermis with covers the hypocotyl; this epidermis extends itself till the radicle. The hairs are generated in the margin of the organ. The ecological significancy of the dome-like organ is rather obvious. It permits to the seedling to get into close contact with the soil long before the radicle becomes enough large to carry on its own functions. By this way there is no lack of continuity in the physiology of the nutrition which is of a great importance to the seedlings since the seeds from Eucalyptus are exalbuminous. Since the cupuliform organ constantly appears in the seedlings of the 105 species studied by the author, one can safely establish ic as a characteristic of the genus Eucalyptus occurring only at the seedling stage. Further studies are now being conducted to verify whether the cupuliform organ occurs in other genera of the Myrtaceae family or not.

Resumo em Inglês:

Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was furnished at a uniform rate of 0.05 p.p.m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0 and 10 p.p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5 p.p.m.; copper - 0, 0.02, and 0.2 p.p.m.; molybdenum - 0, 0.01 and 0.1 p.p.m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity of the radiozinc was 0.15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, the radiozinc was supplied at the level of 0.10 microcuries per plant; in this case the material was brushed either on the lower or in the upper surface or both of two pairs of mature leaves. In both experiments the absorption period was 8 weeks. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affecc the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more whe compared with the control plant; however, when these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered only in the minus - Cu treatment. The effects of high leveds of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2. The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves are preferentially located in the lower surface. In this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorbed and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. 3. Data herein presented suggest that leaf sprays should be preferred - rather than soil applications - to control zinc deficiency in coffee plants when growing in field conditions.

Resumo em Inglês:

Kikuio grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst) is beyond any doubt, a pasture very important for farm animals; since its chemical composition is very similar to that of alfalfa, the present field trial was carried out; a randomized block design with 8 treatments was selected as follows: 1 N - P - K - Ca - Mg (complete manuring) 2 N - P - K - Ca----- (without Mg) 3 N - P - K-------Mg (without Ca) 4 ----P - K - Ca - Mg (without N) 5 N------K - Ca Mg (without P) 6 N - P - Ca - Mg (without K) 7 organic matter (without mineral fertilizers) 8 control Nitrogen was applied as NaN03 (topdressed) and as ammonium sulfate; P2O5 was given as superphosphate associated to bonemeal; K2O was applied as muriate, CaO as "sambaquis" (oyster shells); MgO was given as MgSO4 (topdressed). The source of organic matter was farmyard manure. As far yields are concerned the following observations were made: 1. treatment n. 7 was superior to all others; 2. considering the mineral fertilizers, good responses were due to N and P2O5; 3. the control yield was exceedingly poor, being inferior to all the others treatments; The chemical analyses revealed that: 1. the protein content decreased accordingly to this order: 7, 6, 5 and 1; treatment 4 (without N) gave the lowest protein content; 2. treatment n. 4 produced the highest fat content; treatment no. 7 ranked second; no. 8 gave the lowest fat content; 3. crude fiber: highest - treatment 7; lowest - 8; 4. ashes: the ashes content was higher in treatment 5; proprobably because the most abundant element in the ashes is K, the ash content of treatment 6 (no K) was very low; 5. non nitrogenous substances (determined by difference) - high in treatment 8 and low in treatment 7; 6. mineral elements in the ashes - the element omitted from a given treatment was very low in the grasses therein obtained; this shows the relative poverty of the soil in that element. As general remark the Authors suggest the use of farmyard manure in the fertilization of Kikuio grass; farmyard manure could probably substitute wither green manure or compost.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper deals with the estimation of the residual effect of fertilizers through the use of Mitscherlich's law. The formulas and reasonings now presented are a further development of those introduced previously by PIMENTEL GOMES (2). The new formulas allow the estimation of the residual effect h in cases where the experiments are carried out in the same plots for two or three subsequent years (or crops). In an experiment analysed as an example, the residual effect of calcium hydroxide was estimated to be h = 0.423, that is, about 42%, so that one should advise the use of frequent application of small amounts of lime instead of heavy quantities used at long intervals.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper proves the following theorems on the gamma function: Theorem I The integral ∫O∞ t u e-t dt = Γ ( u + 1 ) , where u, real or complex, is such that R (u) > -1, will not change its value if we substitute z = Q (cos φ + i sen φ) for the real variable t, being jconstant and such that - Π/2 < φ < Π/2 , Theorem II The integral ∫-∞∞ w2u + 1 e -w² dw = Γ ( u + 1 ) , where 2u + 1 is supposed to be a non negative even integer, will not change its value if we substitute z = w + fi, f being a real constant, for the real variable w. The proof of both theorems is obtained by means of the well known Cauchy theorem on contour integrals on the complex plane, as suggested by CRAMÉR (1, p. 126) and LEVY (3, p. 178).

