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Terapias complementares no controle de sintomas do trato urinário inferior masculino: revisão sistemática

Resumo

Objetivo:

avaliar as evidências científicas sobre a efetividade das terapias complementares no controle de sintomas do trato urinário inferior na população masculina adulta e idosa.

Método:

revisão sistemática desenvolvida de acordo com o checklist PRISMA. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science e Google Scholar.

Resultados:

foram identificados 585 registros e selecionados 12 ensaios clínicos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Os desfechos considerados pelos estudos para analisar a efetividade das terapias complementares foram questionários validados de avaliação da gravidade dos sintomas do trato urinário inferior (sensação de esvaziamento incompleto da bexiga, micções frequentes, fluxo intermitente, fluxo fraco, dor ou dificuldade na micção, noctúria e urgência) e parâmetros da urodinâmica. Os estudos analisaram as terapias complementares fitoterapia (n=8) e eletroacupuntura (n=4). Seis estudos relacionados à fitoterapia mostraram significância estatística. A eletroacupuntura mostrou melhora significativa dos sintomas em dois estudos.

Conclusão:

a fitoterapia foi efetiva para controle dos sintomas frequência, urgência, noctúria, esvaziamento incompleto, intermitência, fluxo fraco e esforço para iniciar a micção. Para confirmação da efetividade da eletroacupuntura ainda serão necessárias pesquisas com metodologias bem delineadas para sanar as divergências entre os estudos desta revisão.

Descritores:
Terapias Complementares; Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior; Revisão Sistemática; Saúde do Homem; Fitoterapia; Eletroacupuntura

Abstract

Objective:

to evaluate diverse scientific evidence on the effectiveness of complementary therapies in the control of lower urinary tract symptoms in the adult and aged male population.

Method:

a systematic review developed according to the PRISMA checklist. The search was performed in the CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases.

Results:

a total of 585 records were identified and 12 clinical trials were selected that met the inclusion criteria. The outcomes considered by the studies for analyzing effectiveness of the complementary therapies were validated questionnaires to assess the severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms (sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, frequent urination, intermittent flow, weak flow, pain or difficulty urinating, nocturia and urgency) and urodynamics parameters. The studies analyzed the complementary phytotherapy (n=8) and electroacupuncture (n=4) therapies. Six studies related to phytotherapy showed statistical significance. Electroacupuncture showed a significant improvement in the symptoms in two studies.

Conclusion:

pytotherapy was effective to control the simptoms related to frequency, urgency, nocturia, incomplete emptying, intermittence, weak flow and effort to initiate urination. To confirm the effectiveness of electroacupuncture, research studies with well-designed methodologies will also be necessary to resolve the divergences between the studies of this review.

Descriptors:
Complementary Therapies; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Systematic Review; Men’s Health; Phytotherapy; Electroacupuncture

Resumen

Objetivo:

evaluar la evidencia científica sobre la efectividad de las terapias complementarias para el control de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior en la población masculina adulta y adulta mayor.

Método:

revisión sistemática desarrollada según la checklist PRISMA. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science y Google Scholar.

Resultados:

se identificaron 585 registros y se seleccionaron 12 ensayos clínicos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados que los estudios consideraron para analizar la efectividad de las terapias complementarias fueron cuestionarios validados que evaluaban la gravedad de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (sensación de vaciado incompleto de la vejiga, micción frecuente, flujo intermitente, flujo débil, dolor o dificultad para orinar, nicturia y urgencia) y parámetros urodinámicos. Los estudios analizaron las terapias complementarias fitoterapia (n=8) y electroacupuntura (n=4). Seis estudios relacionados con la fitoterapia demostraron significación estadística. La electroacupuntura demostró una mejoría significativa de los síntomas en dos estudios.

Conclusión:

la fitoterapia fue efectiva para controlar los síntomas de frecuencia, urgencia, nicturia, vaciado incompleto, intermitencia, flujo débil y esfuerzo para iniciar la micción. Para confirmar la efectividad de la electroacupuntura, aún es necesario que se realicen investigaciones con metodologías bien diseñadas para resolver las diferencias entre los estudios de esta revisión.

Descriptores:
Terapias Complementarias; Síntomas del Sistema Urinario Inferior; Revisión Sistemática; Salud del Hombre; Fitoterapia; Electroacupuntura

Destaques:

(1) Terapias complementares podem ser efetivas em sintomas urinários masculinos.

(2) A fitoterapia foi efetiva em seis dos oito estudos incluídos.

(3) Estudos com eletroacupuntura e metodologias mais robustas são necessários.

Introdução

De acordo com a International Continence Society (ICS), os sintomas do trato urinário inferior (STUI) podem ser categorizados de acordo com a fase da micção: armazenamento, esvaziamento e pós-micção11. D'Ancona C, Haylen B, Oelke M, Abranches-Monteiro L, Arnold E, Goldman H, et al. The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019;38(2):433-77. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23897
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23897...
. Os STUI de armazenamento, como noctúria e incontinência urinária, são os mais relatados pela população geral, seguidos pelo gotejamento pós-micção, redução no fluxo urinário e sensação de esvaziamento incompleto da bexiga, que também são queixas comuns22. Cameron AP, Lewicky-Gaupp C, Smith AR, Helfand BT, Gore JL, Clemens JQ, et al. Baseline lower urinary tract symptoms in patients enrolled in lurn: a prospective, observational cohort study. J Urol. 2018;199(4):1023-31. doi: http://10.1016/j.juro.2017.10.035
https://doi.org/http://10.1016/j.juro.20...
.

