Functioning in victims of non-fatal traffic accident

Abstract

Introduction

Traffic accidents are a problem for the health system and society, evidenced by the high rates of deaths, hospitalizations and care in health services due to serious injuries and disabilities, affecting the functioning and quality of life of individuals.

Objective

To identify outcome measures in studies on victims of non-fatal traffic accidents, to fulfill the first step in the development of a Core Set of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for victims of non-fatal traffic accidents.

Methods

A systematic review of published articles was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE and SciELO, between 2011 and 2022, using terms in English. The search strategy combined terms about the consequences of traffic accidents in adults. The selection of articles was carried out by two independent reviewers, applying the eligibility criteria.

Results

A total of 626 studies were located in the databases, and 91 articles were included in the review. The consequences observed in the studies were injuries, fractures and trauma. When extracting outcome measures, 780 concepts were identified, linked to a total of 124 ICF categories, in the components: body function (30 categories); body structure (72 categories); activity and participation (20 categories); and environmental factors (two categories).

Conclusion

This systematic review revealed that the main consequences of non-fatal traffic accidents for victims are in the body structures related to the movement, mobility and stability of joints.

Keywords
Disabled people; International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; Traffic accidents; Wounds and injuries

Resumo

Introdução

Os acidentes de trânsito são um problema para o sistema de saúde e para a sociedade, evidenciado pelas altas taxas de óbito, internações e atendimento nos serviços de saúde em função das lesões graves e incapacidades, repercutindo na funcionalidade e qualidade de vida dos indivíduos.

Objetivo

Identificar medidas de desfecho nos estudos sobre vítimas não fatais de acidentes de trânsito, para cumprir a primeira das etapas no desenvolvimento de um core set da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) para vítimas não fatais de acidentes de trânsito.

Métodos

Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática cuja busca foi feita nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e SciELO, entre 2011 e 2022, utilizando termos em inglês. A estratégia de busca combinou termos sobre as consequências dos acidentes de trânsito em adultos. A seleção dos artigos deu-se por dois revisores independentes, aplicando os critérios de elegibilidade.

Resultados

Foram localizados 626 estudos nas bases de dados e incluídos, na revisão, 91 artigos. As consequências observadas nos estudos foram lesões, fraturas e traumas. Na extração das medidas de desfecho, 780 conceitos foram identificados, vinculados a um total de 124 categorias da CIF nos componentes: função do corpo (30 categorias); estrutura do corpo (72 categorias); atividade e participação (20 categorias); e fatores ambientais (duas categorias).

Conclusão

Esta revisão sistemática revelou que as principais consequências dos acidentes de trânsito para as vítimas não fatais estão nas estruturas do corpo relacionadas ao movimento e à mobilidade e estabilidade das articulações.

Palavras-chaves
Pessoas com deficiência; Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde; Acidentes de trânsito; Ferimentos e lesões

Introduction

Traffic accidents constitute an important public health problem, evidenced by the growing number of hospitalizations, serious injuries, disabilities, increased financial expenses and greater demand for urgent and emergency services, specialized care and rehabilitation, in addition to the biopsychosocial, economic and pension. They mainly affect young adults, male motorcyclists, who are economically active, and cause irreparable individual and collective damage.¹,² Given the various consequences of traffic accidents, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every year 1.3 million people are killed and tens of millions are injured or disabled as a result of traffic accidents.³

The WHO states that there is a large number of people who suffer non-fatal injuries as a result of traffic accidents and who become incapacitated, causing pressure on health services and requiring specialized procedures such as surgeries, admissions to intensive care units, prosthetics, orthoses and other highly complex resources.³,⁴Added to this scenario, disabilities tend to cause a reduction in the individual's ability to carry out routine activities expected in life in society, impacting the functioning and quality of life of individuals.⁵

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was established by the WHO as a classification system that provides a conceptual basis for defining, describing and measuring human functioning, as well as standardizing language and assisting in communication and information exchange. about health and states related to it.⁶

The ICF represents a paradigm shift in thinking about disability and incapacity, moving from the linear biomedical model to the biopsychosocial one, which includes the interactions of health status and contextual factors, constituting an important instrument for assessing living conditions and for the promotion of social inclusion policies.7 Establishing itself as a multidimensional tool, which allows viewing human health from various aspects and undertaking different approaches, the ICF can still be used in many sectors (health, education, social security, statistics, public policies) and in diverse settings such as clinical practices, teaching and research.⁸ In addition to offering a comprehensive and holistic approach to health, it includes the interaction between a person’s health condition, environmental and personal factors. When adopted in health services, it enables a more comprehensive understanding of individuals’ needs and capabilities, expanding to more personalized and effective care. The ICF's biopsychosocial approach promotes the inclusion of different perspectives in the assessment and treatment process, thus promoting more patient-centered care and considering the complexities of the human experience in relation to health and illness.⁹-¹²

CAs a way of making the classification more practical, the WHO and ICF (ICF Research Branch) proposed the creation of shorter classification lists, namely the core sets or “main set”, “basic set” and “essential items”. This is a basic set of the most relevant ICF codes to describe a given health situation to be used in all individuals, whether in clinical or epidemiological studies.¹³ Although some authors disagree with the use of core sets, they have been used in some countries, as mentioned in a study carried out with the WHO Collaborating Center of the Family of International Classifications, which aimed to present a global and updated portrait of the main uses of the ICF over 20 years.¹⁴

The basic sets began to be produced in 2004 and there are several existing around the world for different health conditions, such as breast cancer, obesity, chronic general pain, neurological conditions, AIDS, and cervical cancer, among others.¹³,¹⁵-¹⁸ To date, however, no core sets have been identified in the national and international literature for classifying functioning and disability in victims of traffic accidents.

The construction of the ICF core sets involves a scientific process based on the proposal of Selb et al.¹⁹ and Bickenbach et al.,²⁰ consisting of several methods: 1) systematic review of the literature to identify the researchers' perspective on outcome measures related to the investigated object, in this case, traffic accidents; 2) clinical research with individuals to analyze the problems most commonly related to disability and quality of life in victims of traffic accidents using the ICF checklist as an assessment tool; 3) qualitative research using semi-structured interviews to investigate individuals' perception of their health condition; and 4) research with experts (Delphi study) to identify the perception of health professionals about the most relevant functional and environmental factors of victims of traffic accidents.

With the purpose of fulfilling the first of the steps planned for the development of an ICF core set for victims of non-fatal traffic accidents, this work sought to answer the following question: What are the consequences for adult victims of non-fatal traffic accidents in the world? Thus, the systematic review aimed to identify the outcome measures addressed in published studies on victims of non-fatal traffic accidents and to correlate them with the ICF.

Methods

The systematic review aims to systematize knowledge of a given area of study for its implementation. In this study, the following steps were followed: (1) elaboration of the research question; (2) literature search; (3) selection of articles; (4) data extraction; (5) assessment of methodological quality; (6) data synthesis; (7) assessment of the quality of evidence; and (8) writing and publishing results.²¹ A detailed protocol was registered on Prospero (CRD42023452808).

AThe research question covered the four components of the PICO anagram: population (adult victims of traffic accidents around the world); intervention or exposure (traffic accidents); comparison (not applicable); and outcome (consequences such as injuries, injuries, traumas, sequelae, disabilities). Literature searches were carried out in the PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine – MEDLINE) and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) databases, in journals published between 2011 and 2022, without language restrictions.

The following terms were used to identify publications about the consequences of traffic accidents in adults: “traffic accident”, “traffic collision”, “traffic crashes”, “consequences”, “injuries”, “wounds”, "trauma severity indices" , "disabled persons", "sequel", "disabilit", "international classification of functioning". To construct the search strategy, these terms were combined using Boolean operators AND and/or OR according to the rules of each database (Table 1).

Table 1
Keywords used to search for articles in electronic databases

Database	Concept blocks used
PubMed/ MEDLINE	(traffic accident*[Title] OR traffic Collision*[Title] OR Traffic Crashes [Title]) AND (consequences[Title/Abstract] OR Injuries[Title/Abstract] OR Wounds[Title/Abstract] OR "Trauma Severity Indices"[Title/Abstract] OR "Disabled Persons"[Title/Abstract] OR sequel*[Title/Abstract] OR disabilit*[Title/Abstract] OR "international classification of functioning"[Title/Abstract])
SciELO	(ti:(traffic accident* OR traffic collision* OR traffic crashes* OR acidente transito*) AND (consequences OR injuries OR wounds OR "Trauma Severity Indices") OR ("Disabled Persons" OR sequel* OR disabilit*) OR ("international classification of functioning")

• Note: access on 04/19/2023.

