Performance of pepper cultivars, for fresh market, based on fruit traits

Desempenho de cultivares de pimenta, baseado em caracteres de frutos, para consumo in natura

ABSTRACT

Different studies report that pepper fruit cuticle and pericarp thickness vary among marked cultivars and these variations likely influence many fruit quality traits, especially water loss rates. Thus, the objectives of this work was to evaluate the fresh market performance of pepper cultivars based on fruit traits, and indicate the cultivars of Capsicum spp. with less probability of post harvest water loss. Pepper fruits, belonging to C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. baccatum species, were collected in an experimental area at Bonfim’s settlement, Alagoinha, Paraíba, Brazil. After harvest, fruits were taken to the laboratory of biotechnology at Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Fruits were characterized according to pericarp thickness, fruit weight, and fruit length, larger and smaller fruit diameter. The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments and four repetitions. Analysis of variance, mean test, heritability, and ratio of coefficient of genetic variation by coefficient of environmental variation, genotypic and environmental correlation, and Tocher’s grouping method were performed. The cultivar habanero vermelha had better performance for fruit weight and larger and smaller fruit diameter. On the other hand ‘dedo de moça’ presented the longest fruits and major pericarp thickness. These two cultivars also belonged to different groups based on Tocher’s method. The genetic correlation between pericarp thickness and fruit weight was high (0.70) and highly significant. Fruit wall thickness also presented highly significant genotypic correlation with larger fruit diameter (0.93) and small fruit diameter. (0.93). Those finds indicate that indirect selection for pericarp thickness could be done based on larger fruit diameter. These correlations are trustworthy and important due to the high heritability values presented for these traits. Some authors suggest selecting fruits with higher cuticle thickness and fruit width values due to lower water loss. Thus, we suggest that small farmers cultivate ‘habanero vermelha’ and ‘dedo de moça’ in order to produce fruits with extended shelf life.

Keywords:
Capsicum spp.; water loss; heritability; variability

RESUMO

Diferentes estudos relatam que a cutícula e a espessura do pericarpo variam entre cultivares de pimenta e que estes atributos podem interferir em vários aspectos da qualidade do fruto e, em especial, na perda de água pós-colheita. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes cultivares de pimenteiras baseado em características de frutos e indicar possíveis cultivares com menor perda de água pós colheita. Frutos pertencentes às espécies C. chinense, C. frutescens e, C. baccatum foram coletados em campo experimental instalado no assentamento Bonfim, Município de Alagoinha, Paraíba, Brasil. Após a coleta, os frutos foram levados ao Laboratório no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Os frutos foram caracterizados quanto a espessura do pericarpo, peso dos frutos, comprimento do fruto, maior e menor diâmetro do fruto. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Realizou-se análise de variância, teste de média, herdabilidade, razão coeficiente de variação genética pelo coeficiente de variação ambiental e agrupamento de Tocher. A cultivar habanero vermelha apresentou os maiores valores para peso do fruto e de maior e menor diâmetro do fruto. Por outro lado, a cultivar ‘dedo de moça’ apresentou os frutos mais longos. Estas duas cultivares foram agrupadas em diferentes grupos, de acordo com o método de Tocher. A correlação genotípica entre a espessura do pericarpo e peso do fruto foi altamente significativa (0,70). A espessura do pericarpo apresentou alta correlação com maior diâmetro do fruto (0,93) e menor diâmetro do fruto (0,93), ambas altamente significativas. Estes valores de correlação são confiáveis, uma vez que estas características apresentaram alta herdabilidade. Estes valores indicam que é possível selecionar-se indiretamente para a espessura de pericarpo por meio da seleção de frutos mais largos. Alguns autores sugerem que frutos com cutícula mais espessa e frutos mais largos devem apresentar menor perda de água pós colheita. Desta forma sugerimos que pequenos produtores cultivem ‘habanero vermelha’ e ‘dedo de moça’, em ordem de obter frutos com maior vida de prateleira.

Palavras-chave:
Capsicum spp.; perda de água; herdabilidade; variabilidade

Pepper plants (Capsicum spp.) belong to the Solanaceae family (Pickersgill, 1997), Capsicum genus and englobe about 30 identified species. Five of these species (C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens) are domesticated (Stommel & Bosland, 2006). In Brazil four species occur: C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. baccatum, being the bell’s pepper (C. annuum) production the predominant one (Costa et al., 2015).

