ESTRATEGIAS PARA HACER FRENTE A LA VIOLENCIA CONTRA NIÑOS, ADOLESCENTES Y MUJERES EN EL CONTEXTO DEL AISLAMIENTO SOCIAL DEBIDO AL COVID-19: REVISIÓN DE ALCANCE

Lettiere-Viana, Angelina; Baraldi, Nayara Girardi; Carlos, Diene Monique; Fumincelli, Laís; Costa, Luiza Cesar Riani; Castro, Paola Cristina de

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem

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Brasil

Español English

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Sumário

Special Section COVID-19 • Texto contexto - enferm. 30 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2020-0443 copiar

ESTRATEGIAS PARA HACER FRENTE A LA VIOLENCIA CONTRA NIÑOS, ADOLESCENTES Y MUJERES EN EL CONTEXTO DEL AISLAMIENTO SOCIAL DEBIDO AL COVID-19: REVISIÓN DE ALCANCE

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

mapear las recomendaciones de las estrategias para hacer frente a la violencia contra niños, adolescentes y mujeres en el contexto del aislamiento social debido al Covid-19.

Método:

revisión de alcance de conformidad con el Joanna Briggs Institute, por medio de una estrategia de investigación realizada en la literatura gris en el Portal CAPES y en las siguientes bases de datos: SCIELO, LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Repositorio Institucional para Intercambio de Información de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. El análisis del material identificado estuvo a cargo de tres revisores independientes. Los datos extraídos fueron analizados y sintetizados de forma narrativa.

Resultados:

de los 526 estudios encontrados, 59 se mantuvieron para la revisión y su contenido se sintetizó en seis categorías: 1) prevención; 2) identificación e intervención; 3) atención continua; 4) atención a la seguridad y la salud mental de los profesionales; 5) intersectorialidad/interdisciplinaridad; y 6) atención especial a poblaciones vulnerables.

Conclusión:

los servicios de salud deben garantizar atención continua, intersectorial y segura, en especial en el ámbito de la salud mental, al igual que debe promoverse la concientización comunitaria. Los profesionales de la salud deben permanecer sensibles y alerta a señales de violencia, interviniendo de forma inmediata y conectados a la red de protección.

DESCRIPTORES:
Exposición a la violencia; Violencia doméstica; Infecciones por coronavirus; Aislamiento social; Violencia de pareja; Maltrato infantil; Revisión