The established inclusion criterion was a primary study that presented data on the consequences, injuries, traumas, sequelae or disabilities in adults involved in traffic accidents. The exclusion criteria considered were articles that did not provide access to the abstract or full text, studies only on mortality, qualitative studies, case studies, clinical trials, methodological studies and instrument validation.

The study selection stage took place through the evaluation of titles and abstracts, carried out by two independent reviewers, applying the defined eligibility criteria. In case of disagreement, a third independent reviewer analyzed it. Agreement between researchers regarding study eligibility was analyzed using the Kappa coefficient: mild (K < 0.4), moderate (K ≤ 0.4 to < 0.8), strong (K ≤ 0.8 to < 1.0) and perfect (K = 1.0).²²

Assessment of the methodological quality of studies and evidence in a systematic review aims to reduce the presence of bias and the impact on the validity of the study; therefore, the items contained in the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) initiative were used to evaluate the studies. The 22 items in the STROBE checklist establish what should be contained in observational studies for a more complete and accurate description of the research object, with studies that include more than 16 items (75%) of STROBE being included in the review.

To extract the outcome measures, the reviewers independently analyzed the complete articles, identifying the concepts (injuries, injuries, traumas, sequelae or disabilities resulting from traffic accidents) contained in the outcome measures, including all types of measures assessed, such as: wounds, injuries, problems in body structures and functions, traumas, severity indices, disabilities, sequelae, limitations in carrying out any activity expected in daily life, as well as restrictions in participating in society.

After this step, the most relevant significant concepts contained in the outcome measures were linked to the most specific category of the ICF, in accordance with the linking rules proposed by Cieza et al.²³,²⁴ To carry out this stage, two reviewers with experience in using the ICF made the connection; that is, they classified/coded the meaning concepts using the classification codes, and when there was no consensus between the two, a third reviewer classified the concept.

The descriptive analysis of the identified concepts was carried out using absolute and relative frequencies. The degree of agreement between the two professionals who evaluated the summaries and linked the concepts with the ICF was calculated using the simple Kappa coefficient. Those with a percentage frequency equal to or greater than 5% of publications were included in the list of candidate categories of the ICF core set, with the second hierarchical level being considered independent of the possibility of greater detail in connection with the classification.

Results

The search strategy located 626 studies in the data-bases searched, 79 of which were removed because of duplication, leaving 547 studies for title and abstract analysis. Subsequently, following the established exclusion criteria, 107 articles were read in full to analyze eligibility. Considering the type of study and research object, 16 were excluded, resulting in 91 studies included in the review. Figure 1 shows the selection process for articles in this review.

Figure 1
- Flowchart for selection of articles studied.

Regarding the quality of the studies included in the review, the median percentage was 88.6% (77.3-100). All studies included more than 16 items from the STROBE initiative, and therefore, none were excluded at this stage. The selected articles came from 34 countries, representing five continents, with the majority of studies carried out in Asia (38.2%), Europe (38.2%) and Africa (11.7%). They were published by 65 different journals, with the journals "Traffic Injury Prevention", "Injury", "International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science", and "Accident Analysis & Prevention" being responsible for 30.7% of publications.

All articles eligible for the systematic review had observational methods as a study design to describe victims of traffic accidents, 73.6% of which were cross-sectional studies. The number of participants in the surveys ranged from 14 to 653,386, with an average age of 25 to 70.9 years. The main consequences identified in the selected articles were injuries, fractures and trauma to various parts of the body. Table 2 presents the characteristics and outcomes of the studies.

Table 2
Main characteristics of eligible studies on the consequences of traffic accidents and quality assessment for the systematic review (n = 91)

Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
Adeoye et al.39 Nigeria, 2014	571	Injury, fracture of limbs, head, soft tissues, spine, burns	Cohort	Questionnaire	77.3
Agnihotri et al.40 India, 2013	350	Fracture of the nasal, jaw, orbital, frontal bones	Cross sectional	Questionnaire	78.2
Airaksinen et al.41 Finland, 2018	574	Subluxation of the vertebrae, multiple fractures of ribs, lower limbs, exposed in the distal tibia and fibula, vascular injury and thrombosis	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Aladelusi et al.43 Nigeria, 2014	201	Head trauma, injury to the chest, cervical spine, abdomen, fracture of the jaw, skull, eye and chest, multiple facial injuries, lacerations	Prospective cross-sectional	MFISS and ISS	81.8
Aldwsari, et al.44 Saudi Arabia, 2018	237	Scalp laceration, fractures of craniofacial and facial bones, brain stem hemorrhage	Cohort study	Questionnaire	90.9
Ammori et al. 45 Taiwan, 2016	85	Injuries to the head, lower limbs, chest, abdomen, fracture or dislocation of the lower limb	Cohort	ISS and AIS	100
Arif et al.46 India, 2019	311	Lower face fractures, intracranial injury, abrasions, lacerations, contusions and extraoral communication	Cross- sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Bambach et al.18 Australia, 2014	49.082	Injuries to chest, lower limbs, head, lungs, rib fractures	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	90.9
Barbosa et al.48 Brazil, 2014	210	Injuries, fractures	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Brand et al.49 Germany, 2012	4,430	Injuries to the head, neck, maxillofacial region, abdomen, chest, extremities; trauma to abdomen, upper and lower extremities	Retrospective cross-sectional	AIS, ISS and MAIS	81.8
Bayan et al.50 India, 2013	212	Multiple injuries or multiple trauma to the lower limbs, fractures	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Behzadi et al.51 Iran, 2020	3,277	Injuries to the lower limbs	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Bhoi et al.52 India, 2018	359	Trauma to thead head, skull, face	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Bener et al.53 Qatar, 2012	1,762	Injuries to the head, face, neck and spine were most common	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Brito54 Brazil, 2011	719	Spinal trauma	Cross-sectional	Standardized form and ICF	81.8
Candefjord et al.55 Sweden, 2016	119,768	Chest and head trauma	Cross-sectional	ISS	95.5
Cardoso et al.56 Brazil, 2020	203	Fracture-type injuries	Cohort	Questionnaire	86.4
Cardoso et al.57 Brazil, 2020	203	Cuts, sprains, lacerations and multiple injuries	Cohort	Questionnaire	86.4
Chelly et al.58 Tunisia, 2019	694	Traumatic brain injury	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Cheynel et al.59 France, 2011	2,009	Cranioencephalic, thoracic and abdominopelvic injuries, also to spleen, retroperitoneal organs and liver	Cross-sectional	AIS and ISS	86.4
Choi et al.60 Korea, 2016	846	Fractures of the face, nasal bone, zygomatic complex, and blowout and maxillary fractures	Retrospective cross-sectional	AIS, ISS	90.9
Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
Copanitsanou et al.61 Greece, 2018	60	Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, fear of driving and walking on the road	Cohort	IES-R, CES-D and SWLQ	90.9
Daskal et al.62 Israel, 2018	28,635	Traumatic brain injury; abdominal, chest, pelvis injuries	Cohort	AIS and ISS	90.9
Duan et al.63 China, 2020	2,741	Traumatic injury to brain, chest, limbs	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
El-Menyar et al.64 Qatar, 2016	5,118	Lung contusions, rib fractures, pneumothorax and hemothorax, head injuries	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Etehad et al.65 Iran, 2015	1,306	Polytrauma and trauma to multiple body regions, head and neck injuries	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Erem et al.66 Uganda, 2017	178	Traumatic brain injury, extracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema, skull fractures, headache, dizziness, convulsions, mental changes	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Ernstberger et al.67 Germany, 2015	44,503	Leg, pelvic, upper extremity injuries, head trauma	Prospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Fekadu et al.68 Ethiopia, 2019	299	Post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol dependence, sleep disorders	Cohort study	PCL, PHQ-2 and AUDIT	90.9
Fernando et al.69 Sri Lanka, 2017	579	Soft tissue injury, abrasions, contusions, lacerations and fractures	Retrospective cross-sectional	MLEF	81.8
Freitas et al.70 Brazil, 2018	439	Closed fractures, open fractures, dislocations, vascular injuries, sprains and nerve injuries, changes in joint mobility, gait pattern, muscle strength	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Bilgin et al.71 Turkey, 2012	168	Injuries to extremities, multiple, head and neck, internal organs, arteries, nerves and fractures	Case-control	MLEF	81.8
Gomei et al.72 Japan, 2013	115	Injuries and fractures of the head, chest, extremities, face, abdomen and spine	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Gorge et al.73 Saudi Arabia, 2020	1,314	Serious injuries to the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, lower and upper limbs	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Gupta et al.74 Cambodia, 2018	491	Serious injuries to the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis lower and upper limbs Traumatic brain injury, contusions, epidural and subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages, skull and facial fractures	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Hadaye et al.75 India, 2020	476	Lower limbs and head, neck and face, single-site fracture; obstacles on the road, defective roads and poor lighting	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Helm et al.76 Germany, 2013	479	Injuries to the skull, face, neck/cervical spine, chest, abdomen, thoracic/lumbar spine, pelvis, upper and lower limbs	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Huang et al.77 China and Germany, 2018	43	Head trauma, brain injuries	Cohort	Questionnaire	90.9
Inamasu et al.78 Japan, 2018	409	Traumatic brain injury	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Iteke et al.79 Nigeria, 2011	150	Post-traumatic stress disorder	Case-control	Questionnaire	86.4
Ito et al.80 Japan, 2019	943	Serious injuries to the pelvis and extremities, head and neck, abdomen, chest	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
Johansson et al.81 Canada, 2015	3,711	Neck injury, pain in the neck, head and lower back, pain when moving the neck, sleeping problems and reduced ability to move the neck	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Jovanovic et al.82 Serbia, 2011	36	Concurrent eye injuries, eyeball ruptures, adnexal damage	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Kaiser et al.83 Czech Republic, 2012	326	Brachial plexus injuries, root avulsion	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Karadana et al.42 Turkey, 2013	2,003	Traumatic brain injury, extremities, chest and abdomen	Prospective cross-sectional	MFISS and ISS	81.8
Kovačević et al.84 Croatia, 2020	155	Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Kovačević et al.85 Croatia, 2020	200	Multiple injuries, serious injuries to head, face, neck, chest, abdomen, spine, upper and lower extremities, depression, anxiety	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Lee et al.86 Republic of Korea, 2018	231	Injuries to the head, neck, chest, abdomen, upper and lower extremities	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Leijdesdorff et al.87 Netherlands, 2014	1,250	Traumatic brain injury, contusion, skull fractures, hemorrhaging	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	90.9
León et al.88 Colombia, 2018	2,445	Injuries to head/neck/cervical spine, face, chest/thoracic spine, abdomen/lumbar spine, limbs/pelvis, external areas	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.89 Australia, 2011	95	Musculoskeletal injuries to neck, chest, upper/lower limbs, back, shoulder	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.90 Australia, 2012	193	Soft tissue injuries, fractures, abrasions and lacerations	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.91 Australia, 2014	95/98	Musculoskeletal injuries, being mild injuries	Case-control	Questionnaire	100
Littleton et al.92 Australia, 2014	96/98	Musculoskeletal injuries to the neck, chest, back, lower/upper limbs, shoulder	Case-control	Questionnaire	100
Mahajan et al.93 India, 2013	401	Fractures, abdominal injuries, abrasions and bruises, lacerations and open wounds	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Mahdian et al.94 Iran, 2015	1.723	Traumatic brain injury, injuries to the head, vertebrae, chest, upper and lower limbs, abdomen	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Mahdian et al.95 Iran, 2017	962	Polytrauma, fractures and dislocations of extremities	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Mai et al.96 Vietnam, 2020	413	Problems with mobility, self-care, usual activities and pain/discomfort	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Majdan et al.97 Austria, 2013	683	Traumatic brain injury, injuries to the abdomen, extremities, face, head and neck, chest	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	100
Malta et al.98 Brazil, 2016	60,202	Bodily injury, complications, disabilities	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Meredith et al.99 Sweden, 2020	284	Fractures of the forearm, clavicle and tibia/fibula, hand, vertebrae and humerus	Case-control	STRADA and SFR	81.8
Mesquita Filho100 Brazil, 2016	196	Low elf-esteem and quality of life	Cross-sectional	WHOQOL-BREF	81.8
Meyyappan et al.101 India, 2018	1,835	Traumatic brain injury, maxillofacial trauma, soft tissue injuries	Retrospective case-control	Questionnaire	81.8
Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
Mohtasham-Amiri et al.102 Iran, 2016	7,671	Multiple injuries to upper and lower extremities, head and neck, abdomen and pelvis, spine, face	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Monchal et al.103 France, 2018	10,165	Injuries to the abdomen, pelvic, diaphragm	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Ngunde et al.104 Camaroon, 2019	197	Lower limb injuries, fractures, lacerations and bruises/hematomas	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Nhac-Vu et al.105 France, 2011	276	Serious injuries to the lower limbs and head	Cohort	Questionnaire	95.5
Nóbrega et al.106 Brazil, 2014	2,570	Maxillofacial injuries, fractures of the mandible, maxilla, zygoma, dentoalveolar and dental injuries	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Nogami et al.107 Japan, 2020	99	Maxillofacial injuries, fractures of the mandible, maxilla, zygoma, dentoalveolar and dental injuries	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Okamoto et al.108 Japan, 2019	14	Open globe injuries, rupture and laceration	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Paiva et al.109 Brazil, 2015	109	Polytrauma, injuries to limbs, skull, abdomen, chest, spine, face	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Pajediene et al.110 Lithuania, 2015	71	Musculoskeletal injury to the neck and shoulder	Cohort	QTFQ, DRI, CFQ, HADS	90.9
Palmera-Suárez et al.111 Spain, 2015	443	Changes in mobility, home life, self-care, vision, hearing, communication, interactions and interpersonal relationships, learning	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	90.9
Palmera-Suárez et al.112 Spain, 2016	443	Communication problems, general tasks and demands, interactions and interpersonal relationships	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	90.9
Pan et al.5 Taiwan, 2014	653,386	Skull, upper and lower limb, spine and trunk fractures, contusion, head, neck and trunk injury, lower limb	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Papadakaki et al.113 Greece, 2017	93	Fractures to the head, face, chest, abdomen, spine, lower and upper extremities	Cohort	Questionnaire	100
Parreira et al.114 Brazil, 2012	924	Extradural, acute subdural, subarachnoid hematomas, facial fractures, brain contusion, injuries to the extremities, fractures to the upper and lower limbs and severe injuries to the extremities, spinal cord trauma, rib fractures	Retrospective case-control	Questionnaire	81.8
Pathak et al.115 India, 2014	182	Serious injuries, soft tissue injuries, lower limb fractures	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Pietzka et al.116 Germany, 2020	12,613	Maxillofacial injuries, and to eyes, mouth and ear, neurocranium, cervical spine	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Rastović et al.117 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2018	75	Isolated neck injury, whiplash injury	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Reiniger et al.118 Brazil, 2012	69	General, neurological, thoracic, orthopedic, vascular surgery	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Roccia et al.119 Italy, 2019	605	Maxillofacial and face fractures	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Seid et al.120 Ethiopia, 2015	230	Fractures and open wounds in lower and upper limbs and skull, and spine, rib, clavicle and pelvis fractures	Prospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Author, location, and year	N	Outcomes	Study type	Instruments	STROBE
Shamim121 Pakistan, 2017	385	Abrasions, lacerations, fractures, contusions and bruises	Prospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Vahdati et al.122 Iran, 2014	181	Polytrauma, fractures of limbs, skull, brain contusion, traumatic brain injury and rupture of the viscera	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3
Singh et al.123 India, 2014	347	Injuries to extremities, maxillofacial, bruises, lacerations	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Tahir et al.124 Pakistan, 2012	132,504	Abrasions	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	81.8
Terrier et al.125 France, 2017	963	Genitourinary, renal, testicular injuries	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Wangdi et al.126 Bhutan, 2018	1,143	Human (careless driving, drunk), environmental (road conditions) and vehicle mechanical factors	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	86.4
Woyessa et al.127 Ethiopia, 2020	286	Multiple injuries, visceral; bone fractures, head and chest	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	95.5
Yang et al.128 Taiwan, 2017	3.318	Nasal, jaw, maxillary, orbital fractures	Retrospective cross-sectional	Questionnaire	77.3

• Note: N = sample size; AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale; AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Score; ICF = International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; CFQ = Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; DRI = Disability Rating Index; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IES-R = Impact of Events Scale - Revised; ISS = Injury Severity Score; MAIS = Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale; MFISS = Maxillofacial Injury Severity Score ; MLEF = Medico-legal Examination Form; PCL = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist; PHQ-2 = Patient Health Question; QTFQ = Quebec Task Force Questionnaire; SFR = Swedish Fracture Register; STRADA = Swedish Traffic Crash Data Acquisition; STROBE = Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale; WHOQOL-BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life - abbreviated version.

Of the total number of studies, only 15 used standardized instruments. The most used were Injury Severity Score (ISS), in eight studies, and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), in five studies, with the concepts of consequences (injuries, wounds, trauma, sequelae, disabilities) of traffic accidents identified in the measures of outcomes.

