Two new species and new records of the genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from Pará state, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The genus Nectopsyche is widely recognized by its striking adults, with colored setae and scales, even metallic and/or iridescent. It is primarily distributed in the Neotropical region, with a few species found in the Nearctics. Nectopsyche has more than 100 described species, with 26 of them recorded in Brazil. In Pará state, one of the largest Brazilian’ states, only three species have been recorded. In contribution to the taxonomic knowledge about the Neotropical caddisflies, especially those of the Amazonian region, we propose two new species of Nectopsyche from Pará state based on male specimens: Nectopsyche tridentata n. sp. and Nectopsyche froehlichi n. sp. In addition, Nectopsyche acutiloba, Nectopsyche adusta, Nectopsyche jenseni, and Nectopsyche quatuorguttata are recorded for the first time in the state of Pará. Our results increase the number of Nectopsyche species recorded in Brazil to 28, and the number of recorded species in the state of Pará to eight.

Keywords:
Aquatic insects; Amazon rainforest; Insect diversity; Neotropical region; Taxonomy

Introduction

In the caddisfly family Leptoceridae (Insecta: Trichoptera), the genus NectopsycheMüller, 1879 has 105 described species (Bonfá Neto and Salles, 2023; Morse, 2023), and its distribution is restricted to the New World, with records ranging from Canada to South America, including the Greater Antilles and the Chilean sub-region (Flint, 1983; Holzenthal, 1995; Holzenthal and Calor, 2017). Adults of the genus are conspicuous, mostly characterized by their yellowish to brown bodies, but may also have colored setae and scales, often black, metallic, and iridescent (Holzenthal, 1995). Additionally, the adults may be diagnosed from the other leptocerid genera by the atrophied radial sector, M vein, and most of their branches on the hind wing (Haddock, 1977; Malm and Johanson, 2011).

The identification of the species within the genus is mostly based on the differences in the genital structures of the male, as well as the coloration pattern of the forewings (Flint, 1983; Holzenthal and Calor, 2017). Informal species groups are recognized in the genus by differences in color and genital characteristics, but these differences may be quite subtle (Holzenthal, 1995).

Most of the genus diversity occurs in the Neotropics, especially in the Brazilian tropical sub-region, the Andes, and the Amazon rainforest (Holzenthal, 1995). In Brazil, 26 species of Nectopsyche are recorded, seven of them in the Northern region (Calor and Santos, 2023), which includes most of the Amazon biome. However, this diversity may be underestimated since there are many species in collections waiting to be described, and probably more are to be discovered in nature (Holzenthal and Calor, 2017; Holzenthal and Rios-Touma, 2018; Morse, 2023). In this study, we present two new species of Nectopsyche and four new species records of the genus for the state of Pará, in the Amazon biome. Such information helps to reduce the knowledge gap about the biodiversity of Brazilian Trichoptera, leading to a better understanding of the caddisfly fauna in the Neotropics.

Material and methods

Study area

The sampled areas belong to three hydrographic basins of the Amazon biome in the state of Pará: the Caeté River, the Guamá River, and the Murucupi River (Figure 1). They are located in the northeastern region of the state (Figure 2), where temperatures range from 22° to 34°C and humidity ranges from 85% to 91% (Cordeiro et al., 2017). Dry and wet seasons are well-defined. The latter occurs from January to June, concentrating 80% of the annual rainfall volume (Martorano et al., 1993).

Figure 1
Some of the sampled sites in the state of Pará. A, Bragança (01°04'42.22”S, 46°44'14.58”W); B and C, Comunidade do Itabocal, São Domingos do Capim (01°46'39”S, 47°44'28”W).

Figure 2
Distribution map of the new species of Nectopsyche and the new species records in the state of Pará.

Specimens’ collection and preparation

Specimens were collected using two different light traps: a white sheet associated with light bulbs, which provided specimens pinned in entomological drawers, and pan light traps filled with 80% alcohol and associated with LED lamps (Calor and Mariano, 2012; Price and Baker, 2016), which provided specimens kept in alcohol.

For species identification, the male specimens’ genitalia and wings were carefully dissected and examined. Male genitalia clearing procedure was carried out using 85% Lactic Acid (Holzenthal and Andersen, 2004; Blahnik et al., 2007). Identifications were made using primary literature and morphological comparison with other specimens. The morphological terminology follows Holzenthal (1995). Type specimens are deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP), Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), and Museu de Historia Natural da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA).

Illustrations were made in a Leica DM2500 microscope with an attached drawing tube. These images were used as templates for digital image production using the software Adobe Illustrator® and Adobe® Photoshop®. Multifocus images were obtained in a Leica M205A stereomicroscope, using the Leica LAS Montage software.

Results

Nectopsyche tridentata, new species

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4AE59D07-0F6B-4DF7-90FE-83A6F0915128

(Figures 2; 3A–H, 4A–C)

Figure 3
Nectopsyche tridentata, new species. Male. A, picture of the forewing of a dry preserved paratype; B, picture of the forewing of an alcohol preserved paratype; C, forewing; D, hind wing; E, genitalia, dorsal view; F, genitalia, lateral view; G, inferior appendage, ventral view; H, phallic apparatus, lateral view.

Figure 4
Nectopsyche tridentata, new species. Male genitalia. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view.

Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from all other congeners mainly by the presence of an inferior appendage with the apex divided into three processes (trilobed), in lateral view: two narrow and digitate lobes, and one stout, slightly sinuous lobe, with acute apex (Figs. 3F; 4A). In addition, its phallic apparatus has two horseshoe-shaped phallotremal sclerites: one mesal sclerite and one lateral (Figs. 3H; 4A, 4C), being the mesal twice the size of the lateral one. Nectopsyche acutiloba Flint, 1974 is similar to N. tridentata n. sp., since they both have a thin and elongated inferior appendage, with an elongated apicomesal lobe originating near the base, bearing a sclerotized tip. In N. tridentata n. sp., however, the abdominal segment IX is about 2x wider laterally (Figs. 3F; 4A) than in N. acutiloba, and the pre-anal appendage is shorter, as is the tergum X.

Description. Adult male. Length of forewing 6.0–7.0 mm (mean 6.5 mm, n = 5). Head brown, white setae in central area and near eyes; antenna pale yellow, escape brown, with white scales; maxillary and labial palps brown, dark brown setae on maxillary palp; eyes small, width around 0.4x interocular distance. Thorax brown, with small patches of white scales; legs light brown; forewing predominantly covered by white