| Authors (Year) Reference |
RESULTS |
| Relationships |
Prevalence |
OR/RR (CI95%) |
| He, Liu, Tian, Papasiano, Hu, Deng (2016)1414 He H, Liu Y, Tian Q, Papasian CJ, Hu T, Deng HW. Relationship of sarcopenia and body composition with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(2):473-82.
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Based on low appendicular skeletal muscle mass e relative to the definition of sarcopenia, the prevalence of sarcopenia in African American, Caucasian and Chinese subjects was 1.82, 3.87 and 1%, respectively. According to the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the prevalence of sarcopenia in African American, Caucasian and Chinese individuals is 1.40, 3.23 and 0.8%, respectively. |
Individuals with sarcopenia defined by relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass were twice as likely to have osteopenia/osteoporosis as normal individuals (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.61-2.60). Similarly, subjects with sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP were 1.87 times more likely to have osteopenia/osteoporosis than normal individuals (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.20). |
| Virgini, Rodondi, Cawthon, Harrison, Hoffman, Orwoll, Ensrud, Bauer (2015)1515 Virgini VS, Rodondi N, Cawthon PM, Harrison SL, Hoffman AR, Orwoll ES, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and frailty among older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(12):4524-32.
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The interaction between age and subclinical thyroid function was suggestive of significance in the criteria of exhaustion (p = 0.07) and slowness (p = 0.09). After five years of follow-up, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were not consistently associated with the general state of frailty or frailty components. |
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At the beginning of the study, men with subclinical hyperthyroidism presented greater risk of frailty (OR = 2.48, 95% CI, 1.15-5.34). Men with hyperthyroidism and aged <74 years had a higher risk of frailty and decreased strength. There was no increased risk for the separate frailty criteria. |
| Beaudart, Reginster, Petermans, Gillain, Quabron, Locquet, Slomian, Buckinx, Bruyère (2015)1616 Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Petermans J, Gillain S, Quabron A, Locquet M, et al. Quality of life and physical components linked to sarcopenia: The SarcoPhAge study. Exp Gerontol. 2015;69:103-10.
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In the comparison of sarcopenic individuals with non-sarcopenic individuals, there was a higher average regular use of medication (6.79 ± 3.14 versus 5.66 ± 3.50, p = 0.01), a higher number of comorbidities (5, (p = 0.01), kidney problems (p = 0.025) and dizziness (p = 0.018), a higher hospitalization rate (p <0.001) and a higher risk of malnutrition (p <0.001), lower cognitive capacity (p <0.001), worse physical quality of life in relation to health (p = 0.001), a higher risk of falls, were more frail, more frequently fatigued when performing daily activities, had a lower fat mass and lower lean mass (p <0.001). |
In the sarcopenic population, 34.2% of the individuals were also diagnosed as frail and 47.9% as pre-frail versus 12.6% and 47.9% respectively in the non-sarcopenic population (p = 0.03 and p = 0.81, respectively). |
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| Corona, Andrade, Duarte, Lebrao (2015)1717 Corona LP, Andrade FCD, Duarte YAO, Lebrao ML. The Relationship between anemia, hemoflobin concentration and frailty in Brazilian older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(9):935-40.
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The mean hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in the frail elderly (13.3 g / dL versus 14.3 g / dL in the non-frail elderly, p <0.001). |
The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher in the frail elderly than in the non-frail elderly (24.2% and 3.8%, p <0.001). |
In the fully adjusted regression models, anemia was strongly associated with frailty (OR = 3.27, 95% CI 1.89-5.65, p <0.001), and lower levels of hemoglobin were associated with a greater number of criteria of frailty. |
| Serra-Prat, Papiol, Monteis, Palomera, Cabré (2015)1818 Serra-Prat M, Papiol M, Monteis R, Palomera E, Cabré M. Relationship between Plasma Ghrelin Levels and Sarcopenia in elderly subjects: a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(6):669-72.
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In the elderly group, subjects with sarcopenia had significantly lower levels of ghrelin than those without sarcopenia (650 versus 899 pg mL-1, p = 0.036), but these differences vanished when stratifying by sex. Elderly subjects without sarcopenia had the same levels of ghrelin as young adults (899.3 vs. 899.6 pg mL-1. |
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| Sternberg, Levin, Dkaidek, Edelman, Resnick, Menczel (2014)1919 Sternberg SA, Levin R, Dkaidek S, Edelman S, Resnick T, Menczel J. Frailty and osteoporosis in older women: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(2):763-8.