Conceptual categories of recommendations	Studies
Prevention
To improve the mental health services, promoting psychosocial care to parents, caregivers and intimate partners, remotely or in person;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹³13. Mazza M, Marano G, Lai C, Janiri L, Sani G. Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];289:113046. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ^, ²⁹29. Telles LEB, Valenca AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060 https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1... ^, ³²32. World Health Organization. Addressing human rights as key to the COVID-19: response. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331811 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ³⁷37. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: adapting primary health care services to more effectively address COVID-19. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332783 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ³⁹39. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To increase the teams that work in the prevention of violence;	²⁸28. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 . https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003...
To provide support and guidance to parents and caregivers on: positive parenting (responsive care, family dialog, reading, positive coping strategies, early education, stimulation and protection against taboos and violence, not using force and cohesion), social support and self-care (stress management, physical exercise, relaxation, sleep and eating routine, and the prevention of useless coping strategies, such as the use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs);	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁹9. World Health Organization. United Nations Children’s Fund (‎‎‎UNICEF)‎‎‎. Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: interim guidance. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331975 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... 10. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^- ¹¹11. World Health Organization. Continuing essential Sexual Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescent Health services during COVID-19 pandemic. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331816 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^- ¹⁵15. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070... ^, ³⁰30. Marques ES, Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, Deslandes SF, Reichenheim ME. Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];36(4):e00074420. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00074420 https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0007442... ^, ⁴⁰40. Cuartas J. Heightened risk of child maltreatment amid the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate mental health problems for the next generation. Psychological Trauma: Theo Res Pract Policy [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];12(S1):195-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597 https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597... ^- ⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
To stay alert in relation to parents using beverages or psychoactive substances and on the increase of intra-family stress, providing treatment by telemedicine or in person;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²⁹29. Telles LEB, Valenca AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060 https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1... ^, ³⁷37. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: adapting primary health care services to more effectively address COVID-19. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332783 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To conduct state campaigns to reduce the consumption of alcohol and other drugs during the period of social isolation;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To guide women to keep in touch with friends and family through text messages, video and voice calls so that there is a support network;	¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²⁸28. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 . https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003... ^, ³³33. World Health Organization. Gender and COVID-19: advocacy brief. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To inform and guide older adult women who have caregivers to recognize situations of violence and seek help via phone, messages and e-mail in a safe manner;	³⁹39. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To disclose to the population, through radio, television, notices in supermarkets, pharmacies, social networks and urgency and emergency services, information about the increase in violence, signs for its identification; reproductive health; support to the victims and locally available services (helplines/hotlines, shelters, counseling services). To produce accessible materials in Braille and Libras;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁸8. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543... ^, ¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹⁶16. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991 https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite... 17. World Health Organization. Cuestiones prácticas y recomendaciones para los líderes religiosos y las comunidades confesionales en el marco de la COVID-19: orientaciones provisionales. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332047 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^- ¹⁸18. Ghosh R, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, Dubey S. Impact of COVID-19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];72(3):226-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9 https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.0... ^, ³³33. World Health Organization. Gender and COVID-19: advocacy brief. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴⁸48. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056 https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10... 55. John N, Casey SE, Carino G, McGovern T. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender-based violence. Developing World Bioeth [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];20:65-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261 https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261... 56. World Health Organization. Practical considerations and recommendations for religious leaders and faith-based communities in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331707 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... 57. World Health Organization. Safe Ramadan practices in the context of the COVID-19: interim guidance [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331767 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^- ⁵⁸58. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990...
To create and implement laws against domestic violence and policies that guarantee employment and autonomy for women.	¹⁶16. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991 https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite...
Identification and intervention
To keep professionals, especially in health and education, alert and sensitive, enabling them to identify warning signs;	⁵5. Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14(20). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329... ^, ¹⁹19. Mohler G, Bertozzi AL, Carter J, Short MB, Sledge D, Tita GE, et al. Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. J Criminal Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];68:101692. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.... 20. Matoori S, Khurana B, Balcom MC, Koh DM, Froehlich JM, Janssen S, et al. Intimate partner violence crisis in the COVID-19 pandemic: how can radiologists make a difference? Eur Radiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];30:6933-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07043-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07043... ^- ²¹21. Thomas EY, Anurudran A, Robb K, Burke TF. Spotlight on child abuse and neglect response in the time of COVID-19. Lancet Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(7):e371. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30143-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30... ^, ³⁶36. Roesch E, Amin A, Gupta J, García-Moreno C. Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];369:m1712. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10... ^, ⁵⁹59. Vora M, Malathesh BC, Das S, Chatterjee SS. COVID-19 and domestic violence against women [carta]. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];53:102227. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102227 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10222... ^- ⁶⁰60. Gibson J. Domestic violence during COVID-19: the GP role. British J General Practice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];70(696):340. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X710477 https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X710477...