Os STUI são mais frequentes com o avanço da idade33. Rohrmann S, Katzke V, Kaaks R. Prevalence and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in aging population. Urology. 2016;95:158-63. doi: http://10.1016/j.urology.2016.06.021
https://doi.org/http://10.1016/j.urology...
. Nos homens, existem diferentes apresentações clínicas de STUI, as quais estão relacionadas à bexiga, próstata, uretra, assoalho pélvico e/ou órgãos pélvicos adjacentes11. D'Ancona C, Haylen B, Oelke M, Abranches-Monteiro L, Arnold E, Goldman H, et al. The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019;38(2):433-77. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23897
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23897...
. Estudos epidemiológicos realizados com a população masculina adulta e idosa apontam que a prevalência pode variar de 60 a 84%44. Liu SP, Chuang YC, Sumarsono B, Chang HC. The prevalence and bother of lower urinary tract symptoms in men and women aged 40 years or over in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2019;181(1):170-8. doi: http://10.1016/j.jfma.2018.03.006
https://doi.org/http://10.1016/j.jfma.20...
-55. Mourad S, Shokeir A, Ayoub N, Ibrahim M, Reynolds N, Donde S, et al. Prevalence and impact of lower urinary tract symptoms: results of the Epic Survey in Turkey. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019;38(2):637-43. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23875
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23875...
. A etiologia mais frequentemente associada à ocorrência dos STUI em homens é a hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB)33. Rohrmann S, Katzke V, Kaaks R. Prevalence and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in aging population. Urology. 2016;95:158-63. doi: http://10.1016/j.urology.2016.06.021
https://doi.org/http://10.1016/j.urology...
. Embora não seja uma morbidade que determine gravidade associada à mortalidade, estes sintomas repercutem negativamente no cotidiano de pessoas com STUI, uma vez que afetam a qualidade de vida, acarretam insatisfação sexual e aumentam o risco de transtornos depressivos66. Liao L, Chuang YC, Liu SP, Lee KS, Yoo TK, Chu R, et al. Effect of lower urinary tract symptoms on the quality of life and sexual function of males in China, Taiwan and South Korea: sub-group analysis of a cross-sectional, population-based study. Low Urin Tract Symptoms. 2019;11(2):O78-84. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/luts.12220
https://doi.org/10.1111/luts.12220...
-77. Rhee SJ, Kim EY, Kim SW, Kim SH, Lee HJ, Yoon DH, et al. Longitudinal study of the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms and depressive symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2019;116:100-5. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.11.015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.201...
.

Existe uma variedade de estratégias de tratamento para o controle dos STUI88. Song Q, Abrams P, Sun Y. Beyond prostate, beyond surgery and beyond urology: the "3bs" of managing non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Urol. 2019;6(2):169-73. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2017.11.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2017.11.0...
. O tratamento convencional geralmente envolve mudanças de comportamento, como a redução no consumo de cafeína e álcool, aumento de atividade física e redução do peso corporal. Tal tratamento, em alguns casos, pode ser relacionado a medidas farmacológicas, com destaque para alfa-bloqueadores e inibidores da 5-alfa-redutase99. Lokeshwar SD, Harper BT, Webb E, Jordan A, Dykes TA, Neal DE, et al. Epidemiology and treatment modalities for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Transl Androl Urol. 2019; 8(5): 529-39. doi: 10.21037/tau.2019.10.01
https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.10.01...
. No entanto, há uma parcela de homens cuja resposta ao tratamento convencional é insatisfatória e requerem medidas cirúrgicas1010. Bechis SK, Kim MM, Wintner A, Kreydin EI. Differential response to medical therapy for male lower urinary tract symptoms. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2015;10:177-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-015-0295-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-015-0295-...
. Ambas as opções implicam em custos médicos e possíveis danos relacionados aos efeitos adversos dos medicamentos ou sequelas pós-intervenções invasivas1010. Bechis SK, Kim MM, Wintner A, Kreydin EI. Differential response to medical therapy for male lower urinary tract symptoms. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2015;10:177-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-015-0295-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-015-0295-...
.

Neste contexto, intervenções pautadas nas terapias complementares (TCs) podem constituir estratégia efetiva de controle de STUI em homens, especialmente pelo menor custo e com mínimos efeitos adversos. As TCs, também denominadas Medicina Tradicional e Complementar, são um conjunto de conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas que originam das experiências e crenças de diferentes culturas que complementam as práticas da medicina convencional1111. World Health Organization. WHO Traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2013 [cited 2021 Jan 30]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/92455/9789241506090_eng.pdf?sequence=1
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand...
.

A fitoterapia e a acupuntura têm sido avaliadas individualmente por meio de revisões sistemáticas quanto a sua efetividade1212. Novara G, Giannarini G, Alcaraz A, Cózar-Omo JM, Descazeaud A, Montorsi F, et al. Efficacy and safety of hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Urol Focus. 2016;2(5):553-61. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.04.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.04.00...
-1313. Zhang W, Ma L, Bauer BA, Liu Z, Lu Y. Acupuncture for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0174586. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174586
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
e comparadas aos tratamentos convencionais para controle dos STUI1414. Fusco F, Creta M, Nunzio C, Gacci M, Marzi VL, Agro EF. Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and phytotherapic compounds in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of urodynamic studies. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018;37(6):1865-74. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23554
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23554...
-1515. Russo GI, Scandura C, Mauro M, Cacciamani G, Albersen M, Hatzichristodoulou G, et al. Clinical efficacy of Serenoa repens versus placebo versus alpha-blockers for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic enlargement: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Eur Urol Focus. 2021;7(2):420-31. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.01.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.01.00...
. Apesar disso, observa-se que a indicação das TCs muitas vezes ocorre de forma empírica1616. Balneaves LG, Watling CZ, Hayward EN, Ross B, Taylor-Brown J, Porcino A, et al. Addressing Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Individuals with Cancer: An Integrative Review and Clinical Practice Guideline. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022 Jan 11;114(1):25-37. doi: http://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab048. PMID: 33769512
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab048...
. Portanto, espera-se que uma revisão sistemática consiga sumarizar as evidências disponíveis sobre a efetividade de diferentes TCs para controle dos STUI na população masculina e assim favorecer sua implementação na prática clínica.

Ao considerar a popularização das TCs, percebe-se a necessidade de desenvolver uma revisão sistemática que tenha como objetivo avaliar as evidências científicas sobre a efetividade das terapias complementares no controle de sintomas do trato urinário inferior na população masculina adulta e idosa.

Método

Delineamento do estudo

Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, sob registro na plataforma International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Número de registro: CRD42021226480), desenvolvida de acordo com as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA Checklist1717. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: http://doi.org/10.1136/ bmj.n71
https://doi.org/10.1136/...
para relatar revisões sistemáticas.

Critérios de seleção

A estratégia PICO foi empregada para estabelecer a pergunta norteadora, na qual o P se refere à população ou grupo de pacientes (homens com STUI), I à Intervenção (TCs), C à comparação (não foi utilizada a comparação com outras intervenções) e O ao desfecho/outcomes (controle dos STUI). Portanto, esta revisão sistemática buscou responder a seguinte pergunta: Qual a efetividade das TCs no controle de STUI na população masculina?

Foram elegíveis para a revisão sistemática apenas ensaios clínicos que avaliassem o uso de TCs para o controle dos STUI em homens adultos (18 anos ou mais). Não houve restrições para a elegibilidade quanto ao idioma ou ano de publicação.

