Resumo em Inglês:

I. This paper deals with an experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of sugar cane upper end on the composition of the stalks and juice of sugar cane harvest as a raw material for the sugar industry. The variety studied was CB 41-76. The data were collected from plant cane at intervals of a two weeks, always from the same field, from a small central area of 3.000 square meters approximately, 60 stalks were cut in each occasion, randomly chosen from the whole area. They were afterwards separated into three groups of 20 stalks one for each of the treatments, namely: a) Complete stalk, with no leaves or sheaths. b) Stalks harvested by the technique of REYNOSO, that is, as usually done in practice. c) Stalks with the tops completely cut out, that is, cut by the techinique of REYNOSO and then with 3 other top internodes eliminated. The treatments caused significant differences on the weight of cane and coefficient of purity of juice, but the percentual differences between the average treatments a and c is 13% and 2%, respectively. II. Treatment differences for cane pol, cane fibre, brix, juice pol, reducing sugars, juice ashes, glucose coefficient, saline coefficient and available sucrose (pol) per cent were not significant. III. Time of harvest was an important factor affecting the composition of the cane and the juice. This paper shows that there is no sound basis for the heavy fines applied some sugar mills to planters who do not cut low enough the tops of the cane stalks.

Resumo em Inglês:

During the oxidation of the substrate, both Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter have part of the energy made available as high energy phosphate, mamely ADP and ATP. This chemical energy is used to fix CO2. The nature of the reducing power is unknown at present. Active cells of Nitrobacter were shown to fix CO2 along the same pathway as found in higher plant photosynthesis. Sonic extracts of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter when incubated with NaH14CO3 and cofactors showed two ports of entry of CO2 into organic compounds one being, as expected, the carboxidismutase reaction. On protein basis an equivalent amount of CO2 was, however, incorporated via the oxaloacetic carboxylase reation. It is clear then that both micoorganisms possess typical autotrophic and heterotrophic mechanisms for the fixation of CO2 which is required for the primary synthesis of cell material.

Resumo em Português:

Trabalhando com amostras de águas de consumo e de irrigação, que haviam sido ou não purificadas e que foram coletadas em um estabelecimento de ensino de nível universitário e em sua vizinhança, pelo método da "American Public Health Association", usando-se geralmente apenas o teste presuntivo e a contagem total dos germes e raras vêzes os outros testes do método, assim como a pesquisa de patogênicos, verificou-se que das 29 amostras examinadas, 26 amostras exibiram presença de coliformes ou esporulados e sòmente 3 ausência dessas bactérias, o que dá uma porcentagem elevada de águas pouco seguras para a finalidade a que se destinam. O N.M.P. de coliformes para 100 ml da água das amostras, calculado por meio da tabela de Hoskins, apresentou uma variação entre zero e 2400.

Resumo em Inglês:

Working with 29 samples of surface and depth water, raw or treated, using the Standard Methods for Examination Water and Sewage of American Public Health Association was found that 26 samples show contamination by entero-bacteria (coli-aerogenes), or Clostridium. This proved that 82% of samples of water which were analysed were not safe for use as potables or for irrigation of vegetables.

Resumo em Inglês:

Leaf samples from coffee plants under three different fertilizations, namely NPK, NP and PK, were collected for chemical analysis. It was found that the contents of N, K, Ca, Mg and S in the first, second, third and fourth pair of leaves were the same from the statistical point of view. On the onder hand, there was a significant effect of the position of the leaf in the branch on the P content, which was higher in the first pair. With the exception of the P level ,the four pairs of leaves are chemically uniform. Nevertheless it is not considered as convenient to mix all kinds of leaves into one sample, since the composition may vary a great deal when sampling is done some other time, such as the period of fruit growing. It is recommended therefore that either the third or the fourth pair leaves should be collected for routine work in foliar diagnosis.