Resumo em Inglês:

The present work deals with the study of the effects of selfing and crossing in pures lines of okra inbred for five generations and the methods of breeding in this plant. This work is party of a large program of this Dept. to study heterosis in plants naturally self pollinated. The technic of selfing consists of tying with a string the floral bud before anthesis. To make controlled crosses, it is necessary to emasculate the flowers removing the anthers with small forceps, and to cover the flowers with a bag and wait for 1 or 2 days until the blooming. Also, the male parents are covered with paper bags prior to flowering. Finally, the pollen is brushed lightly over the stigma of the emasculated flowers and the females unit rebagged. The authors have tried without sucess the technic of soda fountain straw used for cotton. The treatments were: I) Fl of the cross pure-line x foreign variety (not improved by breeding). II) Fl of the cross pure-line x parental variety and III) pure-line 5 generations inbred. In order to compare the production of these three treatments, a randomized blocks with 4 replications was designed; since we had 6 families in each treatment, the total number was: 4 replications x 3 treatments x 6 families: = 72. Each familiy was planted in lines of 10 plants. Owing to the design devised, the present experiment corresponds to a split-plot. The analysis of variance of the number and the weight of the pods is given in tables 2 and 4, and shows the following: 1) The production expressed in both numbers and weights of the cross, - pure lines x foreign variety - was statistically smaller than the others treatments, i, e., the cross of pure-lines x parental variety and the pure-lines; 2) The production of the treatments pure-lines x parental variety and selfed purelines was the same. It was proved that the selfing do not produce harmful effects in okra, it was benefical, since after 5 inbred generations the production was the same when compared with Fl of the parental variety. Also, the methods of pure-lines are indicated to improve varieties of okra.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper deals with the estimation of milk production by means of weekly, biweekly, bimonthly observations and also by method known as 6-5-8, where one observation is taken at the 6th week of lactation, another at 5th month and a third one at the 8th month. The data studied were obtained from 72 lactations of the Holstein Friesian breed of the "Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (Piracicaba), S. Paulo, Brazil), being 6 calvings on each month of year and also 12 first calvings, 12 second calvings, and so on, up to the sixth. The authors criticize the use of "maximum error" to be found in papers dealing with this subject, and also the use of mean deviation. The former is completely supersed and unadvisable and latter, although equivalent, to a certain extent, to the usual standard deviation, has only 87,6% of its efficiency, according to KENDALL (9, pp. 130-131, 10, pp. 6-7). The data obtained were compared with the actual production, obtained by daily control and the deviations observed were studied. Their means and standard deviations are given on the table IV. Inspite of BOX's recent results (11) showing that with equal numbers in all classes a certain inequality of varinces is not important, the autors separated the methods, before carrying out the analysis of variance, thus avoiding to put together methods with too different standard deviations. We compared the three first methods, to begin with (Table VI). Then we carried out the analysis with the four first methods. (Table VII). Finally we compared the two last methods. (Table VIII). These analysis of variance compare the arithmetic means of the deviations by the methods studied, and this is equivalent to compare their biases. So we conclude tht season of calving and order of calving do not effect the biases, and the methods themselves do not differ from this view point, with the exception of method 6-5-8. Another method of attack, maybe preferrable, would be to compare the estimates of the biases with their expected mean under the null hypothesis (zero) by the t-test. We have: 1) Weekley control: t = x - 0/c(x) = 8,59 - 0/ = 1,56 2) Biweekly control: t = 11,20 - 0/6,21= 1,80 3) Monthly control: t = 7,17 - 0/9,48 = 0,76 4) Bimonthly control: t = - 4,66 - 0/17,56 = -0,26 5) Method 6-5-8 t = 144,89 - 0/22,41 = 6,46*** We denote above by three asterisks, significance the 0,1% level of probability. In this way we should conclude that the weekly, biweekly, monthly and bimonthly methods of control may be assumed to be unbiased. The 6-5-8 method is proved to be positively biased, and here the bias equals 5,9% of the mean milk production. The precision of the methods studied may be judged by their standard deviations, or by intervals covering, with a certain probability (95% for example), the deviation x corresponding to an estimate obtained by cne of the methods studied. Since the difference x - x, where x is the mean of the 72 deviations obtained for each method, has a t distribution with mean zero and estimate of standard deviation. s(x - x) = √1+ 1/72 . s = 1.007. s , and the limit of t for the 5% probability, level with 71 degrees of freedom is 1.99, then the interval to be considered is given by x ± 1.99 x 1.007 s = x ± 2.00. s The intervals thus calculated are given on the table IX.

