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Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Volume: 3, Publicado: 1946
  • Thomas Hunt Morgan

    Brieger, F. G.
  • Carvalho, Ruben de Souza
  • Comportamento dos cromossômios na meiose de Euryophthalmus rufipennis Laporte (Hemiptera Pyrrhocoridae)

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In this paper an account is given of the principal facts observer in the meiosis of Euryophthalmus rufipennis Laporte which afford some evidence in favour of the view held by the present writer in earlier publications regarding the existence of two terminal kinetochores in Hem ip ter an chromosomes as well as the transverse division of the chromosomes. Spermatogonial mitosis - From the beginning of prophase until metaphase nothing worthy of special reference was observed. At anaphase, on the contrary, the behavior of the chromosomes deserves our best attention. Indeed, the chromoso- mes, as soon as they begin to move, they show both ends pronouncedly turned toward the poles to which they are connected by chromosomal fibres. So a premature and remarkable bending of the chromosomes not yet found in any other species of Hemiptera and even of Homoptera points strongly to terminally localized kinetochores. The explanation proposed by HUGHES-SCHRADER and RIS for Nautococcus and by RIS for Tamalia, whose chromosomes first become bent late in anaphase do not apply to chromosomes which initiate anaphase movement already turned toward the corresponding pole. In the other hand, the variety of positions assumed by the anaphase chromosomes of Euryophthalmus with regard to one another speaks conclusively against the idea of diffuse spindle attachments. First meiotic division - Corresponding to the beginning of the story of the primary spermatocytes cells are found with the nucleus entirelly filled with leptonema threads. Nuclei with thin and thick threads have been considered as being in the zygotente phase. At the pachytene stage the bivalents are formed by two parallel strands clearly separated by a narrow space. The preceding phases differ in nothing from the corresponding orthodox ones, pairing being undoubtedly of the parasynaptic type. Formation of tetrads - When the nuclei coming from the diffuse stage can be again understood the chromosomes reappear as thick threads formed by two filaments intimately united except for a short median segment. Becoming progressively shorter and thicker the bivalents sometimes unite their extremities forming ring-shaped figures. Generally, however, this does not happen and the bivalents give origin to more or less condensed characteristic Hemipteran tetrads, bent at the weak median region. The lateral duplicity of the tetrads is evident. At metaphase the tetrads are still bent and are connected with both poles by their ends. The ring-shaped diakinesis tetrads open themselves out before metaphase, showing in this way that were not chiasmata that held their ends together. Anaphase proceeds as expected. If we consider the median region of the tetrads as being terminalized chiasmata, then the chromosomes are provided with a single terminal kinetochore. But this it not the case. A critical analysis of the story of the bivalents before and after the diffuse stage points to the conclusion that they are continuous throughout their whole length. Thence the chromosomes are considered as having a kinetochore at each end. Orientation - There are some evidences that Hemipteran chromosomes are connected by chiasmata. If this is true, the orientation of the tetrads may be understood in the following manner: Chiasmata being hindered to scape by the terminal kinetochores accumulate at the ends of the tetrads, where condensation begins. Repulsion at the centric ends being prevented by chiasmata the tetrads orient themselves as if they were provided with a single kinetochore at each extremity, taking a position parallelly to the spindle axis. Anaphase separation - Anaphase separation is consequently due to a transverse division of the chromosomes. Telophase and secund meiotic division - At telophase the kinetochore repeli one another following the moving apart of the centosomes, the chiasmata slip toward the acentric extremities and the chromosomes rotate in order to arrange themselves parallelly to the axis of the new spindle. Separation is therefore throughout the pairing plane. Origin of the dicentricity of the chromosomes - Dicentricity of the chromosomes is ascribed to the division of the kinetochore of the chromosomes reaching the poles followed by separation and distension of the chromatids which remain fused at the acentric ends giving thus origin to terminally dicentric iso-chromosomes. Thence, the transverse division of the chromosomes, that is, a division through a plane perpendicular to the plane of pairing, actually corresponds to a longitudinal division realized in the preceding generation. Inactive and active kinetochores - Chromosomes carrying inactive kinetochore is not capable of orientation and active anaphasic movements. The heterochromosome of Diactor bilineatus in the division of the secondary spermatocytes is justly in this case, standing without fibrilar connection with the poles anywhere in the cell, while the autosomes are moving regularly. The heterochromosome of Euryophthalmus, on the contrary, having its kinetochores perfectly active ,is correctly oriented in the plane of the equator together with the autosomes and shows terminal chromosomal connection with both poles. Being attracted with equal strength by two opposite poles it cannot decide to the one way or the other remaining motionless in the equator until some secondary causes (as for instances a slight functional difference between the kinetochores) intervene to break the state of equilibrium. When Yiothing interferes to aide the heterochromosome in choosing its way it distends itself between the autosomal plates forming a fusiform bridge which sometimes finishes by being broken. Ordinarily, however, the bulky part of the heterochromosome passes to one pole. Spindle fibers and kinetic activity of chromosomal fragments - The kinetochore is considered as the unique part of the chromosome capable of being influenced by other kinetochore or by the poles. Under such influence the kinetochore would be stimulated or activited and would elaborate a sort of impulse which would run toward the ends. In this respect the chromosome may be compared to a neüròn, the cell being represented by the kinetochore and the axon by the body of the chromosome. Due to the action of the kinetochore the entire chromosome becomes also activated for performing its kinetic function. Nothing is known at present about the nature of this activation. We can however assume that some active chemical substance like those produced by the neuron and transferred to the effector passes from the kinetochore to the body of the chromosome runing down to the ends. And, like an axon which continues to transmit an impulse after the stimulating agent has suspended its action, so may the chromosome show some residual kinetic activity even after having lost its kinetochore. This is another explanation for the kinetic behavior of acentric chromosomal fragmehs. In the orthodox monocentric chromosomes the kinetic activity is greater at the kinetochore, that is, at the place of origin of the active substance than at any other place. In chromosomes provided with a kinetochore at each end the entire body may become active enough to produce chromosomal fibers. This is probably due to a more or less uniform distribution and concentration of the active substance coming simultaneously from both extremities of the chromosome.
  • Notas sôbre a meiose de pachylis (Hemipt-Coreidae)

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Spermatogonial chromosomes of Pachylis laticornis and Pachylis pharaonis begin anaphasic movement with both ends turned toward the same pole, maintaining this form util they reach the poles. This is a proof that they are provided with one kinetochore at each end. Additional proof for a longitudinal division of each longitudinal half of the anaphase chromosomes of the primary sper- matocytes is presented against the idea of a previous end-toend pairing at metaphase. The longitudinal split of the chromosomes of the secondary spermatocytes which used to be considered as tertiary split is therefore a true secondary split. The heterochromosome in both species passes undivided to one pole in the first division of the spermatocyte. In Pachylis laticornis it appears connected with the poles by means of two fibrils detached from each extremity, what may be considered as indicating a rather premature longitudinal spliting. The behavior of the heterochromosome of Pachylis pharaonis is highly interesting and affords one of the most beautiful evidences in favour of the dicentricity of the chromosomes. Really, in metaphase the heterochromosome appears at the equator of the cell with a more or less round shape. In the beginning of anaphase it becomes fusiform. As anaphase proceeds it distends itself between the autosomal plates forming a long fusiform bridge or sends toward the plates a thick chromosomal thread. The bulky part of the heterochromosome as it passes to one side it reincorporates the substance of the thread in this side. The thread in the other side, which becomes generally thiner, is left with its kinetochore in the cell at this side. The heterochromosome therefore becomes terminally monocentric in the first division of the spermatocyte. Some figures, however, suggest that the heterochromossome from time to time may pass with both kinetochores to one of the cells, as ordinarily happens in the case of Pachylis laticornis. Summing up, other things apart the behavior of the heterochromosome in both species studied here puts out of doubt the question of the existence of two terminally located kinetochores.
  • Uma nova modalidade de sexo-determinação no grilo sul-americano eneoptera surinamensis