Resumo em Inglês:

In the present work it was sougth to correlate the coloration of the fruit of Ananas comosus variety Perola with the pulp quality, aiming at the orientation of the fruit grower to the correct time of harvest. Pineapple fruit was chosen in 5 stages of maturation recognized by its external characteristics, principally its color. The fruits of each stage of maturation were analysed, determining the. weight, the percentage of soluble solids, and relation of acid to soluble solids. At the same time a test was made classifying the fruits as acid, regular, good, excellent, and spoiled. A correlation was found between the external coloration of the fruit and the degree of maturation. Concluding from this that the best time to harvest the variety Perola is in the third stage in the regions closest to the market and in the second stage in the regions which are farther away. For the cannery industry the fruit should be harvest in the first stage.

Resumo em Inglês:

According previous studies about longevity in maize by ACCORSI e ADÂMOLI DE BARROS, (1961) the authors presents in this paper the results of work on longevity of seedlings of beans. Seeds were separated in three groups according their weight, as followings: small 80-120 mg; medium 130-140 mg and big 150-200 mg. The sowing of the seeds was made in pure sand and the seedlings were distributed in distil. water and in complete solution of Arnon and Hoagland. Each treatment was made in two replications with eight seedlings by treatment. At present time the following conclusions can be related: 1.°) - Eight days after germination, the cotiledones of all the seedlings started to fell down, fourteen days after, all cotiledones had fell down. 2.°) - Fifteen days after germination, the seedlings in nutritive solution showed better development than those in distil. water. Table I e II gives results. 3.°) - All seedlings in distil. water showed symptoms of N, Ca, Fe deficiencies. 4.°) - Twenty nine days after germination the seedlings in distil. water manifested exhaust trace, by falling of the leaves and death of some plants although the aplicai buds keep green. 5.°) - After thirty-one days the plants in nutritives solution was in better condition than those in distil. water, although some alteration aboved mentioned was observed. The causes of this alteration are being studied. 6.°) - In many plants in complet solution the seminal leaves showed clorosis initial and some with necrosis, although apical buds keeps in ativity. 7.°) - Symptoms of clorosis and necrosis in diferents stages were observed in all leaflet; these symptoms were more strong in the groups of little seed and medium seeds.

Resumo em Português:

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos na determinação do carbono por dois métodos diferentes em dez amostras de solo, cujo teor em C variava de 0,2-0,3% a 3,4-4,2%. Um dos métodos foi o baseado na combustão por via seca, a 550-600°C, associado à volumetria de gases. O outro método fundamentou-se na oxidação do carbono, com solução de dicromato a quente (banho-maria), titulando-se o excesso de oxidante por iodometria. Foram executadas cinco determinações em cada amostra de terra, pelos dois métodos estudados. Os dados obtidos evidenciaram que a precisão dos dois métodos foi similar. Entretanto, o método por via úmida forneceu sempre uma porcentagem de carbono inferior à obtida pelo método baseado na combustão por via seca. Assim, nas dez amostras estudadas, o método por via úmida forneceu de 68,8 a 93,4% do carbono determinado por combustão, por via seca. Finalmente, deve ser salientado que o método de combustão por via seca, associado com volumetria de gases, é muito mais rápido do que o por via úmida e determina todas as formas de carbono orgânico do solo.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper describes the date obtained in the determination of the soil carbon by two methods. The dry combustion method, measuring gasometrically the CO2 in a buret, and the wet oxidation method using chromic acid (from potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid) with subsequent estimation of the excess of chromic acid by titration with sodium thiosulfate (iodometry). Ten different soils samples of carbon content of 0.2 to 4.0% weve analysed by both methods and five determinations were made in each sample. The data obtained are presented in Table 1:The wet oxidation gave 68.8 to 93.4 per cent recovery of carbon as compared with the dry combustion method. The dry combustion method, measuring the CO2 gasometrically in a buret, is very rapid (about 5 minutes) and gives te total soil organic carbon.