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No correlation was found between Bone Mineral Density and frailty scales at baseline. An association was found between baseline frailty and osteoporosis during follow-up in subjects who did not present baseline osteoporosis (p = 0.0459). |
After one year, 63.9% of the females who had frailty at baseline had lower bone mineral density of the hips (p = 0.0393) and the spine (p = 0.0069) than women who were not frail at baseline. |
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| Chen, Yang, Chan, Lee, Lu, Huang (2014)2020 Chen YL, Yang KC, Chang HH, Lee LT, Lu CW, Huang KC. Low serum selenium level is associated with low muscle mass in the community-dwelling elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(11):807-11.
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The mean serum selenium level was significantly lower in the group with low muscle mass than the normal group after adjusting for confounders (1.01 ± 0.03 μmol / L vs 1.14 ± 0.02 μmol / L, p <0.001). |
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Participants with serum selenium in the lowest quartile had a 4.62-fold higher risk of having low muscle mass than those in the highest quartile (OR= 4.62; CI 95% 2.11-10.10; p <0.001). |
| Silva, Duarte, Santos, Wong, Lebrão (2014)2121 Silva AT, Duarte YA, Santos JL, Wong R, Lebrão ML. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among elderly in Brazil: findings from the SABE study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(3):284-90.
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Advanced age (p <0.01), cognitive impairment (p <0.014), lower income (p <0.036), malnutrition (p <0.001) and risk of malnutrition (p <0.001) were factors associated with sarcopenia. |
The prevalence of sarcopenia was 16.1% in women and 14.4% in men. |
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| Tieland, Brolsma, Rousseau, Loon, Groot (2013)2222 Tieland M, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Nienaber-Rousseau C, van Loon LJ, de Groot LC. Low vitamin D status is associated with reduced muscle mass and impaired physical performance in frail elderly people. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(10):1050-5.
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Serum status of 25 (OH) D was associated with lean appendicular mass (p = 0.05) and physical performance (p = 0.035) and showed a tendency for a positive association with lean leg mass (p = 0.08 ). Gait speed (4.8 vs 6.3 s, p = 0.01) and the ability to get up from a chair (13.6 vs 16.6 s, p = 0.02) were faster and balance scores (3.5 vs 2.8 points, p = 0.01) were higher among those with sufficient levels of 25 (OH) D than among subjects with insufficient levels. |
53% of the frail participants had a serum level of 25 (OH) D below 50 nmol/L. |
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| Landi, Jentoft, Liperoti, Russo, Giovannini, Tosato, Capoluongo, Bernabei, Onder (2013)2323 Landi F, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: results from ilSIRENTE study. Age Ageing. 2013;42(2):203-9.
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Compared with those without sarcopenia, those with a diagnosis of sarcopenia were more likely to have functional impairment (1.3 versus 0.5, p<0.001), lower body mass index (24.3 versus 26.7, p< 0.001), higher serum TNF-α level (2.4 versus 1.5 pg / ml, p= 0.01). |
During the seven-year follow-up period, 67.4% (29) of the participants with sarcopenia died, in comparison with 41.2% (63) of subjects without sarcopenia (p <0.001). |
Participants with sarcopenia had a higher risk of death than non-sarcopenic individuals, adjusted for age, gender, education, activities of daily living, body mass index, hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, number of diseases and level of TNF-α (RR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.01-5.43). |
| Arango-Lopera, Arroyo, Gutierrez-Robledo, Perez-Zepeda, Cesari (2013)2424 Arango-Lopera VE, Arroyo P, Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Perez-Zepeda MU, Cesari M. Mortality as an adverse outcome of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(3):259-62.
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Sarcopenia was present in a total of 116 (33.6%) individuals. During the three-year follow-up period, a total of 43 (12.4%) subjects died. The negative predictive value for sarcopenia in relation to mortality was 90%. |
Individuals who were diagnosed as sarcopenic were at greater risk of dying regardless of other known risk factors, such as Ischemic Heart Disease, Activities of Daily Living, Age or gender (RR= 2.39; CI 95% 1.05-5.43; p= 0.037) |
* Studies with no causal relationship with sarcopenia and frailty.