Peppers are vegetables consumed all over the world (Silva et al., 2015). Pepper fruits are important sources of natural antioxidants such as vitamin C, carotenoids and vitamin E (Santos et al., 2019). Pepper production’s scene looks promising due to the increase of these species’ consumption for food and ornamental purposes (Rêgo & Rêgo, 2018).

For food purposes the pepper market can be divided into two great groups: in natura, usually in small portions and also processed, which includes sauces, pickles, dehydrated flakes and powder as a food ingredient (Silva et al., 2015), being this market a segment with great potential for growth in all continents (Domenico et al., 2012). Pepper agribusiness has socioeconomical importance because it evolves from family agriculture (small farms) to small agroindustries (artesanal), medium and multinationals (Ulhoa et al., 2014).

Biometric fruit characterization has great importance and consists of the plant’s morphological aspects evaluation (Macedo et al., 2009), and is able to define post-harvest handling as well as the acceptance of the product by consumer’s market (Dutra et al., 2017).

Intense water loss appears to be the major factor limiting post-harvest longevity of pepper fruits and, therefore, hindering their distribution on the fresh market (Tafolla-Arellano et al., 2018). Several studies report that pepper fruit’s cuticle and pericarp thickness vary among marked cultivars and this variation likely influences many fruit quality traits, especially water loss rates (Banaras et al., 1994; Maalekuu et al., 2003; Rêgo et al., 2009; Ilic et al., 2014).

Few pepper genotypes have been studied about their cuticle/exocarp variability (Parsons et al., 2013), and most of those studies are about C. annuum species despite the high genetic variability of other Capsicum species (Sousa & Maluf, 2003; Rêgo et al., 2009).

The Genetic and Breeding Research Group of Center for Agricultural Sciences at the Federal University of Paraíba has developed projects together with small farmers in order to start fresh market pepper cultivars production in Paraíba State. Thus the objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of pepper cultivars based on fruit traits, and indicate the cultivars of Capsicum spp. with less probability of post harvest water loss.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Pepper fruits were collected in an experimental field of family farmers located on Bonfim’s settlement, county of Alagoinha (06º57’00”S, 35º32’42”W), Paraíba, Brazil. After harvest, fruits were taken to the Biotechnology and Plant Breeding Laboratory of Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA) of Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). Plant material was derived from eight pepper cultivars of the species C. chinense (‘habanero amarela’, ‘habanero vermelha’, ‘pimenta de cheiro amarela’, ‘biquinho vermelha’, and ‘cabeça roxa’), C. frutescens (‘tabasco’ and ‘malagueta’) and C. baccatum (‘dedo de moça’).

Fruits were characterized according to pericarp thickness, fruit weight, fruit length, larger and smaller fruit diameter. The fruit dimensions measurements were obtained with a digital pachymeter (digital pachymeter Leetools^®). In order to obtain weight a digital scale was utilized (Bel engineering^®). The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments (cultivars) and four repetitions. Each repetition was measured based on the means of five fruits.

Analysis of variance was performed with subsequent grouping of the means by Scott Knott’s test (p≤0.01). The heritability and the ratio of coefficients of genetic variation by coefficient of environmental variation (CVe) were estimated according to Cruz et al. (2012):

$h^2=\frac{{\sigma }_g^2}{{\sigma }^2}$ (1)

Where h² is heritability, σ²g is genotypic variance, and σ² is the environmental variance.

${CV}_g=\left(\frac{\sqrt{{\sigma }_g^2}}{m}\right)\times 100$ (2)

Where CV_g is the coefficient of genetic variation, σ²g is the genotypic variance, and m is the mean of the trait.

${CV}_e=\left(\frac{\sqrt{{\sigma }^2}}{m}\right)\times 100$ (3)

Where CVe is the coefficient of environmental variation, σ² is the environmental variance, and m is the mean of the trait.

The correlations were tested with the Student’s t-test (p≤0.01). Tocher’s method (Rao, 1952) based on Mahalanobis’ generalized distance was used to analyze genetic divergence among cultivars. All analyses were performed using Genes software (Cruz, 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Significant differences were observed (p≤0.01) among pepper cultivars for all traits, showing variability between treatments.

Coefficient of variation values ranged from 7.175 to 18.649% for the traits fruit length and pericarp thickness, respectively. This variation may be associated to the species in this study and with an existing variability on the evaluated traits. According to Silva et al. (2011), the coefficient of variation in pepper plants for average fruit weight, larger and smaller fruit diameter and pericarp thickness showed amplitude depending on the traits and species studied. This may also be associated with other aspects, such as number of repetitions.

