Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

ESTRATÉGIAS DE ENFRENTAMENTO À VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA CRIANÇAS, ADOLESCENTES E MULHERES NO CONTEXTO DO ISOLAMENTO SOCIAL DEVIDO À COVID-19: SCOPING REVIEW

RESUMO

Objetivo:

mapear as recomendações das estratégias de enfrentamento à violência contra crianças, adolescentes e mulheres no contexto do isolamento social devido à Covid-19. Método: revisão de escopo conforme Instituto Joanna Briggs, por meio de uma estratégia de pesquisa realizada na literatura cinzenta pelo Portal CAPES e nos bancos de dados SCIELO, LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Repositório Institucional para Intercambio de Información da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. A análise do material identificado foi realizada por três revisores independentes. Os dados extraídos foram analisados e sintetizados de forma narrativa.

Resultados:

dos 526 estudos encontrados, 59 foram mantidos para revisão e seu conteúdo foi resumido em seis categorias: 1) prevenção; 2) identificação e intervenção; 3) cuidado continuado; 4) cuidado à segurança e saúde mental dos profissionais; 5) intersetorialidade/interdisciplinaridade; e 6) cuidado especial a populações vulneráveis.

Conclusão:

os serviços devem garantir um cuidado contínuo, intersetorial e seguro, em especial, no âmbito da saúde mental, bem como, deve-se promover a conscientização comunitária. Os profissionais da saúde devem estar sensíveis e alertas a sinais de violência, intervindo de forma imediata e conectada à rede de proteção.

DESCRITORES:
Exposição à violência; Violência doméstica; Infecções por coronavirus; Isolamento social; Violência por parceiro íntimo; Maus-tratos infantis; Revisão

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to map the recommendations of the coping strategies for violence against children, adolescents and women in the context of social isolation due to Covid-19.

Method:

a scoping review according to the Joanna Briggs Institute, through a research strategy carried out in the gray literature by the CAPES Portal and in the following databases: SCIELO, LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Institutional Repository for Information Exchange of the Pan American Health Organization. The analysis of the identified material was carried out by three independent reviewers. The extracted data were analyzed and synthesized in narrative form.

Results:

of the 526 studies found, 59 were kept for review and their content was summarized in six categories: 1) prevention; 2) identification and intervention; 3) continued care; 4) care for the safety and mental health of the professionals; 5) intersectoriality/interdisciplinarity; and 6) special care for vulnerable populations.

Conclusion:

the services must guarantee continuous, intersectoral and safe care, especially in the context of mental health, as well as community awareness must be promoted. Health professionals must be sensitive and alert to signs of violence, intervening immediately and connected to the safety network.

DESCRIPTORS:
Exposure to violence; Domestic violence; Coronavirus infections; Social isolation; Intimate partner violence; Child maltreatment; Review

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

mapear las recomendaciones de las estrategias para hacer frente a la violencia contra niños, adolescentes y mujeres en el contexto del aislamiento social debido al Covid-19.

Método:

revisión de alcance de conformidad con el Joanna Briggs Institute, por medio de una estrategia de investigación realizada en la literatura gris en el Portal CAPES y en las siguientes bases de datos: SCIELO, LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Repositorio Institucional para Intercambio de Información de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. El análisis del material identificado estuvo a cargo de tres revisores independientes. Los datos extraídos fueron analizados y sintetizados de forma narrativa.

Resultados:

de los 526 estudios encontrados, 59 se mantuvieron para la revisión y su contenido se sintetizó en seis categorías: 1) prevención; 2) identificación e intervención; 3) atención continua; 4) atención a la seguridad y la salud mental de los profesionales; 5) intersectorialidad/interdisciplinaridad; y 6) atención especial a poblaciones vulnerables.

Conclusión:

los servicios de salud deben garantizar atención continua, intersectorial y segura, en especial en el ámbito de la salud mental, al igual que debe promoverse la concientización comunitaria. Los profesionales de la salud deben permanecer sensibles y alerta a señales de violencia, interviniendo de forma inmediata y conectados a la red de protección.

DESCRIPTORES:
Exposición a la violencia; Violencia doméstica; Infecciones por coronavirus; Aislamiento social; Violencia de pareja; Maltrato infantil; Revisión

INTRODUÇÃO

Atualmente, a Coronavírus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) é considerada a maior ameaça mundial à saúde pública, sendo caracterizada como pandemia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, em 11 de março de 2020. Foram confirmados no mundo, até 23 de agosto de 2020, 23.057.288 casos e 800.906 mortes, e no Brasil existem 3.532.330 casos, com 113.358 mortes.11. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 25]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
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abalo econômico88. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 .
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,4646. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x
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e à situação de isolamento social para conter a propagação do vírus SARS-CoV-2.33. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific‎. Asia-Pacific Parliamentarian forum on global health ad hoc virtual meeting on COVID-19: calling for solidarity to enhance the role of parliamentarians in the COVID-19. [Internet]. Manila(PH): WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2020 [cited 2020 June 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333055
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...

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,88. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 .
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543...