Resumo em Português:

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da concentração de cobre e o estudo das quantidades absorvidas do elemento citado, pela cana de açúcar Co 419, crescendo em condições de campo na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras eram provenientes de 3 repetições, de um tratamento no qual as nlantas sofreram adu-bação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando as plantas de 6 a 15 meses de idade. O método utilizado na determinação do cobre, foi o do dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. A concentração de cobre apresentou um relativo decréscimo, com o aumento de idade da planta, variando os teores de cobre no colmo de 7,4 a 62,8 ppm e na folha de 10,0 a 30,0 ppm. Quanto a absorção do cobre, a planta apresentou um aumento proporcional a idade. A mesma absorveu maior quantidade no 14.° mês, 412,2 miligramas de cobre, por 4 touceiras.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper reports the determination of copper concentration and the study of its quantities taken up by the sugar cane Co 419, grown under field conditions in the region of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The samples came from a fertilization (NPK) experiment plot with three repetitions, and were cut monthly, from the 6th to the 15th month of age. The copper content was determined by the sodium diethyldithiocarbamate method. It can be seen, from the data obtained, that the copper level showed a relative decrease with the aging of the plant. The coper content varied from 7.4 to 62.8 ppm in the stalk and from 10 to 30 ppm in the leaves. The asorption of copper showed an increase proportional to the plant age. The highest uptake of copper occurred in the 14th month of age, when it was absorbed 412 miligrams of copper by 4 stools.

Resumo em Português:

Testes de 3 fungicidas-Vapam, PCNB e Cupravit - foram conduzidos em 2 tipos de substrato, visando controlar "damping-off" do cafeeiro. Os substratos se comportaram de maneira diferente quanto ao número de plantas sadias obtidas. Os fungicidas agiram de maneira diferente em diferentes substratos. No substrato A os fungicidas diferiram na sua ação protetora enquanto que no solo B, não. No resultado finai, alguns tratamentos se mostraram superiores que outros.

Resumo em Inglês:

Cocoa seedlings were grown in nutrient solution in order to find out the effects of the levels of N, P, K in the substrate on growth, symptoms and chemical composition of the leaves. A 3x3x3 factorial design was used. The following conclusions can be drawn. 5.1. Among the three elements under study, only nitrogen had a positive, significant effect on growth as measured by height and dry weight. 5.2. The level of a given elements in the leaves did increase when its level in the nutrient solution was raised. On the other hand the N content was positively affected by the concentration of P in the substrate. 5.3. A decrease in the N/P and K/P rations in the leaves was observed when the nutrient solutions had, res-respectively, absence of K and N and high level both of K and N. The N/K ratio increased with the level of P in the substrate. 5.4 A highly significant positive correlation was found between N content in the leaves and dry weight. This was not the case however, insofar P and K are considered - no correlation whatsoever was observed.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this paper the authors describe the results obtained from the determination of molybdenum in sugar cane plant, grown in soils and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The molybdenum was determined in samples cut monthly from the 8th to 14th month, from an experiment consisting of 6 plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized treatment received 40 kg N (ammonium sulfate) 100 kg P2O3, (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium chloride) per hectare, just before planting. Molybdenum was determined by thiocyanate-stannous chloride method, using carbon tetrachloride-butyl alcohol misture, for extrating the colored complex. The results obtained show a parallelism in the absorption of molybdenum by the plants of both treatments. The concentration of molybdenum in the stalks have a tendency to decrease, where as it kept more or less constant in leaves, with a exception in the 14° month when it rised probable because of a migration of molybdenum of the stalks to the leaves. The total amount molybdenum taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due its greater mass prodution.