All evaluated traits presented high heritability estimates (h²), with values superior to 90%, pericarp thickness (90.16%), fruit weight (98.14%), fruit length (98.82%), larger fruit diameter (96.82%) and smaller fruit diameter (99.29%). When the heritability shows values close to or equal to 100% it is an indication that the given trait is controlled by gene action and therefore being recommended cultivar selection based on these phenotypes in order to achieve genetic gain in the next generations (Leite et al., 2016). Pessoa et al. (2018) also recommend genotype selection based on pepper fruit traits with high heritability values. CVg/CVe ratio values were superior to 1 for all evaluated traits, pericarp thickness (1.74), fruit weight (4.19), fruit length (5.30), larger fruit diameter (3.18) and smaller fruit diameter (6.87). When these values are superior to 1 it is an indication that genetic variation is higher than environmental variation and that there are possibilities of genetic gain with selection (Cruz et al., 2012). The accumulation of knowledge about these parameters may allow the establishment of more effective breeding strategies aiming to develop superior cultivars (Alves et al., 2006), based on the selection’s goal. Thus, selecting cultivars based on traits with high heritability and high CVg/CVe ratio, close to or superior to 1 will provide genetic gain with selection.

Cultivars were grouped by Scott Knott’s test at 1% in distinct classes (Table 1). The traits fruit weight and larger fruit diameter formed five classes and presented the highest variation among cultivars for these traits. This information makes it possible to indicate pepper cultivars for commercialization.

Table 1
Mean values for biometric fruit traits in pepper cultivars (Capsicum spp.). Areia, UFPB, 2020.

Cultivars	PT (cm)	FW (g)	FL (cm)	LFD (cm)	SFD (cm)
Habanero amarela	0.23a	8.00a	3.09c	2.30b	2.22a
Habanero vermelha	0.17b	7.92a	3.02c	2.76a	2.31a
Pimenta de cheiro amarela	0.18b	3.75c	3.45c	1.56c	1.11b
Tabasco	0.16b	2.19d	4.44b	1.09d	0.48d
Biquinho vermelha	0.18b	1.43d	2.00d	1.40c	0.39d
Cabeça roxa	0.15b	1.97d	2.31d	1.43c	0.79c
Dedo de moça	0.22a	5.33b	5.41a	1.52c	0.83c
Malagueta	0.11c	0.52e	1.88d	0.72e	0.36d

• PT= pericarp thickness; FW= fruit weight; FL= fruit length; LFD=larger fruit diameter; SFD= smaller fruit diameter.

Based on pericarp thickness, the cultivars were divided into three classes with the highest mean values for ‘habanero amarela’ and ‘dedo de moça’ 0.23 and 0.22 cm, respectively (Table 1). The smallest value for this trait (0.11 cm) was observed for ‘malagueta’. The remaining cultivars presented similar behavior for this trait. This trait is related to pepper plant’s commercialization (Heinrich et al., 2015) because it influences the increase in fruit firmness, and firmer fruits with thick pericarp, are more resistant to injuries during post-harvest handling (Ferrão et al., 2011) such as water loss (Parsons et al., 2013; Ilic et al., 2014). According to Cruz et al. (2019), pepper fruits with pericarp thickness mean values superior to 0.16 cm are recommended for in natura commercialization.

Habanero peppers presented larger and heavier fruits. According to Finger et al. (2012), fruits with these characteristics are for both, processed sauce and fresh fruit market. On the other hand, ‘malagueta’ presented the smallest mean values for fruit weight (0.52 g) (Table 1). This cultivar is one of the most well-known and widely commercialized peppers, has conical fruits, erect, with very thin wall and soft pulp (Mengarda & Lopes, 2012). These species have high amount of capsaicinoids, substance that provides the typical spiciness of this species (Santos et al., 2019). Since this pepper’s processing is, in most cases, homemade, producers’ orientation and monitoring quality aspects of the product is a must in order to prevent losses by deterioration (Rebouças et al., 2013).

Regarding fruit length, cultivars were grouped into four distinct classes (Table 2), ‘dedo de moça’ peppers presented major values for this trait (5.41cm) and ‘malagueta’ was the smallest one (1.88 cm). ‘Dedo de moça’ is one of the most consumed peppers in Brazil, they have elongated fruits which measure approximately 6.0 cm. This cultivar is used for fresh market as well as for processing liquid sauces (Carvalho et al., 2009). The mean values of fruit length observed in this work are similar to the values reported by Chunthawodtiporn et al. (2018), not presenting variation within this species, and probably suffer less environments variation.