The Kappa coefficient found in the abstract analysis stage showed that there is moderate reliability between observers (K = 0.767; agreement = 89.7%).²² In the connection stage with the contents of the ICF, the Kappa test showed that there is a disagreement between the observers (K = - 0.050; agreement = 89.2%)..

A total of 780 concepts were extracted from the outcome measures, identified in the 91 selected studies. Of these, 76 concepts (9.9%) were considered not defined by the ICF and 51 (6.6%) as a health condition. The other 653 concepts were linked to a total of 124 different ICF categories. In total, one concept (0.1%) was linked to the first level of the ICF, 453 (69.5%) to second-level categories, 160 (24.5%) to third-level categories and 39 (5.9%) %) to fourth level categories. It is noteworthy that eleven concepts were linked to more than one ICF category. In detailing the number of categories per level in each component of the ICF, we have:

• - Body function: one category at the first level of the ICF, 72 at the second level, one at the third level and 11 at the fourth level;

• - Body structure: 351 at second level, 157 at third level and 28 at fourth level;

• - Activity and participation: 27 at second level, two at third level and none at fourth level;

• - Environmental factors: three at second level.

Regarding the frequency of the ICF categories most related in each component, body structure stood out (82.1%), as seen in Table 3. Of the 124 ICF categories classified in each domain, they were listed in the body function component six of eight chapters (30 categories); in the body structure component, all eight chapters were included (72 categories); in the activity and participation component, there were eight of nine chapters (20 categories); and two of the five chapters (two categories) in the environmental factors component (Table 3).

Table 3
Frequency distribution of components and chapters of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) linked to the concepts contained in the selected studies

Components/Chapters	ICF code	n (%)
Body functions	-	85 (13.0)
Mental	b110-b199	15 (17.6)
Sensory functions and pain	b210-b299	16 (18.8)
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems	b410-b499	1 (1.2)
Genitourinary and reproductive	b610-b699	2 (2.4)
Neuromusculoskeletal	b710-b799	21 (24.7)
Skin and related structures	b810-b869	30 (35.3)
Body structures	-	536 (82.1)
Structures of nervous system	s110-s199	20 (3.7)
Eye, ear and related structures	s210-s299	13 (2.4)
Nose	s310-s399	10 (1.9)
Structures of cardiovascular, immunologic and respiratory systems	s410-s499	10 (1.9)
Structures related to digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems	s510-s599	1 (0.2)
Structures related to genitourinary and reproductive system	s610-s699	6 (1.1)
Structures related to movement	s710-s799	467 (87.1)
Skin	s810-s899	9 (1.7)
Activities and participation	-	29 (4.4)
Learning and applying knowledge	d110-d199	1 (3.4)
General tasks and demands	d210-d299	8 (27.6)
Communication	d310-d399	3 (10.3)
Mobility	d410-d499	8 (27.6)
Self-care	d510-d599	2 (6.9)
Domestic life	d610-d649	1 (3.4)
Interpersonal interactions and relationships	d710-d749	3 (10.3)
Major life areas	d810-d899	3 (10.3)
Environmental factors	-	3 (0.5)
Natural environment and human-made changes to environment	e210-e299	1 (33.3)
Services, systems and policies	e510-e599	2 (66.7)

The most frequent second-level categories were: body function: emotional functions (b152), pain sensation (b280), functions related to joint mobility (b710), skin repair functions (b820); body structure: structure of the brain (s110), head and neck region (s710), upper extremity (s730), pelvic region (s740), lower extremity (s750), trunk (s760); activity and participation: dealing with stress and other psychological demands (d240). A total of 18 ICF second-level categories showed a prevalence greater than 5% in all eligible studies. Five categories were identified in the body function component, twelve categories in body structure, one category of activity and participation, and no category in environmental factors (Table 4).

Table 4
Second-level categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) with a prevalence greater than 5% in studies eligible (91) for the review

ICF component	Category		Description of category
Body functions	b152		Emotional functions
	b280		Sensation of pain
	b710		Functions related to joint mobility
	b715		Functions related to joint stability
	b820		Skin repair functions
Body structures	s110		Structure of brain
	s220		Structure of eyeball
	s310		Structure of nose
	s320		Structure of mouth
	s710		Structure of head and neck region
	s720		Structure of shoulder region
	s730		Structure of upper extremity
	s740		Structure of region
	s750		Structure of lower extremity
	s760		Structure of trunk
	s770		Additional movement-related musculoskeletal structures
	s810		Structures of skin areas
Activities and participation	d240		Dealing with stress and other psychological demands

Discussion

This article explored globally available data and evidence to identify and categorize the consequences experienced by adult victims of non-fatal traffic accidents. By analyzing the studies included in the review, it was possible to identify the most relevant ICF categories in a variety of contexts.

These categories, together with their frequency of occurrence, can provide valuable guidance for develloping ICF core sets that capture the most essential aspects of functioning and disability in specific popu-lations. By filling this knowledge gap, we intend to contribute to an understanding of the implications of traffic accidents on the functioning and well-being of these individuals.

The articles eligible for this systematic review had observational methods as a study design that encompassed a variety of designs, such as cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. These studies allow direct observation of victims over time, capturing a wide range of information related to injuries, sequelae and functional disabilities, as well as psychosocial and quality of life aspects.²⁵,²⁶

Since its publication in 2001, the ICF has been recognized as a complete and comprehensive classification to describe health and health-related states, but its complete use is a challenge due to the extensive list of categories. Therefore, to make it more practical, the WHO proposed the development of core sets.¹¹,¹²,²⁷ Using the ICF theoretical framework, it was possible to identify and quantify the consequences of traffic accidents in adults and extract the outcome measures cited in the 91 studies included in this systematic review.

A total of 769 concepts were extracted from the selected articles, 642 of which were linked to a total of 124 ICF categories. The number of concepts extracted from the results corroborates the complexity of the consequences of traffic accidents, thus establishing the categories most observed in research for inclusion in the ICF core set for non-fatal victims of traffic accidents. Although the clinical presentation of the studies may be diverse, the main consequences were injuries, fractures and trauma to various parts of the body.³,²⁸-³⁰Understanding the nature and extent of these consequences is crucial to establishing effective interventions, especially in the care and rehabilitation. of the victims.

According to the linking rules proposed by Cieza et al.,²³,²⁴ most concepts (83.5%) contained in the outcome measures were linked to the ICF. The others were considered as not defined by the ICF, when its categories could not be chosen precisely, or as a health condition, when the significant concept was not contained in the ICF (mainly categories coded by ICD-10), and the combination of the two classifications was advised. In a systematic review to identify outcome measures from clinical trials on chronic ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity and obstructive pulmonary disease, Wolf et al.³¹ reached the same result in linking the concepts.

Among the outcome measures extracted from the studies, the concepts were related to all components of the ICF: body functions; body structures; activities and participation; environmental factors). The majority, however, referred to the body structure component, considered in the ICF as a disability (when the individual presents a problem with the functions or structures of the body, such as a significant deviation or loss). Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems, including psychological functions, and body structures are anatomical parts such as organs, limbs and their components.³²

Among body structure deficiencies, the most prevalent domain was structures related to movement, structure of the head and neck region, upper and lower extremities, pelvic region and trunk, followed by the body functions component, in which the categories emotional functions, pain sensation, those related to joint mobility and stability and skin repair functions were the most linked, as in other studies.³,³⁰,³³-³⁶

When using the ICF as a reference instrument, it appears that the classification establishes an integrated theoretical model of biomedical, social and personal aspects, the biopsychosocial model, ascending to the biomedical model based on the linearity of diseases and injuries.³⁷At this juncture, it is observed It is clear that the second-level categories of the ICF established, as per the researchers' perspective, basically include aspects of the biomedical model, with a low frequency of the concepts of activity and participation and almost no category of environmental factors. Although environmental factors are essential to assess functioning as part of the context in which individuals live, the studies that made up this review did not highlight their relevance in interacting with the health conditions of the populations studied, as the approaches were heavily restricted to biological aspects.

Knowing that environmental factors influence the process of functioning and disability of individuals through interaction with the other components of the ICF (body functions and structures, activities and participation), even though this fact was not highlighted in this review, it is essential to consider them in the analysis of health impacts, given their link with human performance, social participation and the living and health conditions of the population.⁸,¹¹,¹²,³⁷,³⁸

Although every year thousands of people suffer non-fatal injuries as a result of traffic accidents and become disabled, which interferes with the individual's ability to carry out activities expected in life in society, research describing the conditions of functioning and disability is still scarce, as well as environmental factors that interfere in the lives of victims of traffic accidents.⁴,³³,³⁶

Although every year thousands of people suffer non-fatal injuries as a result of traffic accidents and become disabled, which interferes with the individual's ability to carry out activities expected in life in society, research describing the conditions of functioning and disability is still scarce, as well as environmental factors that interfere in the lives of victims of traffic accidents.