Resumo em Inglês:

Eight root-knot nematode forms are known to occur in Brazil, namely Meloidogyne exigua, M. incognita, M. j. javanica, M. j. bauruensis, M. inornata, M. hapla, M. arenaria arenaria and M. coffeicola. After presenting a historical resume of the root-knot disease, as well as observations on symptoms, distribution and spread, and life history of the nematodes, a study of the morphological characters used in identification of species is made, a key for separating the forms referred to above being also prepared. As no information on host plants of the coffee root-knot nematode (M. exigua) was available, a few tests were performed, as an attempt to infect several plant species. Pepper (Capsicum annuun) was the only plant attacked by M. exigua, having failed all attempts to infect nine other plants, including tomato var. Rutgers. M. exigua incited formation of galls on roots of cucumber, but no adult female was found in the tissue. In a final chapter dealing with control, a review of all methods available is presented.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper describes the determination of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil by using ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, after the separation of the principals interferents (iron, aluminum, manganese and phosphate) by using both ammonium hidroxide and ammonium sulfide in only one operation. In order to compare the chelometric and the permanganometric methods for determining exchangeable calcium, five replications of nine soils were analysed by both methods. The accuracy of the determination of exchangeable magnesium in soil was evalueted by means of the recovered magnesium, when the proposed method was applied. The data obtained in both studies allowed to conclude that the technique proposed is good and the accuracy is satisfactory.

Resumo em Português:

Os autores fizeram levantamento do grau de resistência em variedades de caqui à Cercosporiose, e concluiram que há variação da resistência entre as principais variedades cultivadas no Estado de São Paulo. Em ensaios com pulverização fungicidas, Maneb (Dithne M-22) mostrou ser mais eficiente que a calda bordalêsa no contrôle da doença.

Resumo em Inglês:

The authors report a survey on the resistence of different variaties of Persimmon to Cercospora leaf-spot and they found variation of resistence to Cespospora among the most important varieties used in the State of São Paulo. In field tests, Maneb (Dithane M-22) showed to be more efficient in controling the disease tham Bordeaux Mixture, when used as spray.

Resumo em Português:

Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados da análise polínica de 11 amostras de mel e de polem coletados pelas abelhas Apis mellifera L., durante o período de março de 1960, no Apiário da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". Através dessa análise, pudemos comprovar e identificar como plantas nectaríferas e poliníferas as seguintes espécies: Eucalyptus sp., Dombeya sp., Agave sisalana, Vernonia sp., Montanoa bipinnatificada, Persea americana, Baccharis sp.. Citrus sp., e como plantas poliníferas as que seguem: Bidens piíosus, Cosmus sulphureus, Pirostegia venusta, Mel-linis minutiflora. Pudemos, assim, avaliar de modo indireto o período de florescimento das plantas apícolas nos arredores do apiário da Escola e comparar essa avaliação com as observações diretas de KERR & AMARAL (196°) sobre o período de florescimentos das plantas apícolas no planalto Paulista. Daí podermos afirmar ser a análise polínica dos méis e a análise dos polens coletados pelas abelhas um método prático de valor para estudos de fenologia das plantas apícolas. Poderemos assim aplicar a análise polínica em nossos futuros estudos sobre a fenologia das plantas apícolas em diferentes regiões do Estado de São Paulo.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this paper we present the results of pollen analysis of twelve sample of honey and twelve sample of pollen, colected by Apis mellifera L., during march to October of 1960 at Piracicaba, SP Brazil. Eleven species of nectariferous plants were identified by pollen analysis in honey and thirteen species of poliniferous plants were identified by pollen analysis of pollen collected by the bees. In this work I could evaluate the flowering period of honey plants around this area, using pollen analysis as a indirect method. We also compared this indirect evaluation with direct observation of flowering period of honey plants in São Paulo State, according to KERR and Amaral. Doing that we could point out that pollen analysis is a good method to use in our future studies of phenology of honey plants.

