ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO Y PREVENCIÓN DEL COVID-19 PARA TRABAJADORAS DEL SEXO EN VARIOS PAÍSES

Couto, Pablo Luiz Santos; Pereira, Samantha Souza da Costa; Vilela, Alba Benemérita Alves; Gomes, Antônio Marcos Tosoli; Merces, Magno Conceição das

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Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem

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Sumário

Special Section COVID-19 • Texto contexto - enferm. 30 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2020-0560 copiar

ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO Y PREVENCIÓN DEL COVID-19 PARA TRABAJADORAS DEL SEXO EN VARIOS PAÍSES

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

analizar la evidencia científica sobre las estrategias de afrontamiento y prevención del COVID-19 implementadas a las trabajadoras sexuales, en el contexto de varios países.

Métodos:

revisión integradora de la literatura, con datos recopilados en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library y Google Scholar utilizando los descriptores booleanos “COVID-19” and “sex workers” and “Delivery of Health Care”, con un marco temporal de 2019 a 2020. A priori, se encontraron 215 publicaciones. Tras la selección, anclada en los criterios de inclusión y en la respuesta a la pregunta orientadora, se utilizaron 19 artículos, cuya información se organizó en la tabla sinóptica y los textos se analizaron a través del contenido semántico.

Resultados:

luego del análisis de contenido de las acciones implementadas o recomendadas en diferentes países, para que las trabajadoras sexuales puedan prevenir la contaminación por Sars-CoV-2, se destacaron cuatro categorías: acciones programáticas/gubernamentales y respuestas de la sociedad; combatir los estigmas relacionados con el trabajo sexual; educación para la salud a través de recursos tecnológicos/digitales y mediáticos; reajuste de los servicios de salud.

Conclusión:

las inequidades de género, raza y clase, así como los estigmas sociales, han sido mantenidos por estados gobernados por el patriarcado y, por lo tanto, son las principales barreras para que las trabajadoras sexuales adopten estrategias para enfrentar el COVID-19. Aun así, se han implementado/recomendado acciones intersectoriales en varios países como el reajuste de los servicios de salud sexual, incentivos financieros para mejorar los servicios de los operadores de señales y tecnologías digitales para implementar acciones efectivas que promuevan la educación en salud y permitan la distribución de insumos para la protección y prevención individual.

DESCRIPTORES:
Infecciones por coronavirus; Pandemias; Trabajadores sexuales; Género; Salud de la mujer