The functioning and disability of traffic accident survivors are relevant topics because of the need to understand the victim's contextual universe, their performance and ability to carry out routine activities in society, including the contribution or interference of environmental factors in the state of health of these individuals.

Conclusion

EThis systematic review identified and extracted an important number of primary concepts about the consequences of traffic accidents in the outcome measures of the selected studies. When linking them to the components of the ICF, a greater frequency of outcomes referring to structures related to movement, mobility and stability of joints and the sensation of pain was observed. It was evident that the studies included in this review focused on the characteristics of the biomedical model, with a look at the sick body, not looking at functioning or the environmental factors that contribute to the improvement or not of the individual's functioning.

These results will be combined with the results of three other preparatory studies. The four studies will capture the perspectives of researchers, traffic accident victims and experts, and will serve as the scientific basis for the development of an ICF core set for victims of non-fatal traffic accidents for use in research and clinical practice.

References

• ¹
  Morais Neto OL, Montenegro MMS, Monteiro RA, Siqueira Jr JB, Silva MMA, Lima CM, et al. Mortalidade por acidentes de transporte terrestre no Brasil na última década: tendência e aglomerados de risco. Cienc Saude Colet. 2012;17(9):2223-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000900002
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000900002
• ²
  Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Saúde Brasil 2014: uma análise da situação de saúde e das causas externas. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015. 462 p. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/saude_brasil_2014_analise_situacao.pdf
  » https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/saude_brasil_2014_analise_situacao.pdf
• ³
  Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Relatório do Seminário no Brasil para fortalecer a implantação de medidas voltadas à mobilidade sustentável em cidades brasileiras. Brasília: OPAS; 2019. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51099
  » https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51099
• ⁴
  World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2023. Genebra: WHO; 2023. https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/safety-and-mobility/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2023
  » https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/safety-and-mobility/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2023
• ⁵
  Pan RH, Chang NT, Chu D, Hsu KF, Hsu YN, Hsu JC, et al. Epidemiology of orthopedic fractures and other injuries among inpatients admitted due to traffic accidents: a 10-year nationwide survey in Taiwan. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:637872. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/637872
  » https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/637872
• ⁶
  Castaneda L, Castro SS. Publicações brasileiras referentes à Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade. Acta Fisiatr. 2013;20(1):29-36. https://doi.org/10.5935/0104-7795.20130006
  » https://doi.org/10.5935/0104-7795.20130006
• ⁷
  Buchalla CM. A Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde. Acta Fisiatr. 2003;10(1):29-31. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v10i1a102426
  » https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v10i1a102426
• ⁸
  Ruaro JA, Ruaro MB, Souza DE, Fréz AR, Guerra RO. Panorama e perfil da utilização da CIF no Brasil - uma década de história. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(6):454-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012005000063
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012005000063
• ⁹
  Ustün B, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N. Comments from WHO for the Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Special Supplement on ICF Core Sets. J Rehabil Med. 2004;(44 Suppl):7-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410015344
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410015344
• ¹⁰
  Farias N, Buchalla CM. Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde da Organização Mundial da Saúde: conceitos, usos e perspectivas. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2005;8(2):187-93. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2005000200011
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2005000200011
• ¹¹
  Fontes AP, Fernandes AA, Botelho MA. Funcionalidade e incapacidade: aspectos conceptuais, estruturais e de aplicação da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Rev Port Saude Publica. 2010;28(2):171-8. https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-portuguesa-saude-publica-323-articulo-funcionalidade-e-incapacidade-aspectos-conceptuais-S0870902510700080
  » https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-portuguesa-saude-publica-323-articulo-funcionalidade-e-incapacidade-aspectos-conceptuais-S0870902510700080
• ¹²
  Riberto M. Core sets da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde. Rev Bras Enferm. 2011; 64(5):938-46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672011000500021
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672011000500021
• ¹³
  Ribeiro LC. Elaboração de conjunto principal da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) para mulheres com câncer do colo do útero no Brasil [dissertation]. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca; 2015. 140 p. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/34316
  » https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/34316
• ¹⁴
  Leonardi M, Lee H, Kostanjsek N, Fornari A, Raggi A, Martinuzzi A, et al. 20 Years of ICF-International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: uses and applications around the world. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(18): 11321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811321
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811321
• ¹⁵
  Brach M, Cieza A, Stucki G, Füssl M, Cole A, Ellerin B, et al. ICF Core Sets for breast cancer. J Rehabil Med. 2004;(44 Suppl):121-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410016811
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410016811
• ¹⁶
  Stucki A, Stoll T, Cieza A, Weigl M, Giardini A, Wever D, et al. ICF Core Sets for obstructive pulmonary disease. J Rehabil Med. 2004;(44 Suppl):114-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410016794
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410016794
• ¹⁷
  Cieza A, Stucki A, Geyh S, Berteanu M, Quittan M, Simon A, et al. ICF Core Sets for chronic ischaemic heart disease. J Rehabil Med. 2004;(44 Suppl):94-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410016785
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410016785
• ¹⁸
  Buchalla CM, Cavalheiro TR. Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde e a Aids: uma proposta de core set. Acta Fisiatr. 2008;15(1):42-8. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v15i1a102908
  » https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v15i1a102908
• ¹⁹
  Selb M, Escorpizo R, Kostanjsek N, Stucki G, Üstün B, Cieza A. A guide on how to develop an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;51(1):105-17. https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/europa-medicophysica/article.php?cod=R33Y2015N01A0105
  » https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/europa-medicophysica/article.php?cod=R33Y2015N01A0105
• ²⁰
  Bickenbach JE, Cieza A, Selb M, Stucki G. ICF Core Sets: Manual for Clinical Practice. Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber Pub; 2020.
• ²¹
  Galvão TF, Pereira MG. Revisões sistemáticas da literatura: passos para sua elaboração. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2014;23(1): 183-4. http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-49742014000100018
  » http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-49742014000100018
• ²²
  Arango HG. Bioestatística - Teórica e computacional. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2012.
• ²³
  Cieza A, Geyh S, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N, Ustün B, Stucki G. ICF linking rules: an update based on lessons learned. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(4):212-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970510040263
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970510040263
• ²⁴
  Cieza A, Fayed N, Bickenbach J, Prodinger B. Refinements of the ICF Linking Rules to strengthen their potential for establishing comparability of health information. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(5):574-83. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2016.1145258
  » https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2016.1145258
• ²⁵
  Scheuringer M, Grill E, Boldt C, Mittrach R, Müllner P, Stucki G. Systematic review of measures and their concepts used in published studies focusing on rehabilitation in the acute hospital and in early post-acute rehabilitation facilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(7-8):419-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280400014089
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280400014089
• ²⁶
  Post MWM, Kirchberger I, Scheuringer M, Wollaars MM, Geyh S. Outcome parameters in spinal cord injury research: a systematic review using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a reference. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(7):522-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2009.177
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2009.177
• ²⁷
  Castro SS, Castaneda L, Araújo ES, Buchalla CM. Aferição de funcionalidade em inquéritos de saúde no Brasil: discussão sobre instrumentos baseados na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2016;19(3):679-87. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201600030018
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201600030018
• ²⁸
  Andrade SSCA, Jorge MHPM. Estimativas de sequelas físicas em vítimas de acidentes de transporte terrestre internadas em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2016;19(1):100-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201600010009
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201600010009
• ²⁹
  Andrade SSCA, Jorge MHPM. Internações hospitalares por lesões decorrentes de acidente de transporte terrestre no Brasil, 2013. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2017;26(1):31-8. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742017000100004
  » https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742017000100004
• ³⁰
  Ladeira RM, Malta DC, Morais Neto OL, Montenegro MMS, Soares Filho AM, Vasconcelos CH, et al. Acidentes de transporte terrestre: estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Brasil e unidades federadas, 1990 e 2015. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017;20(Suppl 1):157-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700050013