9. World Health Organization. United Nations Children’s Fund (‎‎‎UNICEF)‎‎‎. Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: interim guidance. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331975
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11. World Health Organization. Continuing essential Sexual Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescent Health services during COVID-19 pandemic. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331816
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12. Bouillon-Minois JB, Clinchamps M, Dutheil F. Coronavirus and quarantine: catalysts of domestic violence. Violence Against Women [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220935194
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14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
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15. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
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16. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991
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17. World Health Organization. Cuestiones prácticas y recomendaciones para los líderes religiosos y las comunidades confesionales en el marco de la COVID-19: orientaciones provisionales. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332047
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18. Ghosh R, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, Dubey S. Impact of COVID-19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];72(3):226-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9
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19. Mohler G, Bertozzi AL, Carter J, Short MB, Sledge D, Tita GE, et al. Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. J Criminal Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];68:101692. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692
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20. Matoori S, Khurana B, Balcom MC, Koh DM, Froehlich JM, Janssen S, et al. Intimate partner violence crisis in the COVID-19 pandemic: how can radiologists make a difference? Eur Radiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];30:6933-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07043-w
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21. Thomas EY, Anurudran A, Robb K, Burke TF. Spotlight on child abuse and neglect response in the time of COVID-19. Lancet Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(7):e371. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30143-2
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22. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332331
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23. Anurudran A, Yared L, Comrie C, Harrison K, Burke T. Domestic violence amid COVID-19. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];150:255-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13247
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13247...
-2424. Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI). Violencia de género/familiar en tiempos de cuarentena: Revicón crítica de la literatura. [Internet]. Lima (PE): ESSALUD; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1096342
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
,2626. World Health Organization. Overview of public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332115
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,2828. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 .
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,2929. Telles LEB, Valenca AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060
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30. Marques ES, Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, Deslandes SF, Reichenheim ME. Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];36(4):e00074420. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00074420
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0007442...
-3131. Barbosa JPM, Lima RCD, Lanna SD, Andrade MAC. Intersectionality and other views on violence against women in times of pandemic by covid-19. Scielo Preprints [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];Preprint. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.328
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,4646. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169...
-4747. Piquero AR, Riddell JR, Bishopp SA, Narvey C, Reid JA, Piquero NL. Staying home, staying safe? A short-term analysis of COVID-19 on Dallas domestic violence. Am J Criminal Justice [Internet]. 2020 [Available from 2020 Aug 22];14:601-35. Available from: Available from 2020 Aug 22];14:601-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09531-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09531...

Ao mesmo tempo em que se observa um aumento nos casos de VD, estudos44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,3636. Roesch E, Amin A, Gupta J, García-Moreno C. Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];369:m1712. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712...
,4141. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
,4848. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056...
destacam uma redução ou fechamento temporário de serviços governamentais relacionados à saúde, educação, assistência social, do terceiro setor e comunitário que acolhem, identificam, notificam e auxiliam crianças, adolescentes e mulheres no enfrentamento da VD, fato que amplifica a vulnerabilidade dessa população. Logo, a fim de tornar visível os impactos que o fechamento, desses serviços, ocasiona, os estudos33. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific‎. Asia-Pacific Parliamentarian forum on global health ad hoc virtual meeting on COVID-19: calling for solidarity to enhance the role of parliamentarians in the COVID-19. [Internet]. Manila(PH): WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2020 [cited 2020 June 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333055
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,66. Mitting R, Ray S. Enteral hydration in high flow therapy is safe but how much? J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];56:989-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14895
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14895...
,1111. World Health Organization. Continuing essential Sexual Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescent Health services during COVID-19 pandemic. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331816
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,3131. Barbosa JPM, Lima RCD, Lanna SD, Andrade MAC. Intersectionality and other views on violence against women in times of pandemic by covid-19. Scielo Preprints [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];Preprint. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.328
https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints....

32. World Health Organization. Addressing human rights as key to the COVID-19: response. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331811
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-3333. World Health Organization. Gender and COVID-19: advocacy brief. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080
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,3535. Rahman MS, Lassi ZS, Islam SMS. Risks to Bangladeshi children and young people during covid-19 outbreak. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];369:m2299. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2299
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,4343. Thorne JG, Buitendyk M, Wawuda R, Lewis B, Bernard C, Spitzer RF. The reproductive health fall-out of a global pandemic. Sex Reprod Health Matters [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];28(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1763577
https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.17...
apontaram para a necessidade de a mídia jornalística e científica enfatizarem a intensificação e o agravamento da VD. Um estudo reflexivo americano, realizado durante a atual pandemia, acrescentou em seus resultados que os números quanto à perpetuação da VD podem estar defasados, uma vez que muitas mulheres ainda permanecem sem acesso ou possibilidade de denúncia.3838. Kaukinen C. When Stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];45:668-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533...

Nesse sentido, os profissionais de saúde se depararam com desafio importante para enfrentamento de dois problemas de saúde pública, a pandemia e a VD contra crianças, adolescentes e as mulheres.2828. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 .
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003...
,4848. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056...
Perante o exposto, esta revisão de escopo pretende contribuir com os serviços e os profissionais atuantes nesses problemas de saúde pública ao reunir as recomendações disponíveis a partir da produção do conhecimento gerado pela pandemia de Covid-19. Reitera-se o ineditismo e originalidade deste estudo ao trazer essa discussão de forma articulada entre as populações citadas, bem como contextualizada ao cenário brasileiro, ainda incipiente no que tange a produções na área. Esses elementos podem contribuir na qualificação do cuidado intersetorial à saúde de crianças, adolescentes e mulheres. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi mapear as recomendações das estratégias de enfrentamento à violência contra crianças, adolescentes e mulheres no contexto do isolamento social devido à Covid-19.