Resumo em Português:

A aradura é a principal das operações agrícolas para o desenvolvimento das diversas culturas. A sua importância é conhecida desde as mais remotas eras. Assim, os romanos já tinham sua teoria sobre aradura. Desta forma o arado, a mais antiga das máquinas agrícolas, foi sempre motivo de atenção dos agricultores, fabricantes e técnicos em mecânica agrícola. A sua evolução foi bastante grande. O estudo do arado sob o ponto de vista agrícola e econômico, para exata aplicação da máquina, nas diversas condições de solo, é de máximo interêsse para a mecânica agrícola. Assim sendo, para orientar a correta aplicação do arado, o que constitui a presente tese, foi experimentado num solo arenoso, de características mecânicas (areia total 75,7%, argila 13,5 e lôdo 10,8%) a diversas profundidades de aração, (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30cm), plantando nos mesmos, milho para verificar o efeito na produção. Num terceiro ano de experiência, foi realizada uma experiência a mais, isto é, uma subsolagem a 40 cm. Foi plantado milho nos canteiros assim trabalhados, e que eram repetidos em número de 4, porque o milho é uma cultura muito frequente e de fácil contrôle. As experiências com as diversas profundidades, demostraram que nestas condições de solo, à medida que aumenta a profundidade, aumenta também a produção. Do exposto, conclui-se pela experimentação que para esse solo é aconselhável: fazer o arado trabalhar a maior profundidade em que comumente é empregado até o limite de 25 cm, que foi o valor máximo examinado.

Resumo em Inglês:

No matter what crop is concerned, plowing the soil is the main agricultural practice. Its importance is well known since many centuries ago: suffices to say that the Romans before Christ already had a theory on plowing the land. Thus, the plow, the oldest agricultural implement, has always attracted the attention of farmers, engineers and people engaged on agricultural mechanics. For this reason, its evolution was remarkable. The study of the plow, under both an agricultural and an econcmic point of view, is of great interest to agricultural mechanica, since on such a kind of research is based the best method of application of the plow. The present paper deals with an experiment carried out to obtain data on the use and effect of plowing as related to different depths of doing it. The soil worked out presented the following characteristics: total sand - 75.7%, clay - 13.5%, silt - 10.8%; hence, it is a sandy soil. Plowing was made at the following depths: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. in the first two years; in the third year, another depth was included, that is, 40 cm., which corresponds to an under-plowing. The field trial was conducted with four replicates throughout, plots 50 X 20 m. being used. Corn was planted to find out the effects of the depth of plowing on such a crop. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. on the experimental conditions, yield was directly proportional to the depth of plowing; in other words, the deeper the plow works, the best is the yield therein obtained; 2. it is therefore suggersted that on soils similar to this experiment's it is advisable to plow deeper than usual; a working depth of 252cm. is recommended.