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700050013
• ³¹
  Wolff B, Cieza A, Parentin A, Rauch A, Sigl T, Brockow T, et al. Identifying the concepts contained in outcome measures of clinical trials on four internal disorders using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a reference. J Rehabil Med. 2004;(44 Suppl):37-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410015407
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410015407
• ³²
  Organização Mundial de Saúde. CIF: Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde. São Paulo: Edusp; 2015. 334 p.
• ³³
  Macedo APFS, Oliveira LR, Buchalla CM, Scatena JHG. Características e deficiências físicas de vítimas de acidentes de trânsito atendidas no serviço de referência para reabilitação do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2010. Espac Saude. 2014; 15(4):22-33. https://espacoparasaude.fpp.edu.br/index.php/espacosaude/article/view/546
  » https://espacoparasaude.fpp.edu.br/index.php/espacosaude/article/view/546
• ³⁴
  Paiva L, Pompeo DA, Ciol MA, Arduini GO, Dantas RAS, Senne ECV, et al. Estado de saúde e retorno ao trabalho após os acidentes de trânsito. Rev Bras Enferm. 2016;69(3):443-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690305i
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2016690305i
• ³⁵
  Benner JL, Noten S, Limsakul C, Van Der Slot WMA, Stam HJ, Selb M, et al. Outcomes in adults with cerebral palsy: systematic review using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(10):1153-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14247
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14247
• ³⁶
  Oliveira LR, Duarte FGD. Deficiências e incapacidades em vítimas de acidentes de trânsito em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Cad Saude Colet. 2021;29(1):12-24. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-462X202129010197
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-462X202129010197
• ³⁷
  Sampaio RF, Luz MT. Funcionalidade e incapacidade humana: explorando o escopo da classificação internacional da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Cad Saude Publica. 2009; 25(3):475-83. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000300002
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000300002
• ³⁸
  Morettin M, Bevilacqua MC, Cardoso MRA. A aplicação da Classificação internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) na audiologia. Disturb Comun. 2008;20(3):395- 402. https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/dic/article/view/6844
  » https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/dic/article/view/6844
• ³⁹
  Adeoye PO, Kadri DM, Bello JO, Ofoegbu CK, Abdur-Rahman LO, Adekanye AO, et al. Host, vehicular and environmental factors responsible for road traffic crashes in a Nigerian city: identifiable issues for road traffic injury control. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:159. https://doi.org/10.11604%2Fpamj.2014.19.159.5017
  » https://doi.org/10.11604%2Fpamj.2014.19.159.5017
• ⁴⁰
  Agnihotri A, Galfat D, Agnihotri D. Incidence and pattern of maxillofacial trauma due to road traffic accidents: a prospective study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014;13(2):184-8. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12663-013-0502-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12663-013-0502-y
• ⁴¹
  Airaksinen N, Nurmi-Lüthje I, Kröger H, Lüthje P. The ability of the ICD-AIS map to identify seriously injured patients in road traffic accidents - A study from Finland. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19 (8):819-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.1520985
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.1520985
• ⁴²
  Karadana GA, Aksu NM, Akkas M, Akman C, Üzümcügil A, Özmen MM. The epidemiology and cost analysis of patients presented to Emergency Department following traffic accidents. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:1125-30. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.889539
  » https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.889539
• ⁴³
  Aladelusi T, Akinmoladun V, Olusanya A, Akadiri O, Fasola A. Analysis of road traffic crashes-related maxillofacial injuries severity and concomitant injuries in 201 patients seen at the UCH, Ibadan. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2014;7(4):284-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1378183
  » https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1378183
• ⁴⁴
  Aldwsari OM, Aldosari KH, Alzahrani MK, Alzahrani ZA, Alanazi AH, Alkhathlan KM, et al. Associated head injuries and survival rate of patients with maxillofacial fractures in road traffic accident: A prospective study in Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7(6):1548-54. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_101_18
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_101_18
• ⁴⁵
  Ammori MB, Eid HO, Abu-Zidan FM. Lower limb and associated injuries in frontal-impact road traffic collisions. Afr Health Sci. 2016;16(1):306-10. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i1.40
  » https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i1.40
• ⁴⁶
  Arif MZ, Rajanikanth BR, Prasad K. The role of helmet fastening in motorcycle road traffic accidents. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2019;12(4):284-90. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685458
  » https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685458
• ⁴⁷
  Bambach MR, Mitchell RJ. The rising burden of serious thoracic trauma sustained by motorcyclists in road traffic crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2014;62:248-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.009
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.009
• ⁴⁸
  Barbosa KGN, Lucas-Neto A, Gama BD, Lima-Neto JC, Lucas RSCC, d'Ávila S. Injuries and absenteeism among motorcycle taxi drivers who are victims of traffic accidents. J Forensic Leg Med. 2014;26:15-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.03.008
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.03.008
• ⁴⁹
  Brand S, Otte D, Mueller CW, Petri M, Haas P, Stuebig T, et al. Injury patterns of seniors in traffic accidents: A technical and medical analysis. World J Orthop. 2012;3(9):151-5. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v3.i9.151
  » https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v3.i9.151
• ⁵⁰
  Bayan P, Bhawalkar JS, Jadhav SL, Banerjee A. Profile of non-fatal injuries due to road traffic accidents from a industrial town in India. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2013;3(1):8-11. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.109409
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.109409
• ⁵¹
  Behzadi A, Shahba M, Etemadi S, Mohamadi B, Karvar M, Jafari Y, et al. Epidemiology and cost-analysis of emergency department patients treated following traffic accidents in Iran: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2020;10(4):182-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_93_19
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_93_19
• ⁵²
  Bhoi S, Singh A, Sinha TP, Pal R, Galwankar S, Baluja A, et al. Magnitude and spectrum of injuries sustained in road traffic accidents among two wheeler riders and correlation with helmet use. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2018;11(3):160-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/jets.jets_119_17
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/jets.jets_119_17
• ⁵³
  Bener A. A study on road traffic crashes and injuries in Qatar as reported by drivers. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2012;87(5-6):85-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.epx.0000421566.38407.94
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/01.epx.0000421566.38407.94
• ⁵⁴
  Brito JMPX. Incapacidade por traumatismo raquimedular secundário a acidentes de trânsito. Coluna/Columna. 2011;10 (3):175-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1808-18512011000300001
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1808-18512011000300001
• ⁵⁵
  Candefjord S, Buendia R, Caragounis EC, Sjöqvist BA, Fagerlind H. Prehospital transportation decisions for patients sustaining major trauma in road traffic crashes in Sweden. Traffic Inj Prev. 2016;17(Suppl 1):16-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1198872
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1198872
• ⁵⁶
  Cardoso JP, Mota ELA, Ferreira LN, Rios PAA. Productivity costs among people involved in traffic accidents. Cien Saude Coletiva. 2020;25(2):749-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020252.15232018
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020252.15232018
• ⁵⁷
  Cardoso JP, Mota ELA, Rios PAA, Ferreira LN. Associated factors from loss productivity among people involved in road traffic accident: a prospective study. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020; 23:e200015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200015
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200015
• ⁵⁸
  Chelly H, Bahloul M, Ammar R, Dhouib A, Mahfoudh KB, Boudawara MZ, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of traumatic head injury following road traffic accidents admitted in ICU "analysis of 694 cases". Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019; 45(2):245-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-017-0885-4
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-017-0885-4
• ⁵⁹
  Cheynel N, Gentil J, Freitz M, Rat P, Deballon PO, Kopp CB. Abdominal and pelvic injuries caused by road traffic accidents: characteristics and outcomes in a French cohort of 2,009 casualties. World J Surg. 2011;35(7):1621-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1136-1
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1136-1
• ⁶⁰
  Choi SH, Gu JH, Kang DH. Analysis of traffic accident- related facial trauma. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(7):1682-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000002916
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000002916
• ⁶¹
  Copanitsanou P, Drakoutos E, Kechagias V. Posttraumatic stress, depressive emotions, and satisfaction with life after a road traffic accident. Orthop Nurs. 2018;37(1):43-53. https://doi.org/10.1097/nor.0000000000000417
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/nor.0000000000000417
• ⁶²
  Daskal Y, Alfici R, Givon A, Peleg K, Olsha O, Kessel B. Evaluation of differences in injury patterns according to seat position in trauma victims survived traffic accidents. Chin J Traumatol. 2018;21(5):273-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.03.001
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.03.001
• ⁶³
  Duan A, Zhou M, Qiu J, Feng C, Yin Z, Li K. A 6-year survey of road traffic accidents in Southwest China: Emphasis on traumatic brain injury. J Safety Res. 2020;73:161-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.02.010
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.02.010
• ⁶⁴
  El-Menyar A, Abdelrahman H, Al-Hassani A, Ellabib M, Asim M, Zarour A, et al. Clinical presentation and time-based mortality in patients with chest injuries associated with road traffic accidents. Arch Trauma Res. 2016;5(1):e31888. https://doi.org/10.5812/atr.31888