To review protocols for the identification and support of situations of violence, considering the peculiarities of each region of the country;	²⁰20. Matoori S, Khurana B, Balcom MC, Koh DM, Froehlich JM, Janssen S, et al. Intimate partner violence crisis in the COVID-19 pandemic: how can radiologists make a difference? Eur Radiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];30:6933-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07043-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07043... ^, ²⁸28. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 . https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003... ^, ⁴⁸48. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056 https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056... ^, ⁶¹61. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To provide care with respect, sympathy and confidentiality, and care with a person-centered approach, validating experiences and feelings;	¹⁰10. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²²22. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332331 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To provide standard admission forms for the evaluation of women subjected to IPV or sexual assault in units, clinics and community screenings devoted to responding to Covid-19, with individual approaches for those who are unable to respond privately;	²³23. Anurudran A, Yared L, Comrie C, Harrison K, Burke T. Domestic violence amid COVID-19. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];150:255-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13247 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13247... ^, ²⁹29. Telles LEB, Valenca AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060 https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10... ^, ⁴²42. Cohen M, Powell A, Coleman J, Keller J, Livingston A, Anderson J. Special ambulatory gynecologic considerations in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and implications for future practice. American J Obstet Gynec [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];223(3):P372-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.0...
To immediately refer children with suspected injuries derived from violence, if necessary hospitalization to clarify and ensure the child's protection;	¹⁵15. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070... ^, ⁶²62. Martinkevich P, Langeland LL, Graesholt-Knudsen T, Hesthaven G, Hellfritzsch MB, Petersen KK, et al. Physical child abuse demands increased awareness during health and socioeconomic crises like COVID-19. Acta Orthopaedica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];91(5):527-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2020.1782012 https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2020.17...
To connect people in situations of violence to protection and continuous care services, facilitating safe access.	¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ³²32. World Health Organization. Addressing human rights as key to the COVID-19: response. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331811 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ³⁶36. Roesch E, Amin A, Gupta J, García-Moreno C. Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];369:m1712. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712...
Continued care
Not to neglect care related to health and violence against children, adolescents and women;	³3. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific‎. Asia-Pacific Parliamentarian forum on global health ad hoc virtual meeting on COVID-19: calling for solidarity to enhance the role of parliamentarians in the COVID-19. [Internet]. Manila(PH): WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2020 [cited 2020 June 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333055 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹¹11. World Health Organization. Continuing essential Sexual Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescent Health services during COVID-19 pandemic. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331816 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹³13. Mazza M, Marano G, Lai C, Janiri L, Sani G. Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];289:113046. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ^, ³¹31. Barbosa JPM, Lima RCD, Lanna SD, Andrade MAC. Intersectionality and other views on violence against women in times of pandemic by covid-19. Scielo Preprints [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];Preprint. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.328 https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.... 32. World Health Organization. Addressing human rights as key to the COVID-19: response. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331811 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... 33. World Health Organization. Gender and COVID-19: advocacy brief. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... 34. Sidpra J, Abomeli D, Hameed B, Baker J, Mankad K. Rise in the incidence of abusive head trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Dis Child [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2020 Aug 22];106:e14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319872 https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-202... ^- ³⁵35. Rahman MS, Lassi ZS, Islam SMS. Risks to Bangladeshi children and young people during covid-19 outbreak. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];369:m2299. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2299 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2299...
To classify violence assistance, protection and prevention services as essential;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴⁸48. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056 https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056... ^, ¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ³³33. World Health Organization. Gender and COVID-19: advocacy brief. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202... ^, ⁴³43. Thorne JG, Buitendyk M, Wawuda R, Lewis B, Bernard C, Spitzer RF. The reproductive health fall-out of a global pandemic. Sex Reprod Health Matters [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];28(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1763577 https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.17... ^- ⁴⁴44. World Health Organization. WHO interim guidance note: health system response to COVID-19 in the context of internally displaced persons, refugees, migrants and returnees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/emcsr279e.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/e... ^, ⁵⁸58. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990... ^, ⁶¹61. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁶³63. World Health Organization. Maintaining essential health services: operational guidance for the COVID-19 context: interim guidance [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332240 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To adopt strategies that ensure the continued care and safety of children, adolescents and women, whether in person or remotely (development of new digital platforms that enable contact and health care; friendly and accessible platforms; leveraging existing platforms; training and support for the health professionals to work on digital platforms);	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^- ⁵5. Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14(20). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329... ^, ⁸8. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543... 9. World Health Organization. United Nations Children’s Fund (‎‎‎UNICEF)‎‎‎. Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: interim guidance. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331975 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^- ¹⁰10. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹⁵15. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070... ^- ¹⁶16. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991 https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite... ^, ²⁴24. Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI). Violencia de género/familiar en tiempos de cuarentena: Revicón crítica de la literatura. [Internet]. Lima (PE): ESSALUD; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1096342 https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/reso... ^, ³⁰30. Marques ES, Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, Deslandes SF, Reichenheim ME. Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];36(4):e00074420. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00074420 https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0007442... ^, ³⁸38. Kaukinen C. When Stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];45:668-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533... ^, ⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202... ^, ⁴⁴44. World Health Organization. WHO interim guidance note: health system response to COVID-19 in the context of internally displaced persons, refugees, migrants and returnees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/emcsr279e.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/e... ^, ⁴⁶46. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169... ^, ⁵⁵55. John N, Casey SE, Carino G, McGovern T. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender-based violence. Developing World Bioeth [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];20:65-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261 https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261... ^, ⁵⁸58. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990... ^, ⁶¹61. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁶⁴64. Froimson JR, Bryan DS, Bryan AF, Zakrison TL. COVID-19, Home Confinement, and the Fallacy of "Safest at Home”. American J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];110:960-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725... ^- ⁶⁵65. Davis M, Gilbar O, Padilla-Medina D. Intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration among U.S. adults during COVID-19: a brief report. MedRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];/2020.06.08.20125914. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125914 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125...
To promote medical and social assistance services in the nature of telemedicine and virtual counseling 7 days a week, 24 hours a day;	⁴⁶46. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169...
To implement legal support in a virtual manner;	⁸8. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543... ^, ⁴⁶46. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169...
To provide free telephone lines and hotlines for reporting violence;	¹⁰10. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²²22. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332331 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ³⁸38. Kaukinen C. When Stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];45:668-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533... ^, ⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
To identify ways online or over the phone to maintain services for perpetrators of violence;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To enable access to reproductive and sexual health services (special attention to prenatal care, reproductive planning, abortion medications if legalized, and actions against rape) in person or remotely;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴³43. Thorne JG, Buitendyk M, Wawuda R, Lewis B, Bernard C, Spitzer RF. The reproductive health fall-out of a global pandemic. Sex Reprod Health Matters [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];28(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1763577 https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.17... ^- ⁴⁴44. World Health Organization. WHO interim guidance note: health system response to COVID-19 in the context of internally displaced persons, refugees, migrants and returnees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/emcsr279e.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/e... ^, ⁵⁵55. John N, Casey SE, Carino G, McGovern T. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender-based violence. Developing World Bioeth [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];20:65-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261 https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12261... ^- ⁵⁶56. World Health Organization. Practical considerations and recommendations for religious leaders and faith-based communities in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331707 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁶¹61. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To ensure safety and reduce exposure in remote care (standardize the question form; explain that these questions are asked to everyone; ask questions that can be answered with "yes" or "no"; evaluate non-verbal expressions; provide a field to which the woman can access, at a time that the aggressor is not close, and which, after filling in, the health server is warned/alerted of the situation of violence; providing services with safety mechanisms for quickly exiting the page and history of navigation that make aggressor control unfeasible);	⁸8. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543... ^, ⁴²42. Cohen M, Powell A, Coleman J, Keller J, Livingston A, Anderson J. Special ambulatory gynecologic considerations in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and implications for future practice. American J Obstet Gynec [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];223(3):P372-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.0... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10... ^, ⁵⁸58. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990... ^, ⁶⁶66. Ruiz-Pérez I, Pastor-Moreno G. Medidas de contención de la violencia de género durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Gaceta Sanitaria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04...
To provide updated information on the paths and places that are available to promote assistance, safe ways to seek help and collaborate in identifying family members, friends or neighbors who may be a source of support and contact for the victims. To include opening hours, contact details and whether the services can be offered remotely;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁹9. World Health Organization. United Nations Children’s Fund (‎‎‎UNICEF)‎‎‎. Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: interim guidance. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331975 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²²22. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332331 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²⁹29. Telles LEB, Valenca AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];In Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060 https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10...
To keep service providers and community leaders informed about changes in the reference routes of care for violence;	¹⁰10. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
Governments must finance assistance, protection and violence prevention services so that they are accessible, free, without time restrictions and that new services are created where they are not available;	¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²⁶26. World Health Organization. Overview of public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332115 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴⁴44. World Health Organization. WHO interim guidance note: health system response to COVID-19 in the context of internally displaced persons, refugees, migrants and returnees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/emcsr279e.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/e... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10... ^, ⁶¹61. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁶⁴64. Froimson JR, Bryan DS, Bryan AF, Zakrison TL. COVID-19, Home Confinement, and the Fallacy of "Safest at Home”. American J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];110:960-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725... ^, ⁶⁷67. Bellizzi S, Nivoli A, Lorettu L, Farina G, Ramses M, Ronzoni AR. Violence against women in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Gynaecol Obstet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];150(2):258-259. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13270 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13270...
Governments must promote the funding of hotels, inns, housings, as well as using drug abuse treatment sites to become places of emergency shelter and distancing from the aggressor;	¹⁵15. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070... ^, ⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202... ^, ⁴⁶46. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169... ^, ⁶⁸68. Day CA, White N. Gender-Specific Online Content Is Important and Timely for Women Receiving Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. J Women’s Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];29(5):605-06. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8496 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8496...