Definição da amostra e período

Pela leitura do título e resumo foram excluídos estudos com amostras compostas por populações mistas, crianças e animais; pesquisas originais cujo delineamento não era de ensaio clínico; publicações do tipo revisões, cartas, editoriais, protocolos e relatos de caso; registros que não apresentavam resumo online disponível. A partir da leitura na íntegra foram excluídos ensaios clínicos que associaram o tratamento convencional às TCs no grupo intervenção e publicações do tipo protocolos de ensaios clínicos. Ressalta-se que também foram excluídos os estudos que embora tenham sido elegíveis pelo título e resumo, não foram localizados na íntegra online e nem disponibilizados pelos autores correspondentes, mediante contato via e-mail.

A busca foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) via Portal de Periódicos CAPES, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), PubMed, e Web of Science. Os estudos foram identificados a partir de estratégias de busca adaptadas especificamente para cada uma das bases utilizando terminologias definidas pelo Medical Subject Headings (MeSH/PubMed) e Descritores em Ciência da Saúde (DeCS), conforme apresentado na Figura 1. As buscas nas bases de dados foram realizadas em maio de 2021. Os pesquisadores fizeram uma busca manual nas listas de referências dos estudos selecionados para a identificação de possíveis referências que não foram identificadas na busca eletrônica. Por fim, o Google Scholar também foi considerado como estratégia de busca complementar.

Figura 1
Estratégia de busca e resultados em cada base de dados. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 2021

Coleta de dados

Para o agrupamento das buscas e exclusão de duplicatas utilizou-se o EndNoteBasic ®, versão web. Posteriormente, todas as referências passaram por uma triagem manual para extração das informações-chave dos estudos (autores; ano; país; TCs; objetivo; tamanho amostral; características da amostra; características da intervenção e do controle; tempo de tratamento e seguimento; instrumentos de avaliação e outros desfechos; conclusões), as quais foram transcritas e organizadas em uma planilha do Microsoft Excel que facilitou o desenvolvimento da etapa de seleção.

A seleção dos estudos foi realizada por duas pesquisadoras, doutorandas em enfermagem (P1 e P2), de forma independente em duas fases. Na primeira fase, a partir da leitura do título e do resumo, foram identificados aqueles estudos potencialmente elegíveis para a revisão sistemática, considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos. Na segunda fase, os estudos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra e aqueles que não atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram excluídos. As divergências de seleção entre as duas pesquisadoras (P1 e P2) foram discutidas e quando não havia um consenso, essas eram avaliadas por um terceiro pesquisador, doutor em enfermagem (P3), quem decidiu sobre a inclusão ou exclusão dos estudos.

Duas pesquisadoras (P1 e P2) realizaram, de forma independente, a extração dos dados relevantes dos artigos selecionados para uma planilha elaborada no Microsoft Excel. Os dados extraídos foram: características gerais do estudo (autor, ano e país de publicação), objetivos, características da amostra (número de participantes e idade média), características da intervenção [fitoterapia (dose e duração)], acupuntura/eletroacupuntura (pontos de acupuntura, procedimentos de manipulação, frequência e intensidade de eletroestimulação, duração e número de sessões), outros braços do estudo], resultados (principais desfechos analisados e instrumentos utilizados) e a conclusão. Uma terceira revisora (P3) avaliou a acurácia dos dados coletados.

Análise dos dados

A avaliação da qualidade dos estudos selecionados foi realizada com base no Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool - checklist para ensaios clínicos randomizados. Trata-se de um formulário que avalia a qualidade metodológica e a abordagem de possíveis vieses no delineamento, conduta e análise de dados dos ensaios clínicos randomizados. Esse checklist é composto por 13 questões com quatro opções de resposta (sim, não, incerto ou não se aplica)1818. Joanna Briggs Institute. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews: checklist for randomized controlled trials. Adelaide: JBI; 2017 [cited 2021 Apr 30]. Available from: https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI_RCTs_Appraisal_tool2017_0.pdf
https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2...
.

Em relação à categorização da qualidade metodológica dos ensaios clínicos a partir do instrumento aplicado, estudos que tiveram 70% ou mais respostas “sim” foram classificados como baixo risco de viés, com 50 a 69% de respostas “sim” classificados como moderado risco e com 49% ou menos respostas “sim” classificados como alto risco.

A avaliação do risco de viés foi realizada de forma independente por duas pesquisadoras (P1 e P2). Uma terceira pesquisadora (P3) foi considerada para a avaliação de possíveis divergências.

Resultados

Foram identificados 585 registros nas buscas realizadas nas bases de dados, dentre os quais 96 duplicatas foram removidas. Após a leitura de títulos e resumos, 478 registros foram excluídos na primeira fase e 11 artigos foram selecionados para a leitura na íntegra. Além desses, a busca por outros métodos resultou na seleção de três artigos e outros quatro artigos foram selecionados a partir das listas de referência.

Ao considerar os critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos, dentre os 18 artigos selecionados e lidos na íntegra durante a segunda fase, seis foram excluídos. A amostra final foi composta por 12 estudos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção. O processo de identificação, inclusão e exclusão dos estudos está descrito na Figura 2.

Figura 2
Fluxograma das buscas nas bases de dados e critérios de seleção

Todos os estudos foram publicados em inglês entre os anos de 2001 e 2019. Quanto ao país de origem, quatro pesquisas foram desenvolvidas nos Estados Unidos1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...

20. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...

21. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
-2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
, duas no Japão2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
, duas na China2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
-2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
, duas na República Tcheca2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
, uma na Itália2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
e uma em Taiwan3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
.

A maioria dos ensaios clínicos avaliou a fitoterapia (n=8) para controle dos STUI na população masculina1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...

22. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...

23. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...

27. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
. Os demais ensaios clínicos desta revisão abordaram a eletroacupuntura (n=4)2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
-3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. A descrição de cada artigo está detalhada na Figura 3.

Figura 3
Descrição das características dos estudos incluídos na revisão sistemática (n=12)

Foram avaliados 1503 homens nos estudos inclusos nesta revisão, dos quais 1294 fizeram parte dos ensaios clínicos de fitoterapia e 209 dos ensaios clínicos de eletroacupuntura. Ao considerar os estudos individualmente, esse número variou de 302020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
a 357 participantes3131. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2017;192(2S):S189-S197. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.0...
. A média de idade dos participantes foi 60,7 anos (±5,6). O tempo de seguimento variou entre dois e 18 meses para os ensaios clínicos de fitoterapia (±5,1) e um a três meses para os de eletroacupuntura (±4,7).