  » https://doi.org/10.5812/atr.31888
• ⁶⁵
  Etehad H, Yousefzadeh-Chabok Sh, Davoudi-Kiakalaye A, Dehnadi AM, Hemati H, Mohtasham-Amiri Z. Impact of road traffic accidents on the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(3):489-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.008
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.008
• ⁶⁶
  Erem G, Bugeza S, Malwadde EK. Clinical and cranial computed tomography scan findings in adults following road traffic accidents in Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(1):116-21. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i1.15
  » https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i1.15
• ⁶⁷
  Ernstberger A, Joeris A, Daigl M, Kiss M, Angerpointner K, Nerlich M, et al. Decrease of morbidity in road traffic accidents in a high income country - an analysis of 24,405 accidents in a 21 year period. Injury. 2015;46(Suppl 4):S135-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1383 (15)30033-4
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1383 (15)30033-4
• ⁶⁸
  Fekadu W, Mekonen T, Belete H, Belete A, Yohannes K. Incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder after road traffic accident. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00519
  » https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00519
• ⁶⁹
  Fernando DM, Tennakoon SU, Samaranayake AN, Wickramasinghe M. Characteristics of road traffic accident casualties admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2017;13(1):44-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9828-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9828-3
• ⁷⁰
  Freitas EBS, França ISX. Deficiências motoras e gravidade de traumas em motociclistas vítimas de acidentes de trânsito. Cogit Enferm. 2018;23(4):e57751. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v23i4.57751
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v23i4.57751
• ⁷¹
  Bilgin NG, Mert E, Sezgin M. Evaluation of the effects of disabilities due to traffic accidents on the quality of life using SF-36 health survey. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2012;46(3):168-73. https://doi.org/10.3944/aott.2012.2673
  » https://doi.org/10.3944/aott.2012.2673
• ⁷²
  Gomei S, Hitosugi M, Ikegami K, Tokudome S. Assessing injury severity in bicyclists involved in traffic accidents to more effectively prevent fatal bicycle injuries in Japan. Med Sci Law. 2013;53(4):194-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802413481011
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802413481011
• ⁷³
  Gorge J, Alsufyani L, Almefreh G, Aljuhani S, Almutairi L, Al Babtain I, et al. The age and gender distribution of patients admitted following nonfatal road traffic accidents in Riyadh: A cross-sectional study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2020;10(2):76-80. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_16_19
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_16_19
• ⁷⁴
  Gupta S, Klaric K, Sam N, Din V, Juschkewitz T, Iv V, et al. Impact of helmet use on traumatic brain injury from road traffic accidents in Cambodia. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19(1):66-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1342821
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1342821
• ⁷⁵
  Hadaye RS, Rathod S, Shastri S. A cross-sectional study of epidemiological factors related to road traffic accidents in a metropolitan city. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(1):168-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_904_19
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_904_19
• ⁷⁶
  Helm M, Faul M, Unger T, Lampl L. Zuverlässigkeit notärztlicher Verdachtsdiagnosen [Reliability of emergency medical field triage: Exemplified by traffic accident victims]. Anaesthesist. 2013;62(12):973-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-013-2255-x
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-013-2255-x
• ⁷⁷
  Huang J, Peng Y, Yang J, Otte D, Wang B. A study on correlation of pedestrian head injuries with physical parameters using indepth traffic accident data and mathematical models. Accid Anal Prev. 2018;119:91-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.012
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.012
• ⁷⁸
  Inamasu J, Nakaya M, Kujirai D, Mayanagi K, Nakatsukasa M. Frequency and characteristics of traumatic brain injury in restrained drivers involved in road traffic accidents. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018;160(10):1921-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-018-3656-z
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-018-3656-z
• ⁷⁹
  Iteke O, Bakare MO, Agomoh AO, Uwakwe R, Onwukwe JU. Road traffic accidents and posttraumatic stress disorder in an orthopedic setting in South-Eastern Nigeria: a controlled study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011;19:39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-19-39
  » https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-19-39
• ⁸⁰
  Ito F, Tsutsumi Y, Shinohara K, Fukuhara S, Kurita N. Vehicle configurations associated with anatomical-specific severe in-juries resulting from traffic collisions. PLoS One. 2019;14(10): e0223388. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223388
  » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223388
• ⁸¹
  Johansson MS, Boyle E, Hartvigsen J, Stochkendahl MJ, Carroll L, Cassidy JD. A population-based, incidence cohort study of mid-back pain after traffic collisions: Factors associated with global recovery. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(10):1486-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.681
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.681
• ⁸²
  Jovanovic M, Hentova-Sencanic P, Vukovic D, Glisic S, Knezevic M. Simultaneous injuries to both eyes in traffic accidents. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(12): 1761-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-010-1473-z
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-010-1473-z
• ⁸³
  Kaiser R, Waldauf P, Haninec P. Types and severity of operated supraclavicular brachial plexus injuries caused by traffic accidents. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(7):1293-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-012-1291-7
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-012-1291-7
• ⁸⁴
  Kovacevic J, Miskulin M, Degmecic D, Vcev A, Leovic D, Sisljagic V, et al. Predictors of mental health outcomes in road traffic accident survivors. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020309
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020309
• ⁸⁵
  Kovacevic J, Miškulin M, Licanin MM, Barac J, Biuk D, Palenkic H, et al. Quality of life in road traffic accident survivors. Zdr Varst. 2020;59(4):202-10. https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2020-0026
  » https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2020-0026
• ⁸⁶
  Lee HY, Youk H, Lee J, Kang CY, Kong JS, Sung S, et al. Injury analysis of patients according to impact patterns involved in pedestrian traffic crashes. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19(sup1):S153-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1365142
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1365142
• ⁸⁷
  Leijdesdorff HA, van Dijck JTJM, Krijnen P, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLAM, Schipper IB. Injury pattern, hospital triage, and mortality of 1250 patients with severe traumatic brain injury caused by road traffic accidents. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(5): 459-65. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3111
  » https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3111
• ⁸⁸
  León AL, Ascuntar-Tello J, Valderrama-Molina CO, Giraldo ND, Constaín A, Puerta A, et al. Grouping of body areas affected in traffic accidents. A cohort study. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2018;9(Suppl 1):S49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2017.11.012
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2017.11.012
• ⁸⁹
  Littleton SM, Cameron ID, Poustie SJ, Hughes DC, Robinson BJ, Neeman T, et al. The association of compensation on longer term health status for people with musculoskeletal injuries following road traffic crashes: emergency department inception cohort study. Injury. 2011;42(9):927-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.02.011
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.02.011
• ⁹⁰
  Littleton SM, Hughes DC, Poustie SJ, Robinson BJ, Neeman T, Smith PN, et al. The influence of fault on health in the immediate post-crash period following road traffic crashes. Injury. 2012;43(9):1586-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.002
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.002
• ⁹¹
  Littleton SM, Hughes DC, Poustie SJ, Robinson BJ, Neeman T, Smith PN, et al. An early intervention programme had no detectable influence on the health status of people with musculoskeletal injuries following road traffic crashes: comparative study. Injury. 2014;45(1):304-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.06.005
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.06.005
• ⁹²
  Littleton SM, Hughes DC, Gopinath B, Robinson BJ, Poustie SJ, Smith PN, et al. The health status of people claiming compensation for musculoskeletal injuries following road traffic crashes is not altered by an early intervention programme: a comparative study. Injury. 2014;45(9):1493-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.011
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.011
• ⁹³
  Mahajan N, Aggarwal M, Raina S, Verma LR, Mazta SR, Gupta BP. Pattern of non-fatal injuries in road traffic crashes in a hilly area: A study from Shimla, North India. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2013;3(3):190-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.119198
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.119198
• ⁹⁴
  Mahdian M, Sehat M, Fazel MR, Moraveji A, Mohammadzadeh M. Epidemiology of urban traffic accident victims hospitalized more than 24 hours in a level III trauma center, Kashan County, Iran, during 2012-2013. Arch Trauma Res. 2015;4(2):e28465. https://doi.org/10.5812/atr.4 (2)2015.28465
  » https://doi.org/10.5812/atr.4 (2)2015.28465
• ⁹⁵
  Mahdian M, Fazel MR, Sehat M, Khosravi G, Mohammadzadeh M. Epidemiological profile of extremity fractures and dislocations in road traffic accidents in Kashan, Iran: a glance at the related disabilities. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2017;5(3):186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5466864/
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5466864/
• ⁹⁶
  Mai HT, Vu HM, Ngo TT, Vu GT, Nguyen HLT, Hoang MT, et al. The status of first aid and its associations with health outcomes among patients with traffic accidents in urban areas of Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124600
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124600
• ⁹⁷