Article	Author/Year	Database	Study design	Countries or regions involved/studied
A.1	Adam (2020)12. Adam D. Special report: The simulations driving the world’s response to COVID-19. Nature [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];580(7803):316-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01003... 12 12. Adam D. Special report: The simulations driving the world’s response to COVID-19. Nature [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];580(7803):316-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01003...	VHL	Reflection study	Global level (China, the United Kingdom, and South Korea)
A.2	*Abdesi et al. (2020)*4. Adebisi YA, Alaran AJ, Akinokun RT, Micheal AI, Ilesanmi EB, Lucero-Prisno DE. Sex workers should not be forgotten in Africa’s COVID-19 response. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];103(5):1780-2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1045 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1045... 4 4. Adebisi YA, Alaran AJ, Akinokun RT, Micheal AI, Ilesanmi EB, Lucero-Prisno DE. Sex workers should not be forgotten in Africa’s COVID-19 response. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];103(5):1780-2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1045 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1045...	Google Scholar	Reflection study	Africa (South Africa, Botswana, Nigeria, and Uganda)
A.3	*Amdeselassie et al. (2020*10. Amdeselassie T, Emirie G, Iyasu A, Gezahegne K, Jones N, Mitiku E, et al. Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of street- connected youth and young people involved in commercial sex work. London (UK): GAGE Management Team; 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 27]. Available from: https://www.gage.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Experiences-of-vulnerable-urban-youth-under-covid-19-the-case-of-street-connected-youth-and-young-people-involved-in-commercial-sex-work.pdf https://www.gage.odi.org/wp-content/uplo... )1010. Amdeselassie T, Emirie G, Iyasu A, Gezahegne K, Jones N, Mitiku E, et al. Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of street- connected youth and young people involved in commercial sex work. London (UK): GAGE Management Team; 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 27]. Available from: https://www.gage.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Experiences-of-vulnerable-urban-youth-under-covid-19-the-case-of-street-connected-youth-and-young-people-involved-in-commercial-sex-work.pdf https://www.gage.odi.org/wp-content/uplo...	VHL	Qualitative research	Ethiopia
A.4	*Blanco et al. (2020*35. Chetterje P. Gaps in India’s preparedness for COVID-19 control. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];20(5):544. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30300-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30... )3535. Chetterje P. Gaps in India’s preparedness for COVID-19 control. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];20(5):544. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30300-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30...	PubMed/Scopus	Experience report	Barcelona
A.5	*Callander et al. (2020*19. Callander D, Meunier E, DeVeau R, Grov C, Donovan B, Minichiello V, et al. Sex workers are returning to work and require enhanced support in the face of COVID-19: results from a longitudinal analysis of online sex work activity and a content analysis of safer sex work guidelines. Sex Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];17(4):384-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1071/SH20128 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH20128... )1919. Callander D, Meunier E, DeVeau R, Grov C, Donovan B, Minichiello V, et al. Sex workers are returning to work and require enhanced support in the face of COVID-19: results from a longitudinal analysis of online sex work activity and a content analysis of safer sex work guidelines. Sex Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];17(4):384-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1071/SH20128 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH20128...	PubMed	Quantitative research (Ecological/longitudinal study)	Global level
A.6	*Callander et al. (2020*19. Callander D, Meunier E, DeVeau R, Grov C, Donovan B, Minichiello V, et al. Sex workers are returning to work and require enhanced support in the face of COVID-19: results from a longitudinal analysis of online sex work activity and a content analysis of safer sex work guidelines. Sex Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];17(4):384-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1071/SH20128 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH20128... )2121. Callander D, Meunier É, DeVeau R, Grov C, Donovan B, Minichiello V, et al. Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on global male sex work populations: a longitudinal study of digital data. Sex Transm Infect [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2020 Sept 5];97(2):93-8. Available from: https://doi.org/110.1136/sextrans-2020-054550 https://doi.org/110.1136/sextrans-2020-0...	PubMed/Google scholar	Reflection study	Global level
A.7	*Campbell et al. (2020*20. Campbell R, Sanders T, Hassan R, Gichuna S, Mutonyi M, Mwangi P. Global Effects of COVID-19, government restrictions and implications for sex workers: A focus on Africa. LIAS Working Paper Series [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29311/lwps.202033600 https://doi.org/10.29311/lwps.202033600... )2020. Campbell R, Sanders T, Hassan R, Gichuna S, Mutonyi M, Mwangi P. Global Effects of COVID-19, government restrictions and implications for sex workers: A focus on Africa. LIAS Working Paper Series [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29311/lwps.202033600 https://doi.org/10.29311/lwps.202033600...	Google Scholar	Documentary review	Africa (Kenya)
A.8	Chetterj (2020)34. Moreira WC, Sousa AR, Nóbrega MPSS. Adoecimento mental na população geral e em profissionais de saúde durante a covid-19: scoping review. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 19];29:e20200215. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2020-0215 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-20... 34 34. Moreira WC, Sousa AR, Nóbrega MPSS. Adoecimento mental na população geral e em profissionais de saúde durante a covid-19: scoping review. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 19];29:e20200215. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2020-0215 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-20...	Scopus	Reflection study	India
A.9	*Gichuna et al. (2020*23. Gichuna S, Hassan R, Sanders T, Campbell R, Mutonyi M, Mwangi P. Access to Healthcare in a time of COVID-19: Sex Workers in Crisis in Nairobi, Kenya. Glob Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];15(10):1430-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1810298 https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.18... )2323. Gichuna S, Hassan R, Sanders T, Campbell R, Mutonyi M, Mwangi P. Access to Healthcare in a time of COVID-19: Sex Workers in Crisis in Nairobi, Kenya. Glob Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];15(10):1430-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1810298 https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.18...	VHL	Qualitative research	Nairobi, Kenya