Table 2
Estimates of the phenotypic correlation coefficient (rP), genotypic correlation coefficient (rG) and environmental correlation coefficient (rE) for biometric fruit traits in pepper plants (Capsicum spp.). Areia, UFPB, 2020.

Variables		FW	FL	LFD	SFD
PT	rP	0.66ns	0.53ns	0.58ns	0.50ns
	rG	0.70**	0.57ns	0.62ns	0.54ns
	rE	-0.04ns	-.023ns	-0.03ns	-0.34ns
FW	rP		0.36ns	0.93**	0.93**
	rG		0.35ns	0.93**	0.93**
	rE		0.648ns	0.55**	0.18ns
FL	rP			0.08ns	0.05ns
	rG			0.07ns	0.05ns
	rE			0.21ns	0.01ns
LFD	rP				0.95**
	rG				0.95**
	rE				0.58**

• ⁿ
  ^sNon-significant; **significant at 1% by F test. PT= pericarp thickness; FW= fruit weight; FL= fruit length; LFD= larger fruit diameter; SFD= smaller fruit diameter.

The cultivar with the highest mean value for larger fruit diameter was ‘habanero vermelha’ (2.76 cm), and ‘malagueta’ presented the smallest one (0.726 cm) (Table 1). Fruit length, fruit diameter and pericarp thickness are valuable traits for pulp yield, adding economic value to these cultivars (Abud et al., 2018).

Among the three types of correlation (phenotypic, genotypic or environmental), the genotypic correlation is interesting for plant breeding given that it evolves a combination of hereditary nature (Nogueira et al., 2021).

The genotypic correlation (r_g) between pericarp thickness and fruit weight was high and highly significant (0.70) (Table 2). There is the possibility of indirect selection when the genotypic correlation between two traits is high. It is also critical to consider costs, infrastructure, complexity and time necessary to evaluate these traits (Leite et al., 2016; Freitas et al., 2021). Fruit weight also presented highly significant genotypic correlation with larger fruit diameter (0.93) and small fruit diameter (0.93). The larger and smaller fruit diameter was highly correlated (0.95). Rêgo et al. (2011) demonstrated that pericarp thickness had significant and positive correlation with larger and smaller fruit diameter; fruit weight and fruit dry matter. When the coefficient of correlation is close to 1, higher is the association between two variables (Miot, 2018). Those finds indicate that indirect selection for pericarp thickness could be done based on larger fruit diameter since it is easier to measure, and is not necessary to cut the fruit. These correlations are trustworthy and important due to the high heritability values presented for these traits, close to 1.

Four groups were formed by Tocher’s grouping method (Table 3). This group number based on the biometric fruit traits demonstrates large variability among the evaluated cultivars. Group I was constituted by three cultivars: (‘biquinho vermelha’, ‘malagueta’ and ‘cabeça roxa’). Group II (‘habanero amarela’, and ‘habanero vermelha’) and group III (‘tabasco’ and ‘dedo de moça’) were formed by two cultivars each. Group IV was formed by only one cultivar (‘pimenta de cheiro amarela’). Pessoa et al. (2019) emphasize that pepper cultivars belonging to distinct groups present fruits with diverse phenotypic characters. It is important to highlight that ‘habanero vermelha’ had better performance for fruit weight and larger and smaller fruit diameter. On the other hand ‘dedo de moça’ presented the longest fruits and major pericarp thickness. These two cultivars also belonged to different groups based on Tocher’s method. Some authors suggest that by selecting fruits with higher cuticle thickness and fruit width values we are indirectly selecting fruits with lower water loss (Ferrão et al., 2011; Parsons et al., 2013; Ilic et al., 2014). Thus, we suggest the small farmers to cultivate ‘habanero vermelha’ and ‘dedo de moça’ in order to have fruits with extended shelf life.

Table 3
Grouping of the eight pepper cultivars according to the quantitative fruit traits using Tocher’s method. Areia, UFPB, 2020.

Groups	Cultivars
I	biquinho vermelha, malagueta, cabeça roxa
II	habanero amarela, habanero vermelha
III	tabasco, dedo de moça
IV	pimenta de cheiro amarela

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Nov 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  11 May 2023
• Accepted
  15 Aug 2023