MÉTODO

Neste estudo, foi adotada a proposta de Scoping Review, conforme o método do "Instituto Joanna Briggs" (JBI).4949. Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (eds). JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12
https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12...
Trata-se de um método de busca de estudos para mapear evidências científicas relacionadas a conceitos-chave de determinada área de interesse. Categorias utilizadas incluem eficácia, adequabilidade, significado e aplicabilidade de práticas em saúde e métodos científicos.4949. Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (eds). JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12
https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12...
-5050. Campbell JM, Umapathysivam K, Xue Y, Lockwood C. Evidence-based practice point-of-care resources: a quantitative evaluation of quality, rigor, and content. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Aug 22];12(6):313-27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12114
https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12114...

Para a construção da questão de pesquisa foi utilizada a estratégia População, Conceito e Contexto (PCC). Foram definidos para População (P), mulheres, crianças e adolescentes de 0 a 19 anos, considerando critério etário da OMS.5151. World Health Organization (WHO). The world health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the sustainable development goals. 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/
https://www.who.int/gho/publications/wor...
Para Conceito (C), violência doméstica, foi considerado a descrição do descritor Mesh “Deliberate, often repetitive physical, verbal, and/or other types of abuse by one or more members against others of a household”. Em relação ao Contexto (C), o isolamento social domiciliar no período da SARS-CoV-2 e Covid-19. Com base nessas definições foi estabelecida a pergunta norteadora: qual a produção de conhecimento sobre as estratégias de enfrentamento à violência contra crianças, adolescentes e mulheres no contexto do isolamento social devido à Covid-19?

Nesse sentido, uma busca inicial dos estudos foi realizada no período de julho de 2020, com as palavras-chaves: violência doméstica e Covid-19, na base de dados Scientific Electronic Library (SCIELO) e com a palavra-chave domestic violence na plataforma Pubcovid-19, que apresenta artigos publicados sobre Covid-19 e indexados nas plataformas National Library of Medicine (Pubmed) e EMBASE. Primeiramente, foi realizada leitura de títulos, resumos e descritores. Os estudos selecionados que respondiam à questão norteadora desta revisão foram lidos na íntegra e suas referências foram analisadas em busca de estudos adicionais.

Os termos utilizados para cada base selecionada foram especificados e definidos após a primeira busca. Foram estabelecidos os descritores e as palavras-chave para a busca efetiva nas demais bases e plataforma de dados. Os descritores e seus respectivos sinônimos definidos nos idiomas português, espanhol inglês, conforme DECs e Mesh, foram: criança/niño/child*, Adolescente/Adolescente/Adolescent, Mulheres/Mujeres/Women, Violência Doméstica/Violencia Doméstica/Domestic Violence, Maus-Tratos Infantis/Maltrato a los Niños/Child Abuse, Maus-Tratos Conjugais/Maltrato Conyugal/Spouse Abuse, Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/Violencia de Pareja/Intimate Partner Violence, Covid-19. Junto aos descritores foram empregados os termos boolenos: AND, OR e NOT para compor as fórmulas de busca a serem utilizadas para buscas nas bases de dados.5252. Santos CMC, Pimenta CAM, Nobre MRCA. A estratégia PICO para construção da pergunta de pesquisa e busca de evidências. Rev Latino-Am Enferm [Internet] 2007 [cited 2020 Aug 22];15 (3):508-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200700...

Nesse sentido, foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), National Library of Medicine (PubMed), The Cochrane Library, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (via plataforma EBSCO), e nas plataformas Web of Science e Repositorio Institucional para Intercambio de Información (IRIS) da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Quanto a literatura cinza, foi realizada pelo Portal da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Portal CAPES). As referências listadas nos estudos encontrados também foram pesquisadas, visando identificar documentos adicionais para inserção potencial nesta revisão.

Os critérios de inclusão dos estudos selecionados foram estudos primários com abordagem quantitativa (estudos clínicos randomizados ou não randomizados, estudos quase-experimentais e estudos observacionais), qualitativa, quantiqualitativa e mista. Foram incluídos relatos de experiências; revisão de literatura (integrativa, de escopo, sistemática, metanálise e/ou metassíntese); e guideline. Os idiomas dos estudos foram inglês, espanhol e português, sem limitação de ano de publicação, conforme recomendação do JBI, publicados ou disponibilizados até julho de 2020. Em relação aos critérios de exclusão, livros e resumos de eventos científicos foram excluídos, assim como e demais estudos que não respondiam à pergunta de pesquisa.

O processo de busca e seleção dos estudos desta revisão está apresentado na Figura 1, conforme recomendações do JBI, segundo checklist adaptado do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).5353. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 Aug 22];6(7):e1000097. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...

Figura 1 -
Estratégia de busca utilizada para scoping review, adaptado do PRISMA.

Os estudos incluídos na presente revisão devem responder à questão de estudo e critérios de inclusão. Dos 526 estudos encontrados, foi realizada leitura de título e resumo por dois revisores e um terceiro, conforme recomendações do JBI. Um estudo foi adicionado pelos autores pela área de expertise e responder à pergunta de revisão. Destes, 372 foram selecionados por preencherem os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos nesta revisão. Entre os selecionados, foram eleitos para leitura na íntegra 74 estudos, sendo excluídos 15 por não responderem à pergunta de revisão relacionados à estratégia Conceito e Contexto. A amostra final totalizou em 59 estudos analisados e incluídos nesta revisão.

Os dados dos estudos foram extraídos por meio de um instrumento estruturado pelos pesquisadores, conforme orientações da JBI, o qual contemplou: título do estudo, periódico, ano de publicação, base de dados, país de origem, idioma, delineamento metodológico, tipo de publicação, objetivo, introdução, orientações ou reflexões sobre a temática. Também foram classificadas as principais recomendações para o cuidado às crianças, adolescentes e mulheres em situação de violência no período de isolamento social devido SARS-CoV-2 e a Covid-19. Essas recomendações foram agrupadas em categorias conceituais.