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The male of Eneoptera surinamensis (Orthoptera-Eneopteridae) is provided with 9 chromosomes, that is, with 3 pairs of autosomes and 3 sex chromosomes. Spermatogonia. - The autosomes of the spermatogonia are of the same size and U-shaped. One of the sex chromosomes approximately equalling the autosomes in size is telocentric, while the other two are much larger and V-shaped. One of the latter is smaller than the other. The sex chromosomes as showed in Figs. 1 and 2 are designated by X, Yl and Y2, X being the larger V, Yl the smaller one and Y2 the rod-shaped. Primary spermatocytes. - Before the growth period of the spermatocytes all the three sex chromosomes are visible in a state of strong heteropycnosis. X is remarkable in this stage in having two long arms well separated by a wide commissural segment. (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). During the growth period Y2 disappears, while X and Yl remain in a condensed form until metaphase. These may be separated from one another or united in the most varied and irregular manner. (Fig. 7 to 12). In the latter case the segments in contact seem to be always different so that we cannot recognize any homology of parts in the sense os genetics. At diplotene Y2 reappears together with the autosomal tetrads. X and Yl may again be seen as separate or united elements. (Figs. 13 and 14). At later diakinesis and metaphase the three sex chromosomes are always independent from each other, Y2 being typically rod-shaped, X and Yl V-shaped, X being a little larger than Yl. (Fig. 15 to 18). At metaphase the three condensed tetrads go to the equatorial plane, while the sex chromosomes occupy any position at both sides of this plane. In almost all figures which could be perfectly analysed X appeared at one side of the autosomal plate an Yl together with Y2 far apart at the other side. (Figs. 16 and 18). Only a few exception have been found. (Figs. 17 and 19). At anaphase X goes in precession to one pole, Yl and Y2 to the other (Figs. 20 and 21). As it is suggested by the few figures in which a localization of the sex chromosomes different from the normal has been observed, the possibility of other types of segregation of these elements cannot be entirely precluded. But, if this does happen, the resulting gametes should be inviable or give inviable zygotes. Early in anaphase autosomes and sex chromosomes divide longitudinally, being maintained united only by the kinetochore. (Figs. 20 and 21). At metaphase the three sex chromosomes seem to show no special repulsion against each other, X being found in the proximity of Yl or Y2 indifferently. At anaphase, however, the evidences in hand point to a stronger repulsion between X on the one side and both Ys on the other, so that in spite of the mutual repulsion of the latter they finish by going to the same pole. Secondary spermatocytes. - At telophase of the primary spermatocytes all the chromosomes enter into distension without disappearing of view. A nuclear membrane is formed around the chromosomes. All the chromosomes excepting Y2 which has two arms, are four-branched. (Fig. 22). Soon the chromosomes enter again into contraction giving rise to the secondary metaphase plate. Secondary spermatocytes provided as expected with four and five chromosomes are abundantly found. (Figs. 23 and 24). In the former all chromosomes are X-shaped while in the latter there is one which is V-shaped. This is the rod- shaped Y2. In the anaphase of the spermatocytes with four chromosomes all the chromosomes are V-shaped, one of them (X) being much larger than the others. In those with five there is one rod-shaped chromosome (Y2). (Fig. 25), Spermatids. Two classes of spermatids are produced, one with X and other with Yl and Y2. All the autosomes as well as Y2 soon enter into solution, X remaining visible for long time in one class and Yl in the other. (Figs. 26 and 27). Since both are very alike at this stage, one cannot distinguish the two classes of spermatids. Somatic chromosomes in the famale. - In the follicular cells of the ovary 8 chromosomes were found, two of which are much larger than the rest. (Figs. 29 and 30). These are considered as being sex chromosomes. CONCLUSION: Eneoptera surinamensis has a new type of sex-determining mechanism, the male being X Yl Y2 and the female XX. The sex chromosomes segregate without entering into contact at metaphase or forming group. After a review of the other known cases of complex sex chromosome mechanism the author held that Eneoptera is the unique representative of a true determinate segregation of sex chromosomes. Y2 behaving as sex chromosome and as autosome is considered as representing an intermediary state of the evolution of the sex chromosomes.
  • Provas adicionais da dicentricidade dos cromossômios dos Hemípteros

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo; Zamith, Adiel P. L.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In order to test Piza's conclusions regarding the dicentricity of Hemipteran chromosomes, two species of bugs of the family Coreidae, namely, Anasa sp. and Leptoglossus stigma (Herbst), are studied in the present paper. a) Anasa sp. - The male of this species has 21 chromosomes, that is, 20 pairs of autosomes and a single sex chromosome. The latter divides equationally in the first division of the spermatocytes and passes undivided to one cell in the second division. In this it moves with its longer axis parallelly to the spindle axis and shows fibrillar connections with both poles. Special attention was paid to the behavior of the chromosomes in the anaphase of the spermatogonia. As it was previously stated (Piza 1946 and 1946a) with regard to other species, the chromosomes are here attached to the spindle by both ends and begin to move toward the poles strongly curved to them. No intercalary fibers could be detected although their existente may not be denied by theoretical reasons developed in another paper (Piza 1946). Mitoses in somatic tissues of the embryo were equally studied. Careful examination of anaphase chromosomes in a great number of cells showed that the chromosomes behave exactly as in the spermatogonia, being equally attached to the spindle by the extremities alone and moving with their ends looking to the pole. A weak median constriction sometimes replaced by a slightly clearer space was observed in prometaphase and even in metaphase chromosomes of the spermatogonia as well as the somatic cells, having already been referred to in the case of Diactor bilineatus. (Piza 1945). Hemipteran chromosomes being considered as iso-chromosomes originated by a longitudinal spliting of the monocentric chromosomes resulting from the second division of the spermatocytes, the median aspect just mentioned may be regarded as the point of union of the separated halves. (See origin of dicentricity in Piza 1946). b) Leptoglossus stigma - This species has spermatogonia provided with 20 pairs of autosomes and one sex chromosome whose behavior differs in nothing from what was stated in regard of the preceding species. In the primary spermatocytes nothing meriting special mention was observed. Orientation, connection with the poles and movements of the sex chromosome in the secondary spermatocytes confirm the views already developed.
  • Tratamento de mandioca pela colquicina: III análise comparativa entre clones diplóides e tetraplóides

    Graner, E. A.