Resumo em Português:

Trabalhando com 20 amostras de água de superfície coletadas quase sempre dentro da área pertencente à ESALQ, usando a técnica usual e o método de Winkler e a modificação introduzida por Rideal-Stewart, o A. fêz 29 determinações, sendo 23 de oxigênio dissolvido (D. O.) e 6 de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (B. O. D.); zero e 7,6 p. p. m. foram os limites encontrados para o D. O. e zero e 1,4, os limites para o B. O. D. Quando a mesma amostra era usada para a determinação feita pelos dois métodos, observava-se que os valores eram sempre maiores com o método de Winkler, não modificado; isto foi atribuído à presença de nitritos, sais de ferro e matéria orgânica, em quantidade significativa, na água das amostras. Releva considerar que as amostras foram colhidas em região onde o solo é de natureza argilosa e rico de elementos ferrosos, conhecido localmente como terra roxa. Das 17 dosagens feitas pelo método de Winkler, 6 mostraram valores inferiores a 4 para o D. O., o que indica, considerado o Código Sanitário do Estado de São Paulo, cujo projeto foi apresentado por ANDRADE et al. (1957), que as águas onde as amostras foram retiradas, têm o seu uso vedado para fins potáveis, agrícolas ou recreacionais. Das 6 determinações de D. O. feitas pelo método de Winkler, modificado por Rideal-Stewart, apenas uma (água-filtrada, não clorada, da Estação de Tratamento), apresentou valor acima de 4 p. p. m., a qual poderia ser usada para o consumo, mas, assim mesmo, com desinfecção prévia e não após a filtração, como vem sendo realizado naquela estação. Os resultados obtidos para o B. O. D., aliás muito poucos, usando-se em 50% dos casos, água clorada que interfere no crescimento e multiplicação das bactérias porventura ali presentes, são já favoráveis ao uso das águas analisadas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Working, by WINKLER method for determination of D. O. of fresh water, collected at and next to Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", of Universidade de S. Paulo, the A. has found that of the 17 determinations, which were made, 6 showed numbers lower than limits established by Sanitary Code of Estado de São Paulo, Brazil, respecting dissolved oxygen (D. O.). This shows that tested waters are unsafe by use as potable. RIDEAL-STEWART modification was also used for the same samples, with results again more disfavorables for fresh water. Biochemical oxygen demand (B. O. D.) moreover was determinated in same samples.

Resumo em Português:

Neste trabalho são descritas várias experiências de combate à "saúva limão", também conhecida como "saúva comum" (Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908), formiga mais prejudicial à agricultura de São Paulo.

Resumo em Inglês:

The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to study the possibilities of eradicating hills of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908, which is the most important "saúva" ant (parasol ant) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiments were performed at Piracicaba, during the years 1960-1964. The following products were used in several projects: a) Nemagon (emulsifiable concentrate); b) aldrin (emulsifiable concentrate); c) "MM 33" (carbon bisulphide + methyl bromide); d) methyl bromide; e) carbon bisulphide; f) carbon bisulphide + phosphorus; g) aerosol of carbon bisulphide + heptachlor + chlordane; h) chlordane (emulsifiable concentrate); i) aldrin + fungicide (dust); j) dusts of heptachlor, chlordane, and aldrin, each plus a fungicide; and k) chlordane (dusts). The results obtained are seen in tables 1 to 13.

Resumo em Português:

Os autôres estudam o pulgão Cerosipha forbesi (Weed, 1889) (= Aphis forbesi), que vive sobre o morangueiro (Fragaria spp.), inseto provavelmente ainda não assinalado na literatura entomológica brasileira.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper deals with Cerosipha forbesi (Weed, 1889) (= Aphis forbesi) the strawberry root aphid, one of the noxious insects to the strawberry plant in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Resumo em Português:

São descritos, em minúcias, os afídeos Idiopterus brasiliensis Moreira, 1925 e Phorodon menthae (Buckton, 1876), da família Aphididae.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper deals with the aphids Idiopterus brasiliensis Moreira, 1925 and Phorodon menthae (Buckton, 1876). In the State of São Paulo, Brazil, the first lives on beans (Phaseolus spp.) and the second on Origanum majorana L.