RESULTADOS

Dos 59 estudos selecionados, a maioria (53-89%) estava no idioma inglês e foi realizado por estudos multicêntricos, dentre eles pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (13-22%). Os demais estudos concentraram-se em diferentes continentes como americano (EUA, Brasil, Peru), asiático (Índia, Filipinas), europeu (Itália, França, Inglaterra), australiano (Austrália) e africano (África do Sul). Em relação ao tipo de publicação selecionada, nesta revisão, nas bases de dados, os tipos de estudos variaram em grande parte como reflexões e opiniões de experts (37-63%), revisões de literatura (7-12%), guideline (6-10,2%), artigo científico (5-8%). Na literatura cinza, foram identificadas notas de campo (2-3,4%), e documentários e relatórios (2-3,4%).

Em relação às recomendações, optou-se por apresentar e discutir os resultados por meio de categorias conceituais, formuladas a partir da leitura do material mapeado nesta revisão, denominadas: prevenção; identificação e intervenção; cuidado continuado; cuidado à segurança e saúde mental dos profissionais; intersetorialidade/interdisciplinaridade; e cuidado especial a populações vulneráveis. Tais categorias trabalharam na lógica da linha de cuidado integral a crianças, adolescentes e mulheres e são apresentadas no Quadro 1.

Quadro 1 -
Categorias conceituais de recomendações para crianças, adolescentes e mulheres. Criado pelas autoras. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, 2020.

DISCUSSÃO

Os estudos selecionados para a presente revisão forneceram importantes recomendações de cuidados a crianças, adolescentes e mulheres em situação de VD. Algumas dessas recomendações podem auxiliar o enfrentamento da violência e garantir o acesso aos serviços da rede de atenção às pessoas em situação de violência no contexto brasileiro. No entanto, é importante ressaltar que a partir da diversidade dos estados e cidades tais recomendações devem ser adaptadas às organizações das redes locais e regionais.

Assim, foram suscitados exemplos de planejamento e implementação de ações para a prática profissional e orientação à população e comunidade, tendo em vista o aumento da violência interpessoal anteriormente observado em desastres naturais, emergências em saúde e epidemias de caráter infeccioso, como do Zika vírus e Ebola.1414. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,2121. Thomas EY, Anurudran A, Robb K, Burke TF. Spotlight on child abuse and neglect response in the time of COVID-19. Lancet Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(7):e371. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30143-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30...
,3737. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: adapting primary health care services to more effectively address COVID-19. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332783
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,4343. Thorne JG, Buitendyk M, Wawuda R, Lewis B, Bernard C, Spitzer RF. The reproductive health fall-out of a global pandemic. Sex Reprod Health Matters [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];28(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1763577
https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.17...
,6969. Bradbury-Jones C, Isham L. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];29(13-14):2047-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15296
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15296...
,7171. Joska JA, Andersen L, Rabie S, Marais A, Ndwandwa E, Wilson P, et al. COVID-19: increased risk to the mental health and safety of women living with HIV in South Africa. AIDS Behav [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];24:2751-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02897-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02897...

Alguns estudos trouxeram recomendações de cunho preventivo, que permearam olhares sensibilizados à violência, em especial por parte da comunidade e da sociedade, além da recomendação do aumento no número de equipes e novas formas de atenção e cuidado à violência.2828. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 .
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003...
Alguns países desenvolveram ações preventivas e informativas atreladas ao cuidado contínuo e intersetorial; por exemplo, na Espanha6666. Ruiz-Pérez I, Pastor-Moreno G. Medidas de contención de la violencia de género durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Gaceta Sanitaria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04...
houve a promoção de campanhas de sensibilização sobre o aumento de VD durante a pandemia e os serviços de combate a esses tipos de violência foram denominados como essenciais para que funcionassem 24 horas por dia. Além disso, disponibilizaram-se novas linhas de acesso e botões de “pânico” em aplicativos para solicitação de ajuda, ação realizada também na Índia.5959. Vora M, Malathesh BC, Das S, Chatterjee SS. COVID-19 and domestic violence against women [carta]. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];53:102227. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102227
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10222...
,6666. Ruiz-Pérez I, Pastor-Moreno G. Medidas de contención de la violencia de género durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Gaceta Sanitaria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04...
O Colégio Americano de Cirurgiões criou recomendações para reduzir lesões por armas de fogo e buscou trabalhar formas de armazenamento seguro dessas armas no ambiente doméstico.7272. Duncan TK, Weaver JL, Zakrison TL, Joseph B, Campbell BT, Christmas AB, et al. Domestic violence and safe storage of firearms in the COVID-19 era. Ann Surg [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];272(2):e55-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000004088
https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.000000000000...

Ainda na vertente preventiva, recomendam-se ações para promoção da acessibilidade, como a produção de informes sobre violência em Braile e Libras,44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
além de disponibilizar à população informações relativas à saúde reprodutiva e sexual, aos sinais da violência e às possibilidades de auxílio e serviços de proteção.44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,88. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 .
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543...
,1414. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,1616. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite...