    Resumo em Português:

    1) Um estudo sobre o modo de crescimento de alones tetraplóides de mandioca Vassourinha Paulista, obtido experimentalmente por meio da colquicina, foi feito em comparação ao crescimento de clones diplóides da mesma variedade. Três outros clones da mandiosa amargosa foram também incluidos na análise para comparação. As observações foram feitas nas hastes da primeira ramificação de cada planta e podem ser resumidas como segue: (Quadros n.°s 1 e 2). a) comprimento: Dos 6 clones tetraplóides analisados, 5 (n.°s 1, 3, 6, 5 e 7) tiveram um comprimento bem menor que o dos clones controles diplóides, mostrando assim serem plantas menores. Um único clone tetraplóide (n.° 15) teve um comprimento menor, porém com a média não estatisticamente diferente da média do clone diplóide. b) peso: Os seis clones tetraplóides formaram dois grupos, com relação ao peso das hastes: um grupo de 3 clones (n.°s 1, 3 e 6) com o peso médio diferente do peso médio dos controles e um grupo de 3 clones (n.°s 5, 7 e 15) com peso médio não diferindo dos controles. Estes resultados estão confirmados pelo valor do índice pêso/n.° de folhas. c) n.° de folhas: O número de folhas por unidade de comprimento foi praticamente o mesmo para os clones diplóides e tetraplóides, conforme se pode verificar pelos valores do índice comprimento/n.° de folhas. Pode-se concluir que os clones tetraplóides têm um hábito de crescimento diferente daquele dos clones diplóides; as plantas tetraplóides são menores que as diplóides e, entre os clones tetraplóides, houve também diferença, alguns clones tendo plantas mais finas que outros. As estacas da variedade Vassourinha Paulista, de onde partimos para a obtenção das formas poliplóides, não foram obtidas de uma única planta e assim não podemos garantir se a diferença verificada entre os clones tetraplóides seja devida a clones iniciais diferentes ou se produzida ainda pela colquicina. 2) A produção de raizes e ramas numa experiência de um ciclo vegetativo, em blocos ao acaso e cem 3 repetições, foi analisada e mostrou que a produção dos clones diplóides é maior que aquela dos clones tetraplóides (Quadro n.° 10). A produção dos clones tetraplóides não foi uniforme. Eles formaram uma seqüência de produção e pelo menos um clone, o de n.° 6, ficou significativamente fora do conjunto, quando a sua média foi comparada à média de raiz e rama obtidas do total de clones tetraplóides. Este clone foi o único tetraplóide do grupo de 3 com estacas mais finas, indicados na análise de crescimento, que entrou na experiência; êle confirma assim aquela separação. O índice rama/raiz foi menor para os clones diplóides que para os tetraplóides, indicando que a produção de raiz em relação à rama é menor nos clones tetraplóides, no primeiro ciclo, provavelmente devido ao retardamento de crescimento nos primeiros meses de vegetação, pois as plantas tetraplóides cresceram mais vagarosamente que as plantas diplóides. 3) Uma experiência com 2 ciclos vegetativos e 3 repetições, mostrou que o clone tetraplóide n.° 6 (Quadro n.° 20) é de fato diferente dos demais, tendo plantas muito pequenas e produção muito pequena no campo. Esta experiência mostrou também que o clone n.° 2, que foi o tetraplóide mais produtivo na experiência com um ciclo vegetativo, parece formar um outro grupo tetraplóide com relação a produção de raizes e ramas. Esta experiência de dois ciclos foi realizada com um espaçamento bastante grande, de modo a eliminar toda possível competição entre plantas; os valores médios de produção por planta, contidos no quadro n.° 20, servem para identificar um clone do outro mas não representam produção comercial. Com 2 ciclos vegetativos o índice rama/raiz torna-se igual para todos os clones, mostrando que, após o primeiro ciclo, a produção de raiz em relação à rama torna-se idêntica para todos os clones. A correlação positiva entre produção de rama e raiz é significante e grande, tanto com um como com 2 ciclos vegetativos. 4) Mais uma experiência com um ciclo vegetativo, feita sistematicamente e com os clones n.° 8 (controle) e clones tetraplóides n.°s 2 e 6, confirmou os resultados anteriores, isto é, que a produção por planta dos clones tetraplóides é menor que a produção dos clones diplóides e que existe diferença entre os clones tetraplóides obtidos (quadro n.° 26). O aproveitamento comercial dos melhores clones tetraplóides só poderá ser avaliado depois da realização de experiências de espaçamento, pois é possível que, com um maior número de plantas, possa se obter a mesma ou melhor produção que os clones diplóides, numa mesma área. O clone tetraplóide n.° 6 não suporta as condições de campo (Fig. 32) e é possível que, pelo pequeno tamanho de suas plantas, seja útil para condições hortícolas, uma questão já discutida em outra publicação (6). 5) Uma análise de estacas para plantação, medindo 20 cms. cada uma, mostrou que há diferença de peso entre estacas dos clones tetraplóides. O clone n.° 6 teve um valor médio menor e diferindo estatisticamente dos demais clones tetraplóides, confirmando assim outros resultados anteriores. 6) Um estudo detalhado sobre a percentagem de amido dos diferentes clones mostrou que os tetraplóides não diferem dos diplóides quanto ao teor amido e que eles não são também diferentes de 3 outros clones de mandioca amargosa incluidos na análise para comparação.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    1) Tetraploid plants of cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl) obtained by colchicine treatment are smaller than diploid plants and an analysis of their growing habits showed that tetraploid clones were not uniform and could be divided into two groups : group one : plants with stalks so thick as but shorter than the diploid plants: group two : plants wich stalks shorter as and thiner than the diploid ones (See tables 1 and 2). 2) Production of roots and stalks was studied in one experiment of randomized blocks and one vegetative cicle of the plants, (about 10 months); diploid clones are more productive and the tetraploid clones are very variable (Table 10). The Índice stalk/root weight is smaller in diploid clones, thus showing that production of roots in relation to stalks in the tetraploid plants is smaller than in diploid plants. Tetraploid plants are slower in growing habits during the beginning of the development (Figs. 18 and 20 to 24). 3) One experiment of randomized lines of 15 plants each and two vegetative cicles of the plants (about 20 months) confirms the results obtained in the experiment of one vegetative cicle regarding the production of roots and stalks. However, the indice stalk/root in plants with two vegetative cicles is the same (i = 0,30) for all clones (diploids and tetraploids) and is identical with the indice for diploid plants with one vegetative cicle, indicating that in plants with two vegetative cicles the production of roots in relation to stalks is the same both in diploid and tetraploid clones. 4) The production of roots and stalks was studied in one systematic experiment of 3 clones, in blocks of about 100 plants each: diploid clone n.° 8 and tetraploid clones n.° 2 and 6. The results obtained confirm the difference between tetraploid and diploid clones and also between the two tetraploid clones involved in the experiment (see table n.° 26 and figs. 25, 27 and 28.) The commercial value of tetraploid clones could be established only after other experiments (more tetraploid than diploid plants in the same area) since the production per plant of tetraploid clones is smaller than the diploid ones. The tetraploid clone n.° 6 has plants very small, of low production of roots and did not support field conditions. It is suggested that this clone should be good for horticultural conditions. 5) The starch contents is the same in all tetraploid and diploid clones studied (see table n. 28) and in two other clones of bitter cassava (n.°s 9 and 10) included for comparison in the analysis.
  • Nota prévia sôbre a meiose de Corizus (Liorhyssus) hyalinus (Fabr.) (Hemiptera-Corizidae)