A.10	Hargreave and Davey (2020)26. Hargraves J, Davey C. Three lessons for the COVID-19 response from pandemic HIV. Lancet HIV [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];7(5):E309-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30110-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30... 26 26. Hargraves J, Davey C. Three lessons for the COVID-19 response from pandemic HIV. Lancet HIV [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];7(5):E309-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30110-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30...	PubMed/Google scholar	Reflection study	Global level
A.11	Howard (202029. Howard S. Covid-19: Health needs of sex workers are being sidelined, warn agencies. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];369:m1867. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1867 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1867... )2929. Howard S. Covid-19: Health needs of sex workers are being sidelined, warn agencies. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];369:m1867. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1867 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1867...	PubMed/ Scopus	Reflection study	United Kingdom - England and Wales
A.12	Kimani (202022. Kimani J, Adhiambo J, Kasiba R, Mwangi P, Were V, Mathenge J, et al. The effects of COVID-19 on the health and socio-economic security of sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya: Emerging intersections with HIV. Glob Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];15(7):1073-82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1770831 https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.17... )2222. Kimani J, Adhiambo J, Kasiba R, Mwangi P, Were V, Mathenge J, et al. The effects of COVID-19 on the health and socio-economic security of sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya: Emerging intersections with HIV. Glob Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];15(7):1073-82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1770831 https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.17...	PubMed/Google scholar	Reflection study	Nairobi, Kenya
A.13	*Kluge et al. (2020*13. Kluge HHP, Jakab Z, Bartovic J, D’Anna V, Severoni S. Refugee and migrant health in the COVID-19 response. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];395(10232):1237-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30791-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30... )1313. Kluge HHP, Jakab Z, Bartovic J, D’Anna V, Severoni S. Refugee and migrant health in the COVID-19 response. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];395(10232):1237-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30791-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30...	Scopus	Reflection study	Europe (Mediterranean countries)
A.14	Laurencin and McClinton (202028. Laurencin CT, McClinton A. The COVID-19 Pandemic: a call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. J Rac Eth Health Dispar [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];7:398-402. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756... )2828. Laurencin CT, McClinton A. The COVID-19 Pandemic: a call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. J Rac Eth Health Dispar [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];7:398-402. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756...	PubMed	Reflection study	United States
A.15	Logie and Turan (202033. Logie CH, Turan JM. How do we balance tensions between COVID-19 public health responses and stigma mitigation? Learning from HIV research. AIDS Behav [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];24:2003-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02856-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02856... )3333. Logie CH, Turan JM. How do we balance tensions between COVID-19 public health responses and stigma mitigation? Learning from HIV research. AIDS Behav [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];24:2003-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02856-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02856...	Google Scholar	Reflection study	Global level
A.16	*Platt et al. (2020*30. Platt L, Elmes J, Stevenson L, Holt V, Rolles S, Stuart R. Sex workers must not be forgotten in the COVID-19 response. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];396(10243):9-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31033-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31... )3030. Platt L, Elmes J, Stevenson L, Holt V, Rolles S, Stuart R. Sex workers must not be forgotten in the COVID-19 response. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];396(10243):9-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31033-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31...	Scopus	Reflection study	Global level (Bangladesch, Wales, Thailand, the Netherlands, and Japan)
A.17	Sharma et al. (2020)3131. Sharma V, Scott J, Kelly J. Prioritizing vulnerable populations and women on the frontlines: COVID-19 in humanitarian contexts. Int J Equity Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];19:66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01186-4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01186...	Google Scholar	Reflection study	Global level
A.18	*Reza-Paul et al. (2020*24. Reza-Paul S, Lazarus L, Haldar P, Reza-Paul M, Lakshmi B. Community action for people with HIV and sex workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. WHO South East Asia J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];9(2):104-6. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/334192 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... )2424. Reza-Paul S, Lazarus L, Haldar P, Reza-Paul M, Lakshmi B. Community action for people with HIV and sex workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. WHO South East Asia J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 5];9(2):104-6. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/334192 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...	VHL	Reflection study/experience report	India
A.19	*Tan et al. (2020)*25. Tan RKJ, Lim JM, Lo JJ, Teo AKJ, O’Hara CA, Ching AH, et al. Conducting rapid qualitative research to support sex workers’ health and social needs in the face of COVID-19: capitalising on stakeholder networks from the HIV response in Singapore to drive policymaking. Sex Transm Infect [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2020 Sept 5];97(2):84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-054616 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-05... 25 25. Tan RKJ, Lim JM, Lo JJ, Teo AKJ, O’Hara CA, Ching AH, et al. Conducting rapid qualitative research to support sex workers’ health and social needs in the face of COVID-19: capitalising on stakeholder networks from the HIV response in Singapore to drive policymaking. Sex Transm Infect [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2020 Sept 5];97(2):84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-054616 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-05...	PubMed	Reflection study/experience report	Singapore

Analysis categories	Identification of articles on the synoptic table, which contributed to the categories
Category: 01 Programmatic/governmental actions and society responses	A1, A2, A3, A5, A6, A7, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19.
Category 02: Combating the stigmas involved in sex work	A2, A3, A5, A7, A12, A13, A14, A15, A17, A19.
Category 03: Health education through technological/digital and media resources	A2, A3, A5, A6, A11, A12, A13, A15, A16, A18.
Category 04: Adjustment of health services	A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A15, A16, A18, A19.

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E-mail: textoecontexto@contato.ufsc.br

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Pablo Luiz Santos Couto pabloluizsc@hotmail.com