17. World Health Organization. Cuestiones prácticas y recomendaciones para los líderes religiosos y las comunidades confesionales en el marco de la COVID-19: orientaciones provisionales. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332047
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
-1818. Ghosh R, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, Dubey S. Impact of COVID-19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];72(3):226-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9
https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.0...
,4848. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056...
,3333. World Health Organization. Gender and COVID-19: advocacy brief. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,1616. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite...
,5454. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10...
,1717. World Health Organization. Cuestiones prácticas y recomendaciones para los líderes religiosos y las comunidades confesionales en el marco de la COVID-19: orientaciones provisionales. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332047
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,5555. John N, Casey SE, Carino G, McGovern T. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender-based violence. Developing World Bioeth [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];20:65-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261
https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261...

56. World Health Organization. Practical considerations and recommendations for religious leaders and faith-based communities in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331707
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...

57. World Health Organization. Safe Ramadan practices in the context of the COVID-19: interim guidance [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331767
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
-5858. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990...
Manter contato seguro com a rede de apoio também foi uma ação preventiva com potencial protetivo.3939. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,1414. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,3333. World Health Organization. Gender and COVID-19: advocacy brief. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,3939. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
A sensibilização e conscientização da comunidade para tais questões instrumentalizam tanto os sujeitos que estão inseridos em um contexto violento, quanto a sua rede de apoio.

Ademais, é importante a sensibilização também dos agressores, afastando as lógicas de culpabilizar a pessoa que sofre violência e de assumir um caráter imutável, agressivo e dominador aos homens, e submisso às mulheres. A conscientização aliada à construção de estratégias de enfrentamento aos perpetradores da violência, viabilizam soluções conjuntas a essa problemática. Tal estratégia é preconizada na Lei nº11.340 de 2006 - Lei Maria da Penha - que prevê além da punição ao agressor, medidas de conscientização e ressocialização.7373. Brasil. Lei n 11.340, de 7 de agosto de 2006.Cria mecanismos para coibir a violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher, nos termos do § 8º do art. 226 da Constituição Federal, da Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra as Mulheres e da Convenção Interamericana para Prevenir, Punir e Erradicar a Violência contra a Mulher; dispõe sobre a criação dos Juizados de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher; altera o Código de Processo Penal, o Código Penal e a Lei de Execução Penal; e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União. agosto de 2006 [cited em 2020 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2006/lei/l11340.htm
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_at...
Mesmo com a Lei Maria da Pena, se faz necessário aumentar os serviços que realizam conscientização e discussão sobre o machismo com a população masculina.

Cabe destacar que, em abril de 2020, foi publicada, no Brasil, uma nota técnica do Ministério Público para adoção de medidas preventivas e de um plano de contingência de prevenção e repressão dos casos de violência no âmbito da pandemia.7474. Ministério Público (BR). Nota técnica n. 1/2020 - CDDF COVID-19: Plano de Contingência e medidas para a prevenção e repressão aos casos de violência doméstica contra a mulher. [Internet]. Comissão de Defesa dos Direitos Fundamentais Conselho Nacional; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: http://www.mpgo.mp.br/portal/noticia/nota-tecnica-1-2020-cddf#.X0FWy8hKjIU
http://www.mpgo.mp.br/portal/noticia/not...
No entanto, é importante refletir como ocorre a sua operacionalização. Como exemplo, se tem as medidas de prevenção por meio de campanhas, onde as ações foram realizadas e divulgadas no Youtube e na televisão em âmbito nacional, destacando as formas de violência e o disque denúncia. Porém, tal divulgação não contou com interpretação de Libras e com áudio descrição, o que impede o acesso à informação às pessoas com déficit auditivo e visual. Além disso, não houve divulgação em lócus regional da disponibilidade de serviços para crianças, adolescentes e mulheres, o que limita a visibilidade de acesso aos serviços da rede de atenção. É importante destacar que a adoção de estratégias para além da divulgação on-line é extremamente necessária, principalmente no contexto brasileiro, onde cerca de 46 milhões de pessoas não têm acesso à internet.7575. Instituto Brasileiro de Geogragia e Estatística (IBGE). Acesso à internet e à televisão e posse de telefone móvel celular para uso pessoal. [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro, RJ(BR): IBGE; 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=2101543
https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php...

De modo geral, destacou-se também o fato das mudanças trazidas pela pandemia serem geradoras de tensão e estresse intrafamiliar, pela intensificação da convivência e dos sentimentos de medo, superexposição da mídia,1313. Mazza M, Marano G, Lai C, Janiri L, Sani G. Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];289:113046. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113046
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
crise econômica e social,3737. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: adapting primary health care services to more effectively address COVID-19. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332783
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
sobrecarga do trabalho e aumento do uso de álcool e outras substâncias psicoativas.3939. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
Em vista disso, grande parte das recomendações relativas à prevenção da violência contra crianças, adolescentes e mulheres apresentou medidas de promoção de saúde mental, orientação e redução do estresse centradas em pais, cuidadores e parceiros íntimos, possíveis autores da violência.44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,-1111. World Health Organization. Continuing essential Sexual Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescent Health services during COVID-19 pandemic. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331816
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,1414. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
-1515. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070...
,3030. Marques ES, Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, Deslandes SF, Reichenheim ME. Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];36(4):e00074420. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00074420
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0007442...
,3939. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
-4040. Cuartas J. Heightened risk of child maltreatment amid the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate mental health problems for the next generation. Psychological Trauma: Theo Res Pract Policy [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];12(S1):195-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597
https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597...