To keep frequent contact with the woman and the family after the end of social isolation by protection services.	³⁸38. Kaukinen C. When Stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];45:668-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533...
Care for the safety and mental health of the professionals
To assess physically and mentally, and ensure care and emotional support to the health professionals and the community involved in the care and coping with violence during the pandemic, with the care of pregnancy and motherhood, and respondents on the front lines;	¹⁰10. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10... ^, ⁶⁹69. Bradbury-Jones C, Isham L. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];29(13-14):2047-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15296 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15296...
To prioritize long-term care for these professionals;	³⁹39. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To promote self-care plans and encourage professionals to meet in regular support groups;	⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
To increase support for family caregivers. To increase surveillance and monitoring of these families and health professionals in the long term;	³⁹39. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To reduce professional stress - rotation between functions; association of experienced and non-experienced workers; implement flexible hours, in particular, for workers directly affected or who have a family member affected by a stressful event;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
To promote and continuously train professionals;	¹⁰10. World Health Organization. Continuing essential sexual reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services during COVID-19 pandemic: practical considerations. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO ; ‎2020 [cited 2020 Aug 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332162 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ²⁸28. Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: what does it reveals? Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];23:e200033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033 . https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020003... ^, ⁴⁸48. Ghoshal R. Twin public health emergencies: Covid-19 and domestic violence. Indian J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];5(3):195-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056 https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.056... ^, ⁶¹61. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
To ensure personal protective equipment for the health professionals, the community, lawyers and specialists in violence;	⁴¹41. Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Muhammad FL, Miller E. Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];67(1):18-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.202...
The managers must implement plans to deal with the safety and health of the workers;	¹⁴14. World Health Organization. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. [Internet]. Europe: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3...
The managers must show appreciation to the team for their commitment and ability to continue to provide the required level of service.	⁸8. Posick C, Schueths AA, Christian C, Grubb JA, Christian SE. Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Am J Crim Justice [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14:1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543-3 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09543...
Intersectoriality/Interdisciplinarity
To carry out actions aimed at the care and prevention of violence in interdisciplinary teams. To think about intersectoral care, uniting sectors such as health, education, justice, media and non-governmental organizations;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹³13. Mazza M, Marano G, Lai C, Janiri L, Sani G. Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];289:113046. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.... ^, ⁴⁶46. Viveiros N, Bonomi AE. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Violence, reproductive rights and related health risks for women, opportunities for practice innovation. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00169... ^, ⁷⁰70. Bryant DJ, Oo M, Damian AJ. The rise of adverse childhood experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological trauma: Theory Res Pract Policy [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];12(1):193-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000711 https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000711...
Special care for vulnerable populations
To keep special attention and care for children and adolescents with disabilities, chronic problems and in situations of poverty, discrimination or conflict, marginalized during and after the pandemic;	⁴⁵45. Raman S, Harries M, Nathawad R, Kyeremateng R, Seth R, Lonne B. Where do we go from here? A child rights-based response to COVID-19. BMJ Paediatrics Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000714. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000714 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00071...
To minimize risks with policies that guarantee employment, health care and economic support for disadvantaged families;	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ¹⁵15. Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];4(1):e000701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000701 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-00070... ^- ¹⁶16. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991 https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite... ^, ⁴⁰40. Cuartas J. Heightened risk of child maltreatment amid the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate mental health problems for the next generation. Psychological Trauma: Theo Res Pract Policy [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];12(S1):195-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597 https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597... ^, ⁵⁴54. Van-Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, O’Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinical Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];21:100348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10...
To waive service fees for those disadvantaged women and provide high-speed Internet access.	⁴4. World Health Organization. Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: key actions, 17 June 2020. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): WHO; ‎2020 [cited 2020 June 22]‎. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332458 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^- ⁵5. Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22];14(20). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329... ^, ¹⁶16. Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh N. COVID-19: Endangering women’s mental and reproductive health. Indian J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];64:251-2. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-544991 https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-lite... ^, ³⁹39. World Health Organization. Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19: technical guidance: preventing and managing the COVID-19. [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333067 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁴⁴44. World Health Organization. WHO interim guidance note: health system response to COVID-19 in the context of internally displaced persons, refugees, migrants and returnees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/emcsr279e.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/e... ^, ⁵⁸58. Rossi FS, Shankar M, Buckholdt K, Bailey Y, Israni ST, Iverson KM. Trying times and trying out solutions: intimate partner violence screening and support for women veterans during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];35:2728-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05990... ^, ⁶¹61. World Health Organization. WHO policy brief: the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332818 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/3... ^, ⁶⁴64. Froimson JR, Bryan DS, Bryan AF, Zakrison TL. COVID-19, Home Confinement, and the Fallacy of "Safest at Home”. American J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];110:960-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305725... ^, ⁷¹71. Joska JA, Andersen L, Rabie S, Marais A, Ndwandwa E, Wilson P, et al. COVID-19: increased risk to the mental health and safety of women living with HIV in South Africa. AIDS Behav [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 22];24:2751-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02897-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02897...

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