Para avaliar a efetividade das TCs, os estudos utilizaram parâmetros subjetivos e objetivos. Foram considerados os questionários American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI)3131. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2017;192(2S):S189-S197. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.0...
e International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS)3232. Harley SJD, Wittert G, Brook NR, Secombe P, Campbell J, Lockwood C. Identifying predictors of change in the severity of untreated lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(6):1585-92. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003129
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-00...
que classificam subjetivamente a gravidade dos STUI (quadros leves 0-7 pontos, moderados 8-19 pontos ou severos 20-35 pontos)3232. Harley SJD, Wittert G, Brook NR, Secombe P, Campbell J, Lockwood C. Identifying predictors of change in the severity of untreated lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(6):1585-92. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003129
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-00...
. Como parâmetros objetivos, foram utilizados os seguintes desfechos da urodinâmica: frequência de micções, noctúria, taxa de pico do fluxo urinário (Qmax), taxa do fluxo médio urinário (Qave), volume residual pós-miccional (VRP), volume prostático e volume de esvaziamento da bexiga.

Dentre os estudos incluídos nesta revisão, dois utilizaram o questionário AUASI2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
-2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
e dez o I-PSS para avaliação dos STUI1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
-2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...

24. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...

25. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...

26. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...

27. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...

28. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...

29. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
-3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. Apenas um estudo2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
não incluiu nenhum parâmetro da urodinâmica como um dos desfechos de avaliação dos STUI. A maioria (n=7) considerou pelo menos a Qmax e o VRP2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...

22. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...

23. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...

24. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
.

Quatro estudos de fitoterapia avaliaram a efetividade do Saw palmetto (S. palmetto) para o controle dos STUI. O fitoterápico foi comparado ao placebo nas doses diárias de 320 mg1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
-2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
, 640 mg2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
e 960 mg2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
. A dose de 320 mg diários, fracionada em duas vezes ao dia melhorou significativamente (p < 0,001) o escore I-PSS após 24 semanas de tratamento2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
e mostrou redução média de 4,4 (± 5,9) pontos no grupo intervenção, com uma diferença significativa (p = 0,038) em relação ao placebo após seis meses1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
. Essa mesma dose também reduziu 0,68 (± 0,35) pontos no escore médio AUASI do grupo intervenção, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significativa com o grupo placebo (IC95%: -0,93 a 1,01)2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
. Doses diárias mais elevadas de 640 mg e 960 mg reduziram 2,20 pontos (IC95%: -3,04 a -0,36 pontos) no escore médio AUASI, mas a melhora também foi observada no grupo placebo2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
. Nenhuma das doses avaliadas de S. palmetto melhorou os parâmetros da urodinâmica, Qmax, VRP e volume prostático1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
-2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
.

Outros dois ensaios clínicos avaliaram a efetividade do fitoterápico Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum)2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
. O fitoterápico foi avaliado nas doses diárias de 0,6 mg2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
, 6 mg2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
e 60 mg2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
. Em comparação ao placebo, as doses diárias de 6 mg2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
e 60 mg2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
reduziram significativamente (p < 0,001; p = 0,012; respectivamente) os escores I-PSS e melhoraram discretamente a Qmax e Qave2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
, mas sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos.

Ademais, dois estudos de fitoterapia avaliaram a efetividade do uso de cranberry no controle dos STUI2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
. O fitoterápico foi comparado ao placebo nas doses diárias de 250 mg2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
, 500 mg2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
e 1500 mg2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
. Na dose mais elevada de 1500 mg, fracionada em três vezes ao dia, houve redução significativa (p < 0,050) do escore I-PSS do grupo intervenção, bem como melhora dos parâmetros da urodinâmica, Qmax, Qave e VRP, em 70% dos participantes desse grupo2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
. No estudo que avaliou as doses de 500 e 250 mg, observou-se uma redução de 4,1 (± 1,9) e 3,1 (± 3,0) pontos nos escores I-PSS, respectivamente2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
. Os parâmetros da urodinâmica, Qmax (p = 0,018), Qave (p = 0,040), VPR (p = 0,027) e volume de esvaziamento da bexiga (p = 0,014) também indicaram melhora significativa no grupo que recebeu 500 mg de cranberry2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
.

No que tange aos estudos que avaliaram a efetividade da eletroacupuntura, três contemplaram pontos de acupuntura (PtA) pertencentes ao meridiano da bexiga2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
. O ponto B32, que pertence a esse meridiano, foi o PtA mais utilizado2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
. Ressalta-se que em comparação ao medicamento convencional (Oxibutinina 5 mg) e ao comprimido placebo, a eletroestimulação de 5 a 10 Hz na maior intensidade tolerada do PtA B32, promoveu controle dos STUI com melhora significativa do escore I-PSS (p < 0,001) e redução na frequência das micções e noctúria de 20 e 60%, respectivamente2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
.

Outros PtA do meridiano da bexiga foram B10 e B402020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
, B21 e B232929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
e B332525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
. O PtA B33 foi o único que apontou uma redução de 3,2 pontos no escore I-PSS do grupo intervenção, demonstrando uma melhora significativa (p = 0,001) em comparação à eletroacupuntura placebo quando estimulado à 20 Hz na maior intensidade tolerada2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
.

Outro estudo de eletroacupuntura avaliou a efetividade dos PtA pertencentes aos meridianos distintos baço-pâncreas (BP6), estômago (E36) e vaso concepção (VC3 e VC4)3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. Os pontos desses meridianos, ao serem estimulados com 3 Hz e intensidade de 2 a 2,5 mA, mostraram melhora significativa dos parâmetros da urodinâmica Qmax (p = 0,030), Qave (p = 0,026) e volume de esvaziamento da bexiga (p = 0,038) em comparação à eletroacupuntura placebo3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. No entanto, não houve redução do escore I-PSS3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
.

Os estudos incluídos nesta revisão foram submetidos a análise de qualidade metodológica, a partir do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool - checklist para ensaios clínicos randomizados1818. Joanna Briggs Institute. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews: checklist for randomized controlled trials. Adelaide: JBI; 2017 [cited 2021 Apr 30]. Available from: https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI_RCTs_Appraisal_tool2017_0.pdf
https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2...
. Nessa avaliação, seis estudos foram classificados como baixo risco de viés, sendo cinco de fitoterapia1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...

22. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...

23. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
e um de eletroacupuntura2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
.