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The main facts presented in this paper may be summarized as follows: 1) Corizus (Liorhyssus) hyalinus (Fabr.) has primary spermatocytes provided with 6 autosomal tetrads, one pair of microchromosomes and one sex chromosome. 2) The two microchromosomes present in this species sometimes appear at the primary metaphase as an unequal pair of minute elements. In the secondary spermatocytes the unique microchromosome present may be in the limit of visibility or entirely invisible. This invisibility may be partly due to a loss of colourability. 3) The sex chromosome divides transversely in the first division of the spermatocyte, passing undivided to one pole in the second one. In the latter it becomes fusiform in the beginning of anaphase revealing in this manner its dicentricity. In late anaphase it finishes by passing to one pole leaving in the other pole one of its kinetochores sometimes accompanied by a chromosomal fragment. 4) All the chromosomes divide transversely in both divisions, a diagram being enclosed to elucidate the question. 5) Spermatogonial chromosomes are provided with one kinetochore at each end, being curved toward the poles since the most beginning anaphase. 6) The following hypothesis is presented as an essay to explain the origin of microchromosomes: Since microchromosomes parallel sex chromosomes in most respects, as for instances in heteropycnosis and pairing modus, it seems highly probable that they originate from sex chromosomes. One may suppose that the ancestral form of a given species had a sex chromosome which used to lose a small centric fragment when it divided during meiosis. This fragment might well be at first an unstable one. Later, to compensate the effects of such a deficiency a mechanism arose through evolution which produced two useful results : a) the establishment of the fragment as a permanent structure of the cell nucleus and b) the acquirement by the sex chromosome of the faculty of passing to one pole without losing any of its ends.
  • Um novo Phásmida Pachymorphinae do Brasil, emendas a chave para separação dos machos do gênero Acanthoderus e redistribuição por subfamílias das espécies descritas pelo autor

    Piza Júnior, S. de Toledo
  • Nota sinonímica e descrição de espécies novas de proscopiidae brasileiros

    Piza Júnior, S. de Toledo
  • Lições de osteologia dos animais domésticos

    Zamith, Adiel P. L.
  • Nota sôbre o comportamento do heterocromossômio em Leptysma (Acrididae)

    Castro, Yone G. P. de

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Studying the spermatogenesis of Leptysma sp. and Leptysma dorsalis, the writer was able to observe primary spermatocytes in anaphase with the heterochromosome in precession, synchronism or succession, confirming in this way what was observed by Prof. Piza in several other species of Orthoptera.
  • Notas sobre os cromossomios dos proscopiidios

    Castro, Yone G. Penteado de

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Cephalocoema borellii (Giglio-Tos) has 19 chromosomes, that is 9 pairs of autosomes and a single heterochromosome, the latter having been observed either in succession or in synchronism as was the case of the two other species studied by Prof. PIZA, namely Cephalocoema zilkari Piza and Tetanorhynchus mendesi Piza. (= Cephalocoema sica Serv.).
  • Variação do número e da distribuição dos espinhos nos frutos da Mamoneira (Ricinus communis, L)

    Gurgel, J. T. A.

    Resumo em Português:

    1) O caráter presença de espinhos nos frutos da mamoneira é determinado por um par de fatores dominantes SS, sendo a forma recessiva ss, inerme. A interação alélica nao é bem intermediária, havendo uma predominância do fator S. Êste resultado foi anteriormente constatado por HARLAND (7), PEAT (8), DOMINGO (2), GURGEL (4) e FERNANDES (3). 2) A constatação da segregação 1 SS : 2 Ss : 1 ss foi feita após extensivas contagens de espinhos, tanto na forma paternal, como também no Fl, F2 e "back-cross". Por essas contagens foi verificado que existem variedades com números diferentes de espinhos, podendo-se distinguir dois tipos: variedades que têm muitos espinhos, com uma média aproximada de 170 espinhos por fruto e variedades que têm um número médio de espinhos, com uma média aproximada de 113 espinhos por fruto. 3) Embora a segregação dos fatores S e s seja monofatorial, todavia foi constadada por uma análise estatística detalhada, a presença de gens modificadores agindo na geração F2, introduzidos pelos tipos paternais. Assim, o segregante SS no F2, tem mais espinhos do que o pai homozigoto da mesma constituição. 4) Foram encontrados dois novos gens cal e ca2, com interação não alélica do tipo de polimeria complementar duplo-recessiva, dando no F2 uma segregação de 15 com espinhos uniformes : 1 com espinho careca, no "back-cross" uma segregação de 3 com espinhos uniformes : 1 com espinho careca. Estes gens determinaram, nos frutos com espinhos, a formação de zonas sem espinhos, ou como denominamos, "carecas". Estes novos fatores foram encontrados numa única variedade, de n.° 51, conhecida por laciniada, em virtude da for- ma especial de suas fôlhas. Esta variedade é de côr verde, apresenta cera na haste e possui numerosos cachos, porém pequenos. Ê tida como planta ornamental e foi originalmente importada de Erfurt, Alemanha. 5) Mesmo nas variedades inermes foi constatada a presença dos gens Cal e Ca2, para distribuição uniforme de espinhos, embora nas ditas variedades não se possa identificar a sua presença, em virtude do gen s ser epistático recessivo sobre Cal e Ca2. 6) Uma vez que os fatores S e CalCa2 sao independentes, isto é, possivelmente situados em cromosômios diferentes, fazendo-se o cruzamento de variedades com espinho careca x variedades sem espinho, obtem-se o PI com número de espinhos intermediário e distribuição uniforme. No F2 obtém-se a segregação de 45 com espinho uniforme : 3 com espinho careca : 16 sem espinho e no "back-cross" a segregação de 3 com espinho uniforme : 1 com espinho careca : 4 sem espinho.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    1) In a former paper (4), the segregations of spiny versus spineless fruits was described as caused by one pair of mendelian factors, but in view of the possible pratical importance of spineless fruits a more detailed study was thought desirable. We may distinguish three main types of the distribuition of spine among the different varieties in our collections: Spineles fruits (inerms), found in a number of varieties. "Bald" fruits (a type called "careca" or bald owing to the irregular distribuition of the spines, which were always absent in some parts of the fruits while otrer patches might contain spines. Spiny fruits which may be classified into two or more groups, according to the number of regularly distributed spines. 2) The cross (spineless fruits) x (fruits with regularly distributed spines) HARLAND (7), PEAT (9) e FERNANDES (3) observed a 1:2:1 segregations in F2 while GURGEL (4) and DOMINGO (2) find it difficult to distinguish the homozygous and heterozygous spiny types without counting the number of spines. Such counts and the results of a detailed statistical analysis are now given. They show that the results of the 1:2:1 segregations are somewhat modified by both phenotypic modifications of the number of spines. The latter are caused by modifier genes introduced by both parents. 3) The cross between plants with a regular and an irregular distribuition of spines showed that the latter condition is due to the presence of two recessive complementary factors. Thus we have in F2, 15 regular to 1 irregular or partially "bald", and in back-crosses segregations in acordance with the ratio 3:1. 4) The cross spineless x "Careca", gave, as might be expected a trifatorial segregation in accordance with the following formula. "Inermes" "Careca" P : ss CalCal Ca2Ca2 x SS ca1ca1 ca2ca2 Fl : Ss CalCal Ca2Ca2 (with regularly distributed spines) F2 : 45 S- Cal- Ca2- (spines regularly distributed). 3 S- calca1 ca2ca2 ,"Careca) 16 ss ("inermes").
  • Formação das castas no gênero Melípona (Illiger, 1806)