  Majdan M, Mauritz W, Wilbacher I, Janciak I, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, et al. Traumatic brain injuries caused by traffic accidents in five European countries: outcome and public health consequences. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(4):682-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks074
  » https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks074
• ⁹⁸
  Malta DC, Andrade SSCA, Gomes N, Silva MMA, Morais Neto OL, Reis AAC, et al. Injuries from traffic accidents and use of protection equipment in the Brazilian population, according to a population-based study. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(2):399-409. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015212.23742015
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015212.23742015
• ⁹⁹
  Meredith L, Kovaceva J, Bálint A. Mapping fractures from traffic accidents in Sweden: How do cyclists compare to other road users? Traffic Inj Prev. 2020;21(3):209-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2020.1724979
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2020.1724979
• ¹⁰⁰
  Mesquita Filho M. Quality of life and self-esteem in traffic victims in physical therapy. Fisioter Mov. 2016;29(4):703-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.004.AO06
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.004.AO06
• ¹⁰¹
  Meyyappan A, Subramani P, Kaliamoorthy S. A comparative data analysis of 1835 road traffic accident victims. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2018;8(2):214-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ams.ams_135_18
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/ams.ams_135_18
• ¹⁰²
  Mohtasham-Amiri Z, Dastgiri S, Davoudi-Kiakalyeh A, Imani A, Mollarahimi K. An epidemiological study of road traffic accidents in Guilan Province, Northern Iran in 2012. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2016;4(4):230-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118576/
  » https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118576/
• ¹⁰³
  Monchal T, Ndiaye A, Gadegbeku B, Javouhey E, Monneuse O. Abdominopelvic injuries due to road traffic accidents: Characteristics in a registry of 162,695 victims. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19(5):529-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.1447669
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.1447669
• ¹⁰⁴
  Ngunde PJ, Akongnwi ACN, Mefire CA, Puis F, Gounou E, Nkfusai NC, et al. Prevalence and pattern of lower extremity injuries due to road traffic crashes in Fako Division, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;32:53. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2019.32.53.17514
  » https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2019.32.53.17514
• ¹⁰⁵
  Nhac-Vu HT, Hours M, Charnay P, Chossegros L, Boisson D, Luauté J, et al. Predicting self-reported recovery one year after major road traffic accident trauma. J Rehabil Med. 2011; 43(9):776-82. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0854
  » https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0854
• ¹⁰⁶
  Nóbrega LM, Cavalcante GMS, Lima MMSM, Madruga RCR, Ramos-Jorge ML, d'Avila S. Prevalence of facial trauma and associated factors in victims of road traffic accidents. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(11):1382-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.08.054
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.08.054
• ¹⁰⁷
  Nogami S, Yamauchi K, Morishima H, Otake Y, Kouketsu A, Higuchi K, et al. Mandible fractures and dental injuries related to road traffic accidents over a 12-year period-retrospective multicentre study. Dent Traumatol. 2021;37(2):223-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12614
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12614
• ¹⁰⁸
  Okamoto Y, Morikawa S, Okamoto F, Mitamura Y, Ishikawa H, Ueda T, et al. Traffic accident-related open globe injuries. Retina. 2019;39(4):779-85. https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002012
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002012
• ¹⁰⁹
  Paiva L, Monteiro DAT, Pompeo DA, Ciol MA, Dantas RAS, Rossi LA. Readmissions due to traffic accidents at a general hospital. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2015;23(4):693-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0242.2623
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0242.2623
• ¹¹⁰
  Pajediene E, Janusauskaite J, Samusyte G, Stasaitis K, Petrikonis K, Bileviciute-Ljungar I. Patterns of acute whiplash-associated disorder in the Lithuanian population after road traffic accidents. J Rehabil Med. 2015;47(1):52-7. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1892
  » https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1892
• ¹¹¹
  Palmera-Suárez R, López-Cuadrado T, Almazán-Isla J, Fernández-Cuenca R, Alcalde-Cabero E, Galán I. Disability related to road traffic crashes among adults in Spain. Gac Sanit. 2015;29(Suppl 1):43-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.01.009
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.01.009
• ¹¹²
  Palmera-Suárez R, López-Cuadrado T, Brockhaus S, Fernández-Cuenca R, Alcalde-Cabero E, Galán I. Severity of disability related to road traffic crashes in the Spanish adult population. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;91:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.024
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.024
• ¹¹³
  Papadakaki M, Ferraro OE, Orsi C, Otte D, Tzamalouka G, von-der-Geest M, et al. Psychological distress and physical disability in patients sustaining severe injuries in road traffic crashes: Results from a one-year cohort study from three European countries. Injury. 2017;48(2):297-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2016.11.011
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2016.11.011
• ¹¹⁴
  Parreira JG, Gregorut F, Perlingeiro JAG, Solda SC, Assef JC. Análise comparativa entre as lesões encontradas em motociclistas envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito e vítimas de outros mecanismos de trauma fechado. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2012;58(1):76-81. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302012000100018
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302012000100018
• ¹¹⁵
  Pathak SM, Jindal AK, Verma AK, Mahen A. An epidemio-logical study of road traffic accident cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Med J Armed Forces India. 2014;70(1):32-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.04.012
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.04.012
• ¹¹⁶
  Pietzka S, Kämmerer PW, Pietzka S, Schramm A, Lampl L, Lefering R, et al. Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients after road traffic accidents-a retrospective evaluation of the TraumaRegister DGU ^® 1993-2014. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(1):503-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03024-6
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03024-6
• ¹¹⁷
  Rastovic P, Gojanovic MD, Peric I, Pavlovic M, Lesko J, Galic G, et al. Anthropometric characteristics and traffic accident circumstances of patients with isolated whiplash injury in University Clinical Hospital Mostar. Med Glas (Zenica). 2018;15(1):59-65. https://doi.org/10.17392/918-18
  » https://doi.org/10.17392/918-18
• ¹¹⁸
  Reiniger LO, Sousa RMC, Nogueira LS, Costa ALS. Vítimas de ocorrência de trânsito submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos: características e intercorrências transoperatórias. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2012;46(Esp):58-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342012000700009
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342012000700009
• ¹¹⁹
  Roccia F, Sotong J, Savoini M, Ramieri G, Zavattero E. Maxillofacial injuries due to traffic accidents. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(4):e288-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000005158
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000005158
• ¹²⁰
  Seid M, Azazh A, Enquselassie F, Yisma E. Injury characteristics and outcome of road traffic accident among victims at adult emergency department of Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective hospital based study. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-015-0035-4
  » https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-015-0035-4
• ¹²¹
  Shamim M. Pattern of Injuries from road traffic accidents presented at a rural teaching institution of Karachi. Indian J Surg. 2017;79(4):332-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-017-1605-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-017-1605-3
• ¹²²
  Vahdati SS, GhafarZad A, Rahmani F, Panahi F, Rad AO. Patterns of road traffic accidents in north west of Iran during 2013 New Year holidays: complications and casualties. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2014;2(2):82-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771298/
  » https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771298/
• ¹²³
  Singh R, Singh HK, Gupta SC, Kumar Y. Pattern, severity and circumtances of injuries sustained in road traffic accidents: a tertiary care hospital-based study. Indian J Community Med. 2014;39(1):30-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.126353
  » https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.126353
• ¹²⁴
  Tahir N, Naseer R, Khan SM, Macassa G, Hashmi W, Durrani M. Road traffic crashes managed by Rescue 1122 in Lahore, Pakistan. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2012;19(4):347-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2011.628755
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2011.628755
• ¹²⁵
  Terrier JE, Paparel P, Gadegbeku B, Ruffion A, Jenkins LC, N'Diaye A. Genitourinary injuries after traffic accidents: Analysis of a registry of 162,690 victims. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(6):1087-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000001448
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000001448
• ¹²⁶
  Wangdi C, Gurung MS, Duba T, Wilkinson E, Tun ZM, Tripathy JP. Burden, pattern and causes of road traffic accidents in Bhutan, 2013-2014: a police record review. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2018;25(1):65-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2017.1341930
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2017.1341930
• ¹²⁷
  Woyessa AH, Heyi WD, Ture NH, Moti BK. Patterns of road traffic accident, nature of related injuries, and post-crash outcome determinants in western Ethiopia - A hospital based study. Afr J Emerg Med. 2021;11(1):123-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.09.008
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.09.008
• ¹²⁸
  Yang CS, Chen SCC, Yang YC, Huang LC, Guo HR, Yang HY. Epidemiology and patterns of facial fractures due to road traffic accidents in Taiwan: A 15-year retrospective study. Traffic Inj Prev. 2017;18(7):724-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1309650
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1309650

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 May 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  01 Sept 2023
• Reviewed
  12 Mar 2024
• Accepted
  02 Apr 2024