Três estudos foram classificados como moderado risco de viés, sendo um de fitoterapia2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
e dois de eletroacupuntura2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. Os estudos foram classificados como moderado risco de viés por não terem descrito as perdas ocorridas durante o seguimento e nem sobre o cegamento da equipe de pesquisa responsável pela análise dos desfechos2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
,3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. No estudo de fitoterapia2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
não foi informado o método de cegamento dos pesquisadores que aplicaram a intervenção. Já nos estudos de eletroacupuntura foram observadas falhas na descrição do processo de alocação dos participantes2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
, além da ausência de duplo-cegamento2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
.

O alto risco de viés foi identificado em três estudos, dois de fitoterapia2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
-2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
e um de eletroacupuntura2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
. Como itens de fragilidades metodológicas têm-se a descrição incompleta do método de randomização, as diferenças entre os grupos no início do estudo, a ausência de descrição do cegamento e das perdas amostrais durante o seguimento2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
-2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
. Os resultados da avaliação de risco dos estudos incluídos são apresentados na Figura 4.

Figura 4
Classificação do risco de viés dos estudos incluídos (N=12)

Discussão

A presente revisão sistemática buscou identificar e avaliar a efetividade das TCs empregadas para o controle dos STUI na população masculina. Dentre os 12 ensaios clínicos incluídos, oito abordaram o uso da fitoterapia1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...

22. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...

23. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...

27. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
e quatro a eletroacupuntura2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
-3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
.

Para a análise da efetividade das TCs, um dos métodos adotados considerou a avaliação subjetiva dos STUI. Dessa forma, foram utilizados questionários autoaplicáveis e internacionalmente validados3131. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2017;192(2S):S189-S197. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.0...
-3232. Harley SJD, Wittert G, Brook NR, Secombe P, Campbell J, Lockwood C. Identifying predictors of change in the severity of untreated lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(6):1585-92. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003129
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-00...
que classificam e padronizam o registro dos STUI, sendo uma importante ferramenta para determinação de gravidade deste acometimento3131. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2017;192(2S):S189-S197. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.0...

32. Harley SJD, Wittert G, Brook NR, Secombe P, Campbell J, Lockwood C. Identifying predictors of change in the severity of untreated lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(6):1585-92. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003129
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-00...

33. Gravas S, Cornu JN, Gacci M, Gratzke C, Herrmann TRW, Mamoulakis C, et al. EAU guidelines on management of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), incl. Benign Prostatic Obstruction (BPO) [Internet]. Arnhem: Netherlands; 2018 [cited 2021 Apr 30]. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guideline/treatment-of-non-neurogenic-male-luts/#9
https://uroweb.org/guideline/treatment-o...
-3434. Parsons JK, Barry MJ, Dahm P, Gandhi MC, Kaplan SA, Kohler TS, et al. Surgical management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia: AUA guideline amendment 2020. J Urol. 2020;204:799-804. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001298
https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001...
.

Dentre os questionários para avaliação dos STUI, destacam-se os questionários AUASI do comitê do American Urological Association3131. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2017;192(2S):S189-S197. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.0...
e o questionário I-PSS3232. Harley SJD, Wittert G, Brook NR, Secombe P, Campbell J, Lockwood C. Identifying predictors of change in the severity of untreated lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(6):1585-92. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003129
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-00...
, que se refere a uma adaptação do AUASI com a inclusão de um item que avalia qualidade de vida ao classificar o impacto do incômodo provocado pelos STUI em uma escala de zero a seis3333. Gravas S, Cornu JN, Gacci M, Gratzke C, Herrmann TRW, Mamoulakis C, et al. EAU guidelines on management of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), incl. Benign Prostatic Obstruction (BPO) [Internet]. Arnhem: Netherlands; 2018 [cited 2021 Apr 30]. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guideline/treatment-of-non-neurogenic-male-luts/#9
https://uroweb.org/guideline/treatment-o...
. Os dois instrumentos avaliam a gravidade dos STUI a partir de sete perguntas relacionadas a: sensação de esvaziamento incompleto da bexiga, micções frequentes, fluxo intermitente, fluxo fraco, dor ou dificuldade na micção, noctúria e urgência3232. Harley SJD, Wittert G, Brook NR, Secombe P, Campbell J, Lockwood C. Identifying predictors of change in the severity of untreated lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(6):1585-92. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003129
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-00...
. A frequência de cada sintoma recebe uma pontuação de zero a cinco, cujo somatório determina a gravidade (quadros leves 0-7 pontos, moderados 8-19 pontos ou severos 20-35 pontos)3131. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2017;192(2S):S189-S197. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.0...
-3232. Harley SJD, Wittert G, Brook NR, Secombe P, Campbell J, Lockwood C. Identifying predictors of change in the severity of untreated lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(6):1585-92. doi: http://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003129
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-00...
.

Outro método de avaliação dos STUI apresentado pelos estudos baseou-se no estudo urodinâmico. Trata-se de um teste objetivo de avaliação da função do trato urinário inferior considerado como padrão-ouro no contexto da prática clínica3535. Rosier PFWM, Schaefer W, Lose G, Goldman HB, Guralnick M, Eustice S, et al. International Continence Society good urodynamic practices and terms 2016: urodynamics, uroflowmetry, cystometry, and pressure-flow study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017;36(5):1243-60. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23124
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23124...
. Dentre os parâmetros do estudo urodinâmico considerados pelos estudos predominou a taxa de pico do fluxo urinário (Qmax), volume prostático e volume residual pós-miccional (VRP). Ressalta-se que apenas um estudo não considerou a efetividade da intervenção aplicada a partir da avaliação urodinâmica2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
.

Quanto à efetividade das TCs, nove estudos as apontaram como uma alternativa efetiva para o controle de STUI na população masculina1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...

24. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...

25. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...

26. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...

27. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...

28. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...

29. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
-3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. Destaca-se a fitoterapia, apontada como uma das TCs de maior uso pela população geral1616. Balneaves LG, Watling CZ, Hayward EN, Ross B, Taylor-Brown J, Porcino A, et al. Addressing Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Individuals with Cancer: An Integrative Review and Clinical Practice Guideline. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022 Jan 11;114(1):25-37. doi: http://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab048. PMID: 33769512
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab048...
,3636. Boing AC, Santiago PHR, Tesser CD, Furlan IL, Bertoldi AD, Boing AF. Prevalence and associated factors with integrative and complementary practices use in Brazil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019;37:1-5. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.07.0...
. A fitoterapia baseia-se no uso das plantas medicinais para o tratamento de determinados sintomas, sendo uma prática bastante reconhecida e difundida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde3737. Falzon CC, Balabanova A. Phytotherapy: An introduction to herbal medicine. Prim Care. 2017;44(2):217-27. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2017.02.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2017.02.00...
. Nesta revisão foram analisados os fitoterápicos S. palmetto1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
-2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
, G. lucidum2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
e cranberry2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
.