    Kerr, Warwick E.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The present work is destinated to prove that the castes : workers and queens, in Melipona bees are due to genetic factors and not to differences in food. 2) Material used: Hives of Melipona quadri-fasciata anthidioides (Lep. 1836), M. schenki schenki (Gribodo, 1893), M. fasciata rufiventris (Lep. 1836), M. quadri-fasciata vicina (Lep. 1836), M. marginata marginata (Lep. 1836), Apis mellifera (L. 1758). 3) It should be pointed out that in Melipona bees there are no royal cells for the queens, but all the cells are of the same size independently of being destinated for workers, queens or drones. The numerous queens which are born are killed soon after emerging from their cells. 4) Changes of feeding in quality and in quantity caused no variation of castes. The only variable factor is the size, which becomes bigger when the bee is well nourished. 5) The offsprings of 5 hives were examined : 3 of M. quadri-fasciata anthidioides (n.o 1, n.o 2 and n.o 3), 1 of M. quadri-fasciata vicina (n.o 4) and 1 of M. marginata marginata (n.o 5). Combs of about 40 cells were taken into laboratory and the type of bee registered immediately after emerging. The results of the counts were: BOX COMB WORKER QUEEN PERCENTAGE Σ X2 to 12,5% Nº 1 1th 69 8 10,4% 0, 3139 " 1 2nd 144 18 11,1% 0, 2856 " 2 1th 52 8 13,3% 0, 0384 " 3 1th 45 10 18,2% 1, 6736 " 4 1th 56 4 6,7% 1, 8686 " 4 2nd 29 4 12,1% 0,00432 Σ X2 to 25% " 5 1th 34 14 29,2% 0,44444 "5 2nd 83 27 24,5% 0, 0121 In the 4 first boxes there is a percentage of 11,63% queens and in the last there is a percentage of 25,95%. 6) These percentages are very near two genetical ratios: 12,5% or 7:1, and 25% or 3:1, which correspond to a trifactorial and a bifactorial back-cross. Carrying out a X² test no significant deviations were found ( X² to 12,5% and to 25% and table 1 to 4). 7) We suppose that the formula for the queen in the first case (11,65%) is: AaBbCc. Since the Melipona bees are arrhenotokous hymenopteres, the drones are haploid and may have any one of the following eight formulas, corresponding to the gonic segregation of the queem : ABC, ABc, Abc, Abc, AbC, aBC, aBc, abC, abc. Anyone combination of these males with the queen will give a segregation of 7 workers to 1 queen, since there is always only one triple heterozygote among the eight possible segregates (table 5). 8) In order to explain the second case, it is suffient to assume that in this species there are only two pairs of factors, the queen being the double heterozygote : AaBb, while the drones may have any one of the following constitutions: AB, Ab, aB and ab. Workers are again all diploids which are homozygous for one or both factors, for instance: AABB, AABb, AaBB, aaBb, AAbb, etc. (table 6). 9) It is suggested that the genus Melipona is an intermediary type between the solitary bees, where all females are fertile independently of their feeding, and the genera Apis and Trigona, where without special feeding all females are born sterile, while only specially fed females develop into fertile queens. 10) No speculations are put forward with regards to the evolutionary mechanism which may have been responsible for the development of the genetical determination of castes in Melipona, since it seems advisable point to extend the studies to other insects with complicated caste systems.
  • Um método prático de racionamento das aves domésticas

    Torres, A. Di Paravicini

    Resumo em Português:

    O A., pretende facilitar aos práticos a composição de suas próprias fórmulas de ração com os alimentos disponíveis no momento; baseando-se nos conhecimentos e métodos já existentes sobre o assunto, simplifica-os, reduzindo-os ao exame de uma tabela que apresenta, conjuntamente com regras simples e práticas. Os cálculos sáo baseados na composição bruta dos alimentos e se limitam a adição e subtração do teor em proteina de cada ingradiente duma ração cujo total seja 100. Outras sugestões práticas são apresentadas.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A very simple method for calculating poultry balanced ration is reported in this paper. A table giving the crude protein composition of the common feeding stuffs at different weight used in the ration is included. The rules for using it is discussed, all calculation being restricted to addition an subtraction. The balanced rations are easily calculated and the use of the method is recommended to poultry keepers.
  • Um método prático de racionamento das aves domésticas (Nota Suplementar)

    Torres, A. Di Paravicini
  • A raspa da mandioca na alimentação das galinhas

    Torres, A. Di Paravicini
  • Soldadura por uma das extremidades de dois cromossômios homólogos do tityus

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In this paper the author describes a very interesting case of union of two homologous chromosomes of the scorpion Tityus bahiensis just by the opposite extremities. The two normal pairs of chromosomes behave as ordinarily, the members of each pair showing at times a slight disturbance in their regular parallelism. The complex chromosome, on the contrary, behaves itself as if it were devoid of kinetochores, that is, it does not orient like normal chromosomes nor reveal any kind of active movement. The fusion of the chromosomes has resulted from terminal breakage at the opposite ends, the correspondig fragments having been found unpaired in a cell in which two pairs of chromosomes were present. Consequently, the compound chromosome, like the normal ones, is provided with a kinetochore at each one of the free ends. Being thus a centric chromosome its behavior, or more exactly, its kinetic inactivity may be compared with that of the monovalents found elsewhere in meioses. It is due o the failure of a partner. The fusion of two homologous chromosomes has transformed them into a new chromosomal unit in whose corresponding parts the ability of pairing was entirely abolished. This result is in full contradiction with the theory of a point-to point attraction between homologous chromosomes attributed to particular power of the genes, since, if genes really exist, being placed in their original loci, they would promote the union side by side of the members of the compound chromosome. If an attraction loci-to-loci should prevail the compound chromosome would be bent as in Fig. 8, C or form a ring similar to the loops observed in the inverted segment of sailvary chromosomes of Drosophila, as represented in the Fig. 8, D and this, in accordance with the order of the loci resulting from an union of corresponding or opposite ends of the fused chromosomes, as indicated in the Fig, 8 A and B. The evidence in hand points to a fusion by non homologous extremities. The expected rings, however, have never been found in metaphase plates. From this fact the author concludes that there is no point-to-point attraction between chromosomes, a conclusion in full agreement with the behavior of Hemipteran chromosomes which, in spite of geing composed of two equivalent halves do not bend in order to adjust the corresponding loci. (Cf. the papers on Hemiptera published by the author in this volume).
  • II - Contribuição para o estudo biológico e ecológico das podostemonaceae do salto de Piracicaba