Já as recomendações relativas à “Identificação e intervenção” reforçaram a importância dos profissionais, em especial na saúde, manterem-se sensíveis às situações de violências e à revisão de protocolos assistenciais para garantia do cuidado imediato, seguro e continuado a crianças, adolescentes e mulheres. Os estudos trouxeram a relevância de ampliação de recursos humanos para que tenham um olhar também ampliado a situações de saúde, para além de comprometimentos relacionados à Covid-19.1515. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070...
,2929. Telles LEB, Valenca AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1...
Essas populações devem ser questionadas a todo momento se estão se sentindo seguras em casa, com privacidade e respeito à escolha da mulher adulta.1919. Mohler G, Bertozzi AL, Carter J, Short MB, Sledge D, Tita GE, et al. Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. J Criminal Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];68:101692. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020....
,5454. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10...

É relevante refletir que profissionais da área da saúde apresentam dificuldades na assistência às pessoas em situação de VD, seja pelo desconforto, baixa capacitação ou desconhecimento dos protocolos assistenciais, o que gera o encaminhamento da pessoa a outro profissional ou serviço.7676. d’Oliveira AFPL, Pereira S, Schraiber LB, Gralia CGV, Aguiar JMde, Souza PC, et al. Obstáculos e facilitadores para o cuidado de mulheres em situação de violência doméstica na atenção primária em saúde: uma revisão sistemática. Interface (Botucatu) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 4];24:e190164. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.190164
https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.190164...
No cenário da pandemia, isso pode se intensificar, visto que a centralidade do cuidado volta-se às pessoas com sinais e sintomas da Covid-19, acentuando a dificuldade em identificar casos de VD pelos profissionais que anteriormente já as apresentavam.

Conjuntamente, as escolas devem promover treinamentos para que professores identifiquem e encaminhem crianças e adolescentes com sinais de violência a serviços de proteção no ensino remoto.2121. Thomas EY, Anurudran A, Robb K, Burke TF. Spotlight on child abuse and neglect response in the time of COVID-19. Lancet Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(7):e371. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30143-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30...
Radiologistas devem se atentar a características de lesões, revisando históricos clínicos para verificar se ocorrem discrepâncias entre o relato e achados radiológicos.2929. Telles LEB, Valenca AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1...
Policiais devem oferecer respostas seguras e eficazes;1919. Mohler G, Bertozzi AL, Carter J, Short MB, Sledge D, Tita GE, et al. Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. J Criminal Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];68:101692. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020....
profissionais que manejam o pré-natal e puerpério devem estar sensíveis a maiores incidências de depressão e VD.1010. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
Ademais, no caso de crianças e adolescentes com lesões suspeitas de violência, deve-se proceder à hospitalização ou encaminhamento imediato a serviços de proteção, visto o período de desenvolvimento peculiar dessa população e afastamento das principais instituições protetoras.1515. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070...
,6262. Martinkevich P, Langeland LL, Graesholt-Knudsen T, Hesthaven G, Hellfritzsch MB, Petersen KK, et al. Physical child abuse demands increased awareness during health and socioeconomic crises like COVID-19. Acta Orthopaedica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];91(5):527-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2020.1782012
https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2020.17...

Um estudo nacional qualitativo, realizado antes da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus, buscou entender como as práticas profissionais silenciam a violência intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes. Foi ressaltado que ações reducionistas por parte dos profissionais comprometeram o acolhimento, a notificação e o acompanhamento desses casos, contribuindo para a invisibilidade dessa violência.7777. Schek G, Silva MRS, Lacharité C, Cézar-Vaz MR, Bueno MEN, Ventura J. Professional practices that silence domestic violence against children and adolescents. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 22];27(1):e1680016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018001680016
https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018001...
Tais práticas podem se acentuar no contexto da pandemia e dificultar o devido acolhimento e notificação da violência, visto que as crianças, por não serem o principal grupo de risco, podem não chegar aos serviços de saúde. Além disso, com as visitas domiciliares suspensas, o conhecimento sobre as necessidades de saúde dessa população pode ficar invisibilizada.

Foram apresentadas recomendações para a articulação de serviços e profissionais da rede de proteção, garantindo a atuação por meio presencial, virtual, por linhas telefônicas ou outras vias, sem interromper o funcionamento dos serviços e os cuidados necessários com crianças, adolescentes e mulheres.44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
-55. Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14(20). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329...
,88. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 .
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543...

9. World Health Organization. United Nations Children’s Fund (‎‎‎UNICEF)‎‎‎. Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: interim guidance. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331975
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
-1010. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,1515. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070...
-1616. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite...
,2424. Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI). Violencia de género/familiar en tiempos de cuarentena: Revicón crítica de la literatura. [Internet]. Lima (PE): ESSALUD; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1096342
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso...
,3030. Marques ES, Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, Deslandes SF, Reichenheim ME. Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];36(4):e00074420. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00074420
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0007442...
,3838. Kaukinen C. When Stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];45:668-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533...
,4141. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
,4444. World Health Organization. WHO interim guidance note: health system response to COVID-19 in the context of internally displaced persons, refugees, migrants and returnees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/emcsr279e.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/e...

45. Raman S, Harries M, Nathawad R, Kyeremateng R, Seth R, Lonne B. Where do we go from here? A child rights-based response to COVID-19. BMJ Paediatrics Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000714. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000714
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00071...
-4646. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169...
,5555. John N, Casey SE, Carino G, McGovern T. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender-based violence. Developing World Bioeth [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];20:65-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261
https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261...
,6161. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,6464. Froimson JR, Bryan DS, Bryan AF, Zakrison TL. COVID-19, Home Confinement, and the Fallacy of "Safest at Home”. American J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];110:960-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725...
No contexto italiano, por exemplo, transformou-se hotéis e pousadas vazios em abrigos para vítimas de VD, proporcionando novos espaços para o cuidado dessa população.4646. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169...