Dentre os quatro estudos que avaliaram a efetividade do S. palmetto1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
-2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
, metade1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
concluiu que esse fitoterápico na dosagem de 320 mg diários foi efetivo no controle dos STUI em homens. Ambos os estudos apontaram uma redução estatisticamente significativa dos escores I-PSS no grupo intervenção quando comparado ao grupo placebo1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
. Um deles2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
mostrou que o S. palmetto também foi capaz de melhorar a Qmax, corroborando com outros estudos que também apontam melhora da Qmax, além da redução da noctúria1212. Novara G, Giannarini G, Alcaraz A, Cózar-Omo JM, Descazeaud A, Montorsi F, et al. Efficacy and safety of hexanic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Urol Focus. 2016;2(5):553-61. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.04.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.04.00...
,3838. Vela-Navarrete R, Alcaraz A, Rodríguez-Antolín A, López BM, Fernández-Gómez JM, Angulo JC, et al. Efficacy and safety of a hexanic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon(r)) for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH): systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BJU Int. 2018;122(6):1049-65. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14362
https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14362...
.

O S. palmetto, nome científico Serenoa repens, é um fitoterápico da família das palmeiras que devido às suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias e anti-androgênicas tem sido comumente utilizado para o controle de STUI, especialmente aqueles associados à HPB3939. Latil A, Pétrissans MT, Rouquet J, Robert G, Taille A. Effects of hexanic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon(r) 160 mg) on inflammation biomarkers in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate. 2015;75(16):1857-67. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23059
https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23059...
-4040. Gravas S, Samarinas M, Zacharouli K, Karatzas A, Tzortzis V, Koukoulis G, et al. The effect of hexanic extract of Serenoa repens on prostatic inflammation: results from a randomized biopsy study. World J Urol. 2019;37(3):539-44. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2409-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2409-...
. Apesar de evidências favoráveis à sua utilização, sua aplicabilidade e efetividade na prática clínica ainda são questionadas1515. Russo GI, Scandura C, Mauro M, Cacciamani G, Albersen M, Hatzichristodoulou G, et al. Clinical efficacy of Serenoa repens versus placebo versus alpha-blockers for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic enlargement: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Eur Urol Focus. 2021;7(2):420-31. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.01.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.01.00...
. Em parte, a grande variabilidade na concentração e biodisponibilidade dos componentes, a depender do laboratório responsável pela produção do extrato, podem justificar a dificuldade em definir sua efetividade4141. Giammarioli S, Boniglia C, Stasio L, Gargiulo R, Mosca M, Carratu B. Phytosterols in supplements containing Serenoa repens: an example of variability of active principles in commercial plant-based products. Nat Prod Res. 2019;33(15):2257-61. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1490910
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.14...
. Além disso, a ausência de padronização das concentrações dificulta o estabelecimento de comparações entre os ensaios clínicos4242. Gorne RC, Wegener T, Kelber O, Feistel B, Reichling J. Randomized double-blind controlled clinical trials with herbal preparations of Serenoa repens fruits in treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: an overview. Wien Med Wochenshr. 2017;167(7-8):177-82. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0526-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0526-...
.

Em relação a dois estudos que não constataram efetividade do fitoterápico S. palmetto, variáveis como o tipo de extrato2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
e a dosagem administrada2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
podem justificar os resultados obtidos. Existe mais de um tipo de extrato de S. palmetto, sendo que as formas de extração etanólico e hexânico apresentam maior efetividade clínica do composto4242. Gorne RC, Wegener T, Kelber O, Feistel B, Reichling J. Randomized double-blind controlled clinical trials with herbal preparations of Serenoa repens fruits in treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: an overview. Wien Med Wochenshr. 2017;167(7-8):177-82. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0526-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0526-...
. Nesse contexto, enfatiza-se que em um dos estudos2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
adotou-se o extrato do tipo dióxido de carbono cuja efetividade é inferior4242. Gorne RC, Wegener T, Kelber O, Feistel B, Reichling J. Randomized double-blind controlled clinical trials with herbal preparations of Serenoa repens fruits in treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: an overview. Wien Med Wochenshr. 2017;167(7-8):177-82. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0526-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0526-...
. Nenhum dos outros estudos especificou o tipo de extrato de S. palmetto avaliado1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
.

Quanto à dosagem do fitoterápico S. palmetto, um dos estudos incluídos2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
concluiu que o S. palmetto não foi superior ao placebo. Esse ensaio clínico2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
avaliou a efetividade do S. palmetto em doses escalonadas de 320 mg, 640 mg e 960 mg diários, ou seja, considerou o dobro e o triplo da dose empregada nos outros estudos1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
. Desta forma, ao considerar a discrepância entre as dosagens estabelecidas sugere-se ressalvas para a interpretação dos resultados e a relevância de estudos futuros.

O G. lucidum, fitoterápico de escolha em outros dois estudos desta revisão2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
, consiste em um tipo de cogumelo muito conhecido em países asiáticos, cujos componentes bioativos de destaque são os triterpenos e os polissacarídeos4343. Qu L, Li S, Zhou Y, Chen J, Qin X, et al. Anticancer effect of triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum in human prostate cancer cell. Oncol Lett. 2017;14(6):7467-72. doi: http://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7153
https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7153...
-4444. Cor D, Knez Z, Hrncic MK. Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: a review. Molecules. 2018;23(3):649. doi: http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030649
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2303064...
. Apesar dos mecanismos que justificam seu efeito antitumoral, antioxidante e antibacteriano não serem completamente elucidados4444. Cor D, Knez Z, Hrncic MK. Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: a review. Molecules. 2018;23(3):649. doi: http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030649
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2303064...
, ressalta-se os resultados satisfatórios apresentados pelos estudos incluídos2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
em que houve melhora significativa nos escores I-PSS no grupo intervenção. Dessa forma, as evidências2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
sugerem a efetividade do G. lucidum, na dosagem de 6 mg diários, para o controle de STUI em homens.