Resumo em Inglês:

Tomato roots heavily disfigured by root-knot nematodes were throughly mixed with soil. At various time intervals, samples were taken from the mixture and treated in closed containers by each of the folio wing nematicides: D.D., E.D.B. and M.B. The efficacy of the treatment was tested by setting indicator plants in the treated soil and by examining their roots for the presence of galls two months later. In other words, the ability of the three nematicides to penetrate nematode galls after various periods of rotting, which varied from 5 to 30 days was studied. The main conclusions drawn are as follows: a) no nematicide among the three listed above showed the ability for complete destruction of the nematodes protected inside the roots, for a number of small galls developed on the root system of the indicator plant in all treatments; b) smaller and less numerous galls were present on the roots of the indicator plants grown in soil treated after a rotting period of 30 days; c) however, the control obtained seems to be quite satisfactory economically, since the check plants grew poorly and have developed a very unhealthy root system. This is in accordance with STARK & LEAR (1947), LEAR (1951) and CICCARONE's (1951) statements. The results of the present experiments show again that awaiting for the rotting of galls of the root-knot nematodes is not indispensable for an economically convenient soil fumigation. Fields in which many fleshy infected roots from previous crops have been buried can be economically fumigated immediately, without any loss of time. Notwithstanding, when thick woody roots are present in the soil, the above statements may not hold true. This should constitute a new problem calling for further experiments. Another essay dealing with methyl bromide alone, consisted in treating cotton roots heavily disfigured by Meloidogyne incognita in a container (diameter = 28cm, height = 32 cm), which remained closed for five days. After the treatment, the roots were mixed with soil, in which tomato seedlings were planted. After a growing period of two months, the roots of the tomato plants were washed in running water and examined for the presence of galls. As an early infeccion was present in the root system of all plants, the inefficacy of the treatment has been proved.

Resumo em Inglês:

The author carried out an experiment of watering of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in the vegetable garden of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", with soil of the type know as "terra roxa". Eight treatments, with 4 replications, were used, divided into 3 groups, as follows: Group A - Watering once a day, late, in the afternoon, with 5, 10 and 15 liters per square meter; Group B - Watering twice a day, with 10 and 15 liters per square meter, one half in the morning, one half late in the afternoon; Group C - Watering as in group A, but with a 0.1% Chilean nitrate of soda, every 3 days. The size of plots was 2,0 x 2,0 meters. The means obtained, with their respective standard errors, were the following: Group A- (4295 ± 53 gm.) 5 lit./sq.m. 4120 ± 92 gm. 10 lit./ sq. m. 4248 ± 92 gm. 15 lit./sq.m. 4518 + 92 gm. Group B- (4091 ± 65 gm.) 10 lit./sq.m. 3960 ± 92 gm. 15 lit./ sq. m. 4223 ± 92 gm. Group C- (4490 ± 53 gm.) 5 lit./ sq. m. 4300 ± 92 gm. 10 lit./sq.m. 4480 ± 92 gm. 15 lit./sq.m. 4690 ± 92 gm. Differences between groups, as well as within them were significant, even if within groups B the 5% probability level was not quite reached.

Resumo em Inglês:

Irish potato tubers imported from Holland and Germany were planted at the Instituto Agronômico Experiment Station, Campinas, in April, 1955. At digging time, in July, 1955, the tubers were found to be injured by nematodes belonging to the genus Ditylenchus. No visible symptoms were found on the plants during the growing season, since the nematodes did not attack the stems. However, prevailing weather conditions from April to July were not favorable for nema activities, with low temperature and rain precipitation. Therefore, it does not seem safe to assume that, as a rule, the nemas do not attack buds and stems, for further observations may reveal such an occurrence, as it has been reported in the literature. The injury was characterized by spots consisting of decaying brown tissue, the nematodes being found mainly between this and the uninjured tissue. Larvae and adults occurred simultaneously. Fourteen different potato varieties were attacked by the nematodes, the percentage of disfigured tubers ranging from 6 (vars. Irene, Barima and Tedria) to 38 (var. Stamm 456). Studies en the morphology cf the parasites disclosed that two different Ditylenchus forms were present, with Apheten-chus sp. and Aphelenchoides sp. associated with them. The writers have not yet drawn a final conclusion about the identification of the Ditylenchi. However, it was clearly seen that no form can be identified either with D. dipsaci or with D. destructor. Both forms have lateral fields made up of 6 incisures, what separates them from D. dipsaci. On the other hand, measurements as well as some details in the organization of the oesophagus make the identification with D. destructor quite impossible. As far as the origin of the parasites is concerned, the fact that they could not be determined either as D. dipsaci or as D. destructor emphasizes the possibility of being two native species, not introduced with the tubers imported.