Para possibilitar que os atendimentos e acompanhamentos desses serviços mantenham a qualidade, é indispensável que os profissionais sejam treinados e recebam o suporte necessário para trabalhar remotamente.1010. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,2828. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 .
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003...
,4848. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056...
,6161. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
Nesse tipo de atendimento, a inclusão de cuidados para manter a segurança de crianças, adolescentes e mulheres, pensando que o autor da violência pode estar no mesmo ambiente, são necessários.88. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 .
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543...
,4242. Cohen M, Powell A, Coleman J, Keller J, Livingston A, Anderson J. Special ambulatory gynecologic considerations in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and implications for future practice. American J Obstet Gynec [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];223(3):P372-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.0...
,5454. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10...
,5858. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990...
Mais uma vez, encontra-se o grande desafio de proporcionar esse cuidado continuado também para pessoas sem acesso à internet.

A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é uma das portas de entrada às pessoas em situação de violência, no entanto é importante contextualizar que o atendimento remoto e não remoto, no contexto da pandemia, pode estar comprometido. A pandemia expôs dificuldades do sistema de saúde público brasileiro como o subfinanciamento e, no atual governo, o desfinanciamento, bem como o congelamento dos gastos públicos pela Emenda Constitucional EC95 e as mudanças impostas pela nova Política Nacional de Atenção Básica.7878. Mendes A, Carnut L, Guerra LDS. Reflexões acerca do financiamento federal da Atenção Básica no Sistema Único de Saúde. Saúde Debate [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 4];42(1):224-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042018s115
https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042018s11...
-7979. Sarti TD, Lazarini WS, Fontenelle LF, Almeida APSC. Qual o papel da Atenção Primária à Saúde diante da pandemia provocada pela COVID-19? Epidemiol Serv Saúde [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 04];29(2):e2020166. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742020000200024
https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-4974202000...
Tais dificuldades somado às ações de restrição dos atendimentos na APS tem dificultado as estratégias de acompanhamento das situações e problemas de saúde atendidos na rede de APS. No entanto, acreditamos que as estratégias ora apresentadas nesta revisão como a articulação em rede e a sensibilização dos profissionais podem ser aplicados a realidade brasileira.

Mesmo com a tentativa do cuidado continuado e manutenção da intersetorialidade entre os serviços de proteção à VD, dados nacionais mostram queda no número de boletins de ocorrência no início da pandemia, pois a vítima deveria estar presencialmente na delegacia.8080. Fórum Brasileiro de segurança Pública. Violência Doméstica durante a pandemia de COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: http://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/violencia-domestica-covid-19-v3.pdf
http://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/...
A partir do momento em que a pandemia se intensificou no território nacional, observou-se aumento de 431% de publicações no Twitter com denúncias sobre agressão por meio do serviço telefônico da polícia militar e crescente número de feminicídios, enquanto que as medidas protetivas de urgência, que deveriam ser concedidas pelos Tribunais de Justiça, não apresentaram variação e encontram-se em queda.8080. Fórum Brasileiro de segurança Pública. Violência Doméstica durante a pandemia de COVID-19. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: http://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/violencia-domestica-covid-19-v3.pdf
http://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/...
Reflete-se ainda sobre o cuidado a crianças, adolescentes e mulheres em situação de violência durante a Covid-19 no Brasil, dado à crise política nacional que tem gerado polarização de compreensões e condutas;8181. Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, et al. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4:460-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-...
reitera-se que antes da pandemia a VD já se esboçava como um fenômeno complexo e quase inacessível pelos profissionais.7777. Schek G, Silva MRS, Lacharité C, Cézar-Vaz MR, Bueno MEN, Ventura J. Professional practices that silence domestic violence against children and adolescents. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 22];27(1):e1680016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018001680016
https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018001...

No âmbito nacional, somente em julho de 2020, foi sancionada a Lei nº 14.022 que dispõe sobre medidas de enfrentamento à violência doméstica e familiar contra crianças, adolescentes e mulheres, durante a pandemia da Covid-19. A lei garante, entre outros aspectos: que haja continuidade dos processos e da segurança pública com a implementação de boletim de ocorrência eletrônico ou por telefone; e que os atendimentos virtuais não excluem a obrigação do poder público de manter o atendimento presencial.8282. Brasil. Lei n. 14.022, de 7 de julho de 2020. Altera a Lei nº 13.979, de 6 de fevereiro de 2020, e dispõe sobre medidas de enfrentamento à violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher e de enfrentamento à violência contra crianças, adolescentes, pessoas idosas e pessoas com deficiência durante a emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional decorrente do coronavírus responsável pelo surto de 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 04]. Available from: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2020/lei/l14022.htm
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_at...
Dessa forma, dada a complexidade da violência, é importante a compreensão da singularidade de cada caso, o que vai exigir diferentes formas de enfrentamento e cuidado, como a necessidade de um cuidado mais próximo possível da pessoa.