Esta revisão contempla ainda dois estudos2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
que analisaram o cranberry, nome científico Vaccinium spp., fruta muito consumida nos países da América do Norte para controle de infecções do trato urinário inferior4545. Shaheen G, Akram M, Jabeen F, Shah SMA, Munir N, Daniyal M, et al. Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants for the management of urinary tract infections: a systematic review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2019;46(7):613-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13092
https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13092...
. O pó de cranberry analisado em ambos os estudos foi fornecido pelo mesmo laboratório, o que favorece a comparação dos resultados. Na dosagem de 250 mg2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
e de 1500 mg diário2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
esse fitoterápico reduziu significativamente o escore I-PSS no grupo intervenção2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
-2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
. No entanto, ao considerar a avaliação urodinâmica, resultados mais efetivos foram melhores em dosagens mais elevadas, por exemplo, de 1500 mg diários2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
. Sugere-se que o ácido siálico encontrado no extrato de cranberry possui efeito anti-inflamatório e analgésico, especialmente pela capacidade de diminuir a adesão de microrganismos na parede da bexiga4545. Shaheen G, Akram M, Jabeen F, Shah SMA, Munir N, Daniyal M, et al. Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants for the management of urinary tract infections: a systematic review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2019;46(7):613-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13092
https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13092...
.

A eletroacupuntura foi outra TC avaliada em quatro ensaios clínicos desta revisão2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
-3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. Os efeitos terapêuticos da acupuntura são obtidos a partir da ativação do fluxo de energia ou Qi, por meio da inserção de agulhas em determinados PtA com o objetivo de restaurar o equilíbrio homeostático4646. Liu BP, Wang YT, Chen S. Effect of acupuncture on clinical symptoms and laboratory indicators for chronic prostatitis/ chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(12):1977-91. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-016-1403-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-016-1403-...
. Neste contexto, a eletroacupuntura representa uma variação da acupuntura em que uma corrente elétrica é aplicada às agulhas buscando acentuar e potencializar os efeitos terapêuticos4747. Chen ZX, Li Y, Zhang XG, Chen S, Yang WT, Zheng XW, et al. Sham eletroacupuncture methods in randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2017;7(40837). doi: http://doi.org/10.1038/srep40837
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40837...
. O fluxo da corrente elétrica através de um meio condutor biológico desencadeia efeitos fisiológicos, envolvendo fenômenos eletroquímicos, eletrofísicos e eletrotérmicos. Dentre os parâmetros físicos mais relevantes e estudados na eletroacupuntura, destaca-se a frequência estimulatória, em especial, suas relações com a liberação de opioides endógenos em processos analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios4848. Yamamoto H, Kawada T, Kamiya A, Miyazaki S, Sugimachi M. Involvement of the mechanoreceptors in the sensory mechanisms of manual and electrical acupuncture. Auton Neurosci. 2011 Feb 24;160(1-2):27-31. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2010.11.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2010.11...
.

Quanto ao cegamento, os métodos de eletroacupuntura placebo empregados nos estudos incluídos foram: uso de pontos não associados aos PtA2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
, profundidade mais superficial3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
e ausência de eletroestimulação2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. Devido à dificuldade de cegamento dos estudos clínicos nessa área4747. Chen ZX, Li Y, Zhang XG, Chen S, Yang WT, Zheng XW, et al. Sham eletroacupuncture methods in randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2017;7(40837). doi: http://doi.org/10.1038/srep40837
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40837...
, acredita-se que este fato possa justificar o desenho uni cego dos quatro estudos que avaliaram o efeito desta terapia2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
-3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
.

Quanto aos PtA utilizados na eletroacupuntura, a maioria incluiu pelo menos um ponto referente ao meridiano da bexiga2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
, com destaque para o PtA B32 (Ciliao)2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
. Estudos recentes identificaram resultados significativos para o tratamento de sintomas da HPB em homens4949. Yuan H, Wei N, Li Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Ong WL, et al. Effect of depth of electroacupuncture on the IPSS of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019(1439141). doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1439141
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1439141...
e de sintomas de bexiga hiperativa (BH) em ratos a partir da estimulação do PtA B325050. Feng QF, Zhang AD, Xing M, Wang X, Ming SR, Chen YI. Electroacupuncture alleviates bladder overactivity via inhabiting bladder P2X3 receptor. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020(4080891). doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4080891
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4080891...
. Sabe-se que o PtA B32 é um dos quatro pontos localizados nos quatro forames sacrais, sendo considerado o mais importante por possuir indicações amplas (disfunções miccionais, dismenorreia, dor lombar e ciática e infertilidade) e ser um dos pontos que produz maior efeito tonificante do Rim e Essência5151. Maciocia G. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Roca; 2017..

Apenas um estudo incluído nesta revisão optou por utilizar PtA de outros meridianos que não condizem ao da bexiga3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
, sendo estes: baço pâncreas (BP6 - Sanyinjiao), estômago (E36 - Zusanli) e vaso concepção (VC3 - Zhongji; VC4 - Guanyuan). Estudo conduzido em ratos com bexiga hiperativa evidenciou que o ponto B33 (Zhongliao) apresentou efeito superior aos pontos BP6 (Sanyinjiao) e B40 (Weizhong) no que diz respeito ao aumento do intervalo entre as contrações5252. Yang L, Wang Y, Mo Q, Liu Z. A comparative study of electroacupuncture at Zhongliao (BL33) and other acupoints for overactive bladder symptoms. Front Med. 2017;11(1):129-36. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-016-0491-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-016-0491-...
. Portanto, sugere-se que este fato possa justificar o predomínio de protocolos que adotem PtA associados ao meridiano da bexiga em comparação aos demais.

Quanto à heterogeneidade dos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos pelos estudos, dentre os ensaios clínicos de fitoterapia, três consideraram escores I-PSS ou AUASI maiores que oito para a inclusão dos participantes1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
,2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
, dois definiram uma pontuação máxima de 19 no escore I-PSS2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
, um definiu um limite máximo de 24 pontos no escore AUASI2222. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...
e outro estudo considerou uma pontuação mínima de cinco no escore I-PSS2323. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
. Apenas um estudo2727. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1181-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002059
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000205...
não considerou a pontuação em questionários de avaliação dos STUI para definir a amostra.

Ademais, dois ensaios clínicos de fitoterapia utilizaram o escore AUASI e I-PSS para definir o diagnóstico de HPB entre seus participantes2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...
,2626. Ye Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang Z, Ma L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extract among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in China: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 2019;129:172-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.0...
e a maioria considerou a participação apenas de homens sem histórico cirúrgico da próstata1919. Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, Johnson BC, Burstein JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Saw Palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptom. Urology. 2001;58(6):960-3. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01442-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01...
,2121. Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, et al. Saw Palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Eng J Med. 2006;354(6):557-66. doi: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053085...

22. Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1344-51. doi: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1364...

23. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Kurita Y, Kukihara H, Konishi K, et al. Effect of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-raging study. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(4):651-8. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
-2424. Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian J Androl. 2008;10(5):777-85. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00361.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008...
,2828. Vidlar A, Student V, Vostalova J, Fromentin E, Roller M, Simanek V, et al. Cranberry fruit powder (Flowens(tm)) improves lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Urol. 2016;34(3):419-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1611-...
. Esta heterogeneidade para definição da causa base e da gravidade dos STUI pode influenciar na avaliação da efetividade das intervenções, visto que não está definido na literatura qual a influência da gravidade dos STUI na resposta às TCs.

Da mesma forma, os participantes dos ensaios clínicos de eletroacupuntura apresentaram características distintas de seleção. Três estudos consideraram homens com escores I-PSS acima de oito pontos2020. Johnstone PA, Bloom TL, Niemtzow RC, Crain D, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of acupuncture of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian for lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol. 2003;169(3):1037-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925.03113.ab
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000044925...
,2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
,3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
e um estudo não considerou nenhum escore para definição da amostra2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
. Em relação à causa de base para os STUI, dois estudos incluíram na amostra homens com HPB, sendo que um estudo definiu o diagnóstico com base no escore I-PSS2525. Wang Y, Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture for Moderate and Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59449. doi: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059449
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
e outro fez o diagnóstico a partir de um ultrassom transretal3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
. Além disso, um dos estudos de eletroacupuntura incluiu homens que já foram submetidos à ressecção transuretral da próstata2929. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):58-62. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105
https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10105...
, enquanto outro estudo3030. Yu JS, Shen KH, Chen WC, Her JS, Hsieh CL. Effects of electroacupuncture on benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:303198. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/303198...
teve uma amostra apenas com homens sem histórico cirúrgico da próstata.

Outro fato relevante refere-se à diferença do tempo de seguimento nos estudos, que variou entre dois e 18 meses para fitoterapia e um a três meses para eletroacupuntura. Um dos grandes desafios na realização de estudos clínicos que avaliam a efetividade das TC baseia-se na dificuldade em estabelecer protocolos fixos de tratamento. Sabe-se que este é um método que se contrapõe aos preceitos básicos da grande maioria das TC. Contudo, há de se considerar que a padronização quanto ao tempo de seguimento ideal a partir de estudos clínicos pode favorecer a replicabilidade dos protocolos e alcance dos mesmos resultados em futuras investigações.

Quanto às perspectivas de inclusão dessas terapias na assistência de enfermagem, sabe-se que a Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem (NIC) contempla as intervenções “fitoterapia” (2420) e “estimulação cutânea” (1340)5353. Butcher HK, Bulechek GM, Dochterman JM, Wagner CM. Nursing Intervention Classification. 7. ed. Maryland Heights (MO): Elsevier; 2018.. Os enfermeiros são profissionais de destaque na implementação e utilização de diversas TCs, uma vez que os princípios de sua formação são semelhantes aos paradigmas das racionalidades médicas que envolvem a medicina integrativa. Contudo, ainda é reduzido o contingente desses profissionais que atuam com essas terapias ou que possuem conhecimento para prescrever e encaminhar os usuários para esse tipo de atendimento. Destaca-se um movimento, ainda que incipiente, de enfermeiros que buscam cursos de especialização nesta área, o que contribui para a disseminação dessas terapias à comunidade e, consequente, com o aperfeiçoamento do cuidado de enfermagem5454. Azevedo C, Moura CC, Corrêa HP, Mata LRF, Chaves ECL, Chianca TCM. Complementary and integrative therapies in the scope of nursing: legal aspects and academic assistance panorama. Esc Anna Nery. 2019;23(2):e20180389. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2018-0389
https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-20...
.

Destaca-se como limitação da presente revisão a seleção de estudos do tipo ensaio clínico. Dessa forma, sugere-se a ampliação futura considerando diferentes desenhos metodológicos. Outra limitação pautou-se nas evidências identificadas e que não puderam ser incluídas devido ao efeito de as TCs estarem associadas a outros tratamentos convencionais como medicamentosos ou cirúrgicos. Como resultado, as evidências apresentadas devem ser consideradas preliminares, geradoras de hipóteses e um recurso para orientar pesquisas futuras com base nas lacunas de conhecimento identificadas.

Conclusão

A presente revisão sistemática identificou e avaliou doze ensaios clínicos que analisaram a efetividade de TCs para o controle dos STUI em homens. A maioria desses estudos avaliou a fitoterapia, que foi apontada como uma alternativa efetiva em seis dos oito ensaios clínicos, uma vez que reduziu a frequência de STUI a partir da redução dos escores I-PSS e parâmetros da urodinâmica. Ressaltamos ainda que, dentre os estudos de fitoterapia, predominaram aqueles classificados como baixo risco de viés. Dessa forma, ao considerar a efetividade apontada por metade dos estudos e a boa qualidade metodológica deles, sustenta-se a indicação da fitoterapia para o controle dos STUI em homens.

No que diz respeito à eletroacupuntura, apesar dos resultados promissores, sugere-se o desenvolvimento de pesquisas mais robustas e com metodologias de maior nível de evidência, visto que apenas um dos ensaios clínicos foi classificado como baixo risco de viés. Sabe-se que este fato pode impactar na veracidade da efetividade da terapia implementada.

No contexto dos STUI o não tratamento dos casos leves ou tratamento convencional a base de medicamentos e cirurgias para casos refratários ainda são alternativas predominantes. No entanto, considerando os possíveis efeitos das TCs, especialmente no que diz respeito ao controle de STUI, torna-se fundamental a realização de futuras investigações que possam gerar recomendações mais consistentes. De forma geral, sabe-se que as TCs são minimamente invasivas, o que implica em menor risco de sequelas, quando comparadas aos procedimentos cirúrgicos, além de terem poucos relatos de eventos adversos, ao contrário dos medicamentos.

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  • Apoio financeiro

    Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), processo nº 429958/2018-8 e da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), processo APQ 01034-21, Brasil.

Editado por

Editora Associada

Maria Lúcia Zanetti

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    15 Jul 2022
  • Data do Fascículo
    2022

Histórico

  • Recebido
    10 Dez 2021
  • Aceito
    26 Fev 2022
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