    Accorsi, Walter Radamés

    Resumo em Português:

    Resumindo as observações feitas sobre a biologia e a ecologia das espécies Apinagia Accorsii Toledo e Mniopsis Glazioviana Warmg., Podostemonaceae que vivem incrustadas às rochas diabásicas do Salto de Piracicaba, durante os anos de 1943, 1944 e 1945, cheguei às conclusões seguintes: a) Com o início do período de enchente do Salto de Piracicaba, variável de ano para ano, mas que, no geral, começa com as primeiras chuvas de outubro e se prolonga até fins de março, processa-se o desenvolvimento vegetativo das Podostemonaceae, com a formação de estolhos (Fig. 15-B) dotados de gemas produtoras de novos rizomas (Fig. 16-A, C, D, E) e regeneração dos rizomas primitivos (Fig. 15-B), quando em determinadas condições, em Apinagia Accorsii; raízes hemicilindricas com produções faliáceas, dispostas aos pares. (Fig. 19-A,B, C,D,E,F,G,H), provenientes de gemas, em Mniops's Glazioviana, Demais, em ambas as espécies realiza-se ainda a germinação das sementes nos seguintes substratos : placentas, cápsulas e pedicelos de frutos (Figs. 16, 17, 18 e 20), resíduos orgânicos de várias procedências, inclusive os provenientes das próprias Podostemonaceae, que se acumulam em quantidade apreciável entre as plantas e sobre as rochas, etc. A Ap-nagia Accorsii, além desses meios, conta ainda com os resíduos rizomáticos, com os caules e mesmo com a superficies dos rizomas (Fig. 21-H). A massa rizomática constitui excelente meio para a retenção germinação das sementes. b) A deiscência dos frutos dá-se ao contacto do ar seco. As sementes podem fixar-se aos substratos citados, devido à transformação do tegumento externo em mucilagem. c) Dentre os substratos para a germinação das sementes, o mais importante e mesmo decisivo, em determinadas circunstâncias, para a garantia da espécie no habitat, é o fruto. Após a deiscência, algumas sementes podem colar-se às paredes internas da cápsula e aos pedicelos, graças à mucilagem do tegumento externo, ao passo que outras permanecem sôbre a placenta. d) Os "seedlings" não apresentam raiz principal. Todavia, à volta de toda a extremidade do hipocótilo, produz-se enorme quantidade de pêlos radiculares, cuja principal função é servir de órgãos de fixação. A incrustação das plantas ao substrato é feita por meio de pêlos radiculares, ou, mais freqüentemente, por "haptera". Segundo WILLIS (1915), "os "haptera" são órgãos adesivos especiais, provavelmente de natureza radicular, que aparecem como protuberância exógenas da raiz ou do caule e se curvam para a rocha, onde se fixam e se achatam, segregando uma substância viscosa". e) Os "seedlings", que se desenvolvem sobre as cápsulas, pedicelos, etc., encontrando condições ecológicas favoráveis, transformam-se rapidamente em plantas jovens; os novos rizomas já começam a produzir caules e em tudo se assemelham aos rizomas provenientes dos estolhos. É o que se observa no habitat, por ocasião da germinação das sementes. f) As transferência das plantinhas, que so desenvolvem nos substratos citados para a superfície da rocha, realiza-se quando elas alcançarem o peso suficiente para curvar o pedicelo do fruto. (Figs. 17 e 18), promovendo, assim, o contacto da cápsula com a rocha. Daí por diante, o novo rizoma vai aderindo ao substrato natural, através da produção dos órgãos especiais de fixação, isto é, pêlos radiculares e "haptera". O mecanismo da Devido a um pequeno engano na feitura dos clichés, os aumentos das figuras 15, 16, 19 e 20, constantes da legenda, passarão a ser respectivamente :- 1,9 - 1,65 - 2,3 e 2,9. 39 transferência das plantas jovens que, inicialmente, se desenvolvem sobre cápsulas, pedicelos, etc., para o substrato definitivo - a rocha - foi verificado, freqüentes vezes, em farto material que incluia vários estágios de desenvolvimento vegetativo (Figs. 16, 17, 18, 20). g) As cápsulas, compreendendo, além da placenta (em certos casos), as paredes internas e externas, e os pedicelos dos frutos de ambas as espécies estudadas constituem excelentes e importantes meios para a fixação das sementes. Após os longos periodos de seca, quando toda a parte vegetativa se destroi, tornam-se os únicos substratos apropriados para o fenômeno da germinação. h) Iniciada a fase vegetativa e, à medida que progride a submersão das plantas, acentuam-se, cada vez mais, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento. É precisamente durante a época de submersão que as Podostemonaceae encontram o ambiente mais adequado ao seus desenvolvimento vegetativo, alcançando, ao mesmo tempo, a máxima distribuição local, mormente a espécie Apinagia Accorsii Toledo, que chega a cobrir todas as rochas situadas da região frontal da cachoeira. i) O declínio das águas começa, aproximadamente, em fins de março, com as últimas chuvas. Pode-se, então, avaliar a extensão do desenvolvimento vegetativo que as plantas alcançaram, durante a fase de enchente. O nível da correnteza vai, daí por diante, baixando gradativamente, até fins de setembro, quando atinge o mínimo, ocasião em que o Salto se apresenta com o máximo de rochas expostas. j) Durante todo o período de vazante, que é variável e dependente do regime de chuvas que vigorar, as plantas vão paulatinamente emergindo, ao mesmo tempo que cessa o desenvol-vimnto vegetativo, para entrar em atividade o ciclo floral. Antes, porém, os caules de Apinagia que estiveram submetidos às fortes vibrõações da correnteza se destacam (Fig. 21-A,C,F,G, H,I). Todavia, as plantas, que se desenvolveram em regiões de correnteza mais branda, não chegam a perder os seus caules. k) As gemas floríferas, à medida que vão emergindo, desabrochan!. As flores desenvolvem-se rapidamente; a polinização que é direta efetua-se em plena atmosfera, quando as anteras enxutas e suficientemente dessecadas sofrem a deiscência, libertando o pólen. Realizada a fecundação, as sementes atingem depressa a maturidade. Como todo o desenvolvimento compreendido entre o desabrochar das gemas e a frutificação se processa fora da água e como a exposição das plantas é gradativa, em virtude do lento declínio das águas, compreende-se que no Salto existam, a um tempo, todos os estágios do ciclo vegetativo ao lado de todas as fases do desenvolvimento floral. l) Os rizomas, em contacto com o ar e sob a ação solar, dessecam-se, transformando-se em placas duras, fortemente inscrustadas às rochas. Mas, se durante a dessecação forem umidecidos, de quando em quando, passam a constituir excelente meio para a retenção e germinação das sementes. m) No período seguinte de enchente e vazante, repetem-se, para as espécies estudadas, todas as fases do desenvolvimento vegetativo e floral, assinaladas nesta contribuição.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The Author concludes, in this contribution, the estudy he has been making since 1943, on the biological and ecological comportment of Apinagia Accorsii Toledo an of Mniopsis Glazioviana Warmg., Podostemonaceae wich are found attached to the rocks of Piracicaba Fall (Piracicaba, S. Paulo, Brazil). During the flood period, from October until March, the especies mentioned perform their vegetative development. Apigia Accorsii emittes stolons wich produce, laterally, rhizomes: besides, the still alive parts of the remaning rhizomes are regenerated. Mniopsis Glazioviana emittes hemicylindrical roots, the radicular buds of wich are capable of developing into new plants. For both especies, the germination of seeds may be effected in the following substrata : placents, capsules and pedicels of the fruits, vegetative residues and rhizomatic matter of Apinagia. Dehiscence of fruits takes place in contact with the air. Seeds adhere to the above mentioned substrata by means of a mucilage resulting from the transformation of its external tegument, in contact with water. The seedlings have no main root. A large number of root hairs develop around the hypocotyl; their function is fixation. The attachment of the plants to the rocks is made by means of root hairs and "haptera". The tranfer of young plants, which develop in the placents, capsules and fruits pedicels, etc., to the rocks takes place when they grow heavy enough as to bend the pedicels. The fruits and their parts contitute the best mean for the survining of the species in its habitat, for they are the only organs which stick to the rocks, after the complete destruction of the plant's bodies. The vegetative development is performed exclusively under water, while the floral cycle takes place as soon as the plants come in contact with the athmosphere, when they flower and fructiffy rapidly.
  • Aspectos interessantes observados na meiose de alguns hemípteros