Outro aspecto importante trazido pelos estudos da presente revisão foi a necessidade de maior atenção e cuidado aos profissionais, em especial da saúde, os quais têm enfrentado um cenário de grande estresse, estigmatização e isolamento.1414. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
O fato de um grande contingente de mulheres atuarem na área da saúde faz com que elas também estejam vulneráveis a situações de violências no ambiente de trabalho.1414. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
Por essas questões, faz-se importante garantir aos profissionais cuidado e suporte emocional;1010. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,4141. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
,5454. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10...
,6969. Bradbury-Jones C, Isham L. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];29(13-14):2047-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15296
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15296...
redução do estresse laboral por meio do rodízio das funções; implementação de horários flexíveis44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,4141. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
e estimulação da busca por grupos de apoio.1515. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070...
Além disso, os gestores devem promover educação permanente,1010. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,2828. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 .
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003...
,4848. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056
https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056...
,6161. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
planos de segurança1414. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
e fornecer equipamentos de proteção individual.4141. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
Deve-se considerar que há necessidade de planos a longo prazo que visem o acompanhamento desses profissionais e seus familiares.3939. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
Uma revisão integrativa buscou discutir os impactos ocupacionais e psicológicos de pandemias sobre os profissionais de saúde e os estudos demonstraram que tais situações se relacionam a quadros de estresse, ansiedade e sintomatologia depressiva. Reforçou a importância de novos processos institucionais para enfrentamento desses momentos, como referendado pelos estudos desta presente revisão.8383. Oliveira WA, Oliveira-Cardoso EA, Silva JL, Santos MA. Psychological and occupational impacts of the recent successive pandemic waves on health workers: an integrative review and lessons learned. Estud Psicol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];37:e200066. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e200066
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e...

Finalmente, as recomendações desta revisão trouxeram a importância do tema da VD contra crianças, adolescentes e mulheres ser tratado como assunto intersetorial e que demanda atuação interprofissional,44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,1313. Mazza M, Marano G, Lai C, Janiri L, Sani G. Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];289:113046. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113046
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,4646. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169...
corroborando estudos da área.8484. Carlos DM, Silva LMP, Beserra MA, Aragão AS, Gregory A, Ferriani MDGC. Social support network of family members of abused children and adolescents: Perspectives and possibilities. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 22];28(5-6):814-27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14665
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14665...
-8585. Baraldi NGi, Lettiere-Viana A, Carlos DM, Salim NR, Pimentel DTR, Stefanello J. The meaning of the social support network for women in situations of violence and breastfeeding. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];28:e3316. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3313.3316
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3313.3...
Reforçou-se ainda a importância de olhares a populações vulneráveis, a saber pessoas com deficiências, problemas crônicos e em situação de pobreza, discriminação ou conflitos,44. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
-55. Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14(20). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329...
,1515. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070...
-1616. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite...
,4040. Cuartas J. Heightened risk of child maltreatment amid the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate mental health problems for the next generation. Psychological Trauma: Theo Res Pract Policy [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];12(S1):195-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597
https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597...
-4141. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
,4444. World Health Organization. WHO interim guidance note: health system response to COVID-19 in the context of internally displaced persons, refugees, migrants and returnees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/emcsr279e.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/e...
,5454. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10...
,5858. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990...
,6161. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
,6464. Froimson JR, Bryan DS, Bryan AF, Zakrison TL. COVID-19, Home Confinement, and the Fallacy of "Safest at Home”. American J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];110:960-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725...
visto que estas têm maiores chances de serem marginalizadas durante ou após a pandemia.4545. Raman S, Harries M, Nathawad R, Kyeremateng R, Seth R, Lonne B. Where do we go from here? A child rights-based response to COVID-19. BMJ Paediatrics Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000714. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000714
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00071...

As limitações deste estudo relacionaram-se principalmente aos tipos de estudos incluídos; a não existência de artigos primários pode comprometer a construção de recomendações pertinentes. O número escasso de artigos brasileiros também compromete a construção de recomendações contextualizadas a esse cenário. As implicações práticas do estudo são sintetizadas no quadro de resultados e podem ser adaptadas as já existentes na linha de cuidado a crianças, adolescentes e mulheres em situação de violências.

CONCLUSÃO

Este estudo trouxe recomendações de estratégias para o enfrentamento da VD contra crianças, adolescentes e mulheres, considerando o atual cenário pandêmico pela Covid-19. Estratégias preventivas devem ser ampliadas, em especial no âmbito da saúde mental, articulando o cuidado para as crianças, adolescentes e mulheres, bem como para os possíveis autores da violência contra essa população, além da conscientização comunitária. Os profissionais, em especial da saúde, devem estar sensíveis e alertas a sinais de violência, intervindo de forma imediata e conectada à rede de proteção. Os serviços devem garantir um cuidado contínuo, intersetorial e seguro, em especial nas novas modalidades remotas, devendo ser caracterizados como essenciais em tempos de pandemia. Nesse âmbito, os profissionais devem ser cuidados física e emocionalmente, e populações já marginalizadas devem ser vislumbradas nesses momentos ainda mais adversos.

Frente ao exposto, este estudo traz importantes recomendações que podem ser adaptadas ao contexto brasileiro, a partir de maior divulgação de conteúdo preventivo à comunidade, que deve ser entendida como agente estratégico na rede de apoio; da revisão de protocolos assistenciais; de olhares para novas configurações de serviços paraesses atendimentos por gestores e garantia de maior articulação entre os diferentes pontos da linha de cuidado a essa população.

Estudos empíricos, que analisem e avaliem a identificação de situações de violência em tempos de pandemia e o acesso de crianças, adolescentes e mulheres aos serviços da rede de proteção, são necessários.

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NOTAS

  • FINANCIAMENTO:

    O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    26 Abr 2021
  • Data do Fascículo
    2021

Histórico

  • Recebido
    01 Set 2020
  • Aceito
    03 Nov 2020
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina - Brasil, Tel.: (55 48) 3721-4915 / (55 48) 3721-9043 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: textoecontexto@contato.ufsc.br