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Particular aspects of the meiosis of two species of Hemiptera, namely Megalotomus pallescens (Stal) (Coriscidae) and Jadera sanguinolenta (Fabr.); (Corizidae) are described and discussed in this paper. Megalotomus pallescens This species has primary spermatocytes provided with 7 autosomal tetrads plus a single sex chromosome. The X is smaller than the autosomes and may be found either in the periphery of the circle formed by the autosomal tetrads or in the center together with the m-tetrad which always occupies this position. The X chromosome - In the primary spermatocytes this element, which is tetradiform, orients itself parallelly to the spindle axis and divides transversely by its median constriction. In the secondary spermatocytes it passes undivided to one pole. The m-chromosomes - These chromosomes have been frequently found in close association with the sex chromosome in nuclei wich have passed the diffuse stage, a fact which was considered as affording some evidence in support of the idea /developed by the present writer in another paper with regard to the origin of the m-chromosomes from the sex chromosome. Formation of tetrads - Tetrads appear at first as irregular areas of reticular structure, becoming later more and more distinct. Then, two chromosomal strands very loose and irregular in outline, connected whit each other by several transverse filaments, begin to develop in each area. Growing progressively shorter, thicker and denser, these strands soon give origin to typical Hemiptera tetrads. Jadera sanguinolenta Spermatogonia of this species have 13 chromosomes, that is, 10 autosomes, 2 m-chromosomes and one sex chromosome, one pair of autosomes being much larger than the rest. Chromosomes move toward the poles with both ends looking to them. Primary spermatocytes show 6 tetrads and a single X. The sex chromossome in the first division of the spermatocytes divides as if it was a tetrad, passing undivided to one pole in the second division. In the latter it does not orient, being found anywhere in the cells. Its most common situation in anaphase corresponds therefore to precession. Tetrads are formed here in an entirely different way : the bivalents as they become distinct in the nuclei which came out. of the diffuse stage they appear in form of two thin threads united only at the extremities, an aspect which may better be analized in the larger bivalent. Up from this stage the formation of the tetrads is a mere process of shortening and thickening of both members of the pair. Due to the fact that the paired chromosomes are well separated from each other throughout their entire lenght, the author concluded that chiasmata, if present, are accumulated at the very ends of the bivalents. If no chiasmata have been at all formed, then, what holds together the corresponding extremities must be a strong attraction developed by the kinetochores. If one interprets the bivalents represented in the figures 17-21 as formed by four chromatids paired by one of the ends and united by the opposite one, then the question of the diffuse attachment becomes entirely disproved since it is exactly by the distal extremities that the tetrads later will be connected with the poles. In the opinion of the present writer the facts referred to above are one of the best demonstration at hand of the continuity of the paired threads and at the same time of the dicentricity of Hemiptera chromosomes. In view of the data hitherto collected by the author the behavior of the sex chromosome of the Hemiptera whose males are of the XO type may be summarized as follows: a) The sex chromosome in the primary metaphase appears longitudinally divided, without transverse constriction. It is oriented with the extremities in the plane of the equator and its chromatids separate by the plane of division. (Euryophthalmus, Protenor). In the second division the sex chromosome, provided as it is with an active kinetochore at each end, orients itself with its lenght parallelly to the spindle axis and passes undivided to one pole (Protenor?), or loses to the other pole a centric end (Euryophthalmus) In the latter case it has to become dicentric by means of a longitudinal spliting beginning at the kinetochore. b) The sex chromosome in the primary metaphase is tetradiform, that is, it is provided with a longitudinal split and a median transverse constriction. Orients with its length paral lelly to the spindle axis (what is probably due to the kinetochores being not yet divided) and divides transversely. (Corizas hyalinus, Megalotomus pallescens). in the secondary metaphase the sex chromosome which turned to be dicentric in consequence of a longitudinal spliting initiated in the kineto chore, orients perpendicularly to the equatorial plane and without losing anyone of its extremities passes undivided to one pole (Megalotomus). Or, distending between both poles passes to one side, in which case it loses one of its ends to the other side. (Corizas hyalinus). c) The very short sex chromosome in the first division of the spermatocytes orients in the same manner aa the tetrads and divides transversely. In the second division, due to the inactivity o the inetochore, it remains monocentric and motionless anywhere in the cell, finishing by being enclosed in the nearer nucleus. In the secondary telophase it recuperates its dicentricity at the same time as the autosomal chromatids. (Jadera sanguinolenta, Diactor bilineatus). d) The sex chromosome in the first division orients in the equador with its longitudinal axis parallelly to the spindle axis passing integrally to one pole or, distending itself between the anaphase plates, loses one of its ends to the opposite pole. In this case it becomes dicentric in the prometaphase of the second division, behaving in this division as the autossomes. It thus divides longitudnally. (Pachylis laticomis, Pachylis pharaonis).
  • Descrição de espécies novas e reunião de alguns gêneros de opiliões do Brasil

    Piza Jor., S. de Toledo
  • Influência do carvão na alimentação das aves

    Torres, A. Di Paravicini; Piedade, Alvaro

    Resumo em Português:

    Dois lotes de 50 pintos foram submetidos, durante 25 dias, ao mesmo regime, salvo que um (A) recebeu 5% de carvão na farelada e outro (B) não. No fim da experiência, a média de peso do lote A era 174,9 grs. e a do lote B, 262,2; a diferença é significativamente favorável ao lote B em relação ao peso, contudo a mortalidade foi maior (12%) no lote que não recebeu carvão. A aparência geral dos pintos do lote B era muito melhor. Os AA. concluem que o carvão não deve ser usado como alimento, provavelmente por absorver muitas subtâncias úteis à nutrição, possivelmente vitaminas e amino-ácidos, mas sim para os pintos que se atrazam no crescimento devido a perturbações do aparelho digestivo, como um medicamento. Esta última conclusão depende de ulterior comprovação, pois a maior mortalidade constatada no lote sem carvão pode ser devida ao acaso, simplesmente.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Two groups of 50 chicks each (100 grs. initial weight) were put into competition during 25 days to see whether or not the addition of 5% of charcoal in the feeds is benefical. At the end of the experiment, the average weight of the group which received charcoal was 174,9 grs., and of the control 262,2 grs., revealing the chicks of the latter better general appearance. This result shows the detrimental effect of the charcoal, but since mortality was greater in the group fed without it, a benefical effect of the charcoal in protecting weaker chicks against mortality may be admitted. This contentation, however, needs comprobations.
  • Documento sem título

    Torres, A. Di Paravicini

    Resumo em Português:

    A Seção de Avicultura e Cunicultura da E. S. A. "Luiz de Queiroz", da Univ. de São Paulo, dando inicio a um trabalho de comparação de proteínas na alimentação de franguinhos em crescimento, submeteu quatro lotes de 15 pintos, durante um periodo de 40 dias a quatro rações, cuja base, além de suprimento mineral, era constituida de 50% de fubá de milho amarelo 30% de farelo de trigo. A RI continha mais 10% de farinha de carne de 40% e 10 de farelo de amendoim; em R2, foi o farelo de amendoim substituido por farelo (de algodão; em R3 nao havia farinha de carne, mas 7% de farelo de amendoim, 7 de farelo de coco e 7 de farelo de algodão; em R4 completou-se a ração basal com partes iguais de farinha de carne, farelo de caroço de algodão, de amendoim e de coco. Aparentemente, R4 deu os melhores resultados, mas os dados obtidos, depois de analisados, nao apresentavam significação estatística.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Beginning an experiment on protein comparisons, at the Poultry and Rabbitry Departament of the Esc. Sup. de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", University of S. Paulo, four groups of growing chicks were submitted during 40 days to the following rations: basal part - 50 corn meal and 30 wheat bran, variable part - R1 - 10 tankage and 10 peanut meal, R2 - 10 tankage and 10 cottonseed meal, R3 - 7 peanut meal, 7 cocoanut meal and 7 cottonseed meal, R4 - 5 tankage, 5 peanut, 5 cocoanut and 5 cottenseed meal, R2 and R3 gave results which may be considered as equal and inferior than those obtained with the others, R4 being the best one. The statistical analises showed no significant differences.
  • A couve flor na alimentação da galinha: influência sôbre a postura

    Torres, A. Di Paravicini; Bergamin, Armando

    Resumo em Português:

    Os autores realizaram uma pesquisa afim de verificar o conceito de que a couve-flor exerce um papel deprimente sobre a postura das galinhas. Para isso organizaram 20 grupos de 10 aves cada, onze dos quais da raça Rhode Island Red e 9 da Light Sussex. Desses grupos, 7 ocupavam parques gramados e os restantes parques sem grama. As aves permaneceram por 10 dias sob o regime verde de couve-flor. Houve dificuldade na análise dos resultados devido a diferenças genéticas entre as duas raças utilizadas. Das conclusões parciais constantes do texto deste trabalho, parece que a couve-flor exerce um efeito deprimente sôbre a postura, mas essa crença não chega a ser confirmada clarament na análise estatística dos dados obtidos. A conclusão final a que os AA. chegaram é que, se existe um efeito nocivo do suprimento de couve-flor, nas aves em postura, êsse efeito não chegaria a ser economicamente prejudicial, em vista do fato da couve-flor, sob a forma de folhas externas, refugo. só ser fornecida às aves, esporadicamente, durante períodos relativamente curtos, que correspondem aos da colheita das "cabeças" para serem entregues ao mercado, e, como demonstra a experiência, o suprimento por poucos dias não chega a prejudicar notavelmente a postura.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The influence of cauliflower on egg laying was studied and the results obtained are reported by the authors in this paper. Twenty groups of ten chickens each were organized, eleven being of the Rhode Island Red and nine of the Light Sussez breed. Seven groups, including both breeds received feed on grazing and the cauliflower was given to all chickens during ten days. AH numerical data secured indicated that the number of eggs diminished during the treatment but the differences were not statistically significant. It is possible that a treatment with cauliflower during more days should be prejudicial but this, is the opinion of the authors, should not be of economical importance, since the chickens are supplied with by-products of cauliflower only during the crop season.
  • A influência dos pigmentos amarelo-laranja da semente de milho na coloração da gema de ovo de galinha

    Graner, E. A.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The effect of carotenoid pigments on the egg yolk color was studied in this paper. Three types of maize of known genetical constitution were used: Cateto, with deep orange endosperm; Armour, with yellow-orange endosperm and Cristal, with white endosperm. The carotenoid pigments of the two colored maizes were analysed: the total and both the active parts in relation to vitamin A and the zeaxanthin part showed to be practically double in the deep orange corn. The color of the yolk was orange when the ration had the deep orange corn and yellow in the case of the yellow-orange corn. The increase in shade was proportional to the amount of pigment present in the grains. If green feeds is added to the ration with white corn, the yolk becomes yellow or orange, depending on the amount of green given to the chickens. The practical importance of controlling the color of the yolk was emphasized.
  • Documento sem título

    Bergamin, Armando

    Resumo em Português:

    A experiência foi realizada com a finalidade de verificar uma possível influência benéfica da ração úmida no crescimento de pintos. Preliminarmente foram tomados 2 lotes de 50 pintos Light Sussex, alimentados respectivamente, com ração úmida e sêca. Na segunda experiência foram tomados 4 lotes de 25 pintos das raças Rhode Island Red e Light Sussex e submetidos a idêntico tratamento, isto é, dois lotes de raças diferentes alimentados com ração seca e dois outros com ração úmida. Os pintos foram pesados com intervalos de 10 dias. Verificou-se que embora os pintos alimentados com ração úmida tivessem um aumento de pêso maior que os outros, essa diferença não chega a ser significativa e o tratamento não é compensador porque acarreta considerável aumento de trabalho.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The author reports in this paper the results obtained in one experiment with wet an dry mash on the growing of chickens. The experiment started with two groups of 50 Sussex bred each, one receiving dry and other wet mash. The observations were continued in another four groups of 25 chickens each, two of Rhod Island Red bred and two of Sussex bred, both receiving dry and wet mash. The chickens were weight every 10 days and the differences obtained proved to be not significant statistically. Both dry and wet mash were equally good but wet mash is much more dificult to give to the chickkens than the dry one.
  • A broca do café (Hipothenemus Hampei, Ferrari, 1867)

    Godoy Júnior, Carivaldo
  • Contribuição para o estudo da cultura do tungue

    Godoy Júnior, Carivaldo
Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Av.Páduas Dias, 11, C.P 9 / Piracicaba - São Paulo, Brasil, tel. (019)3429-4486, (019)3429-4401 - Piracicaba - SP - Brazil
E-mail: scientia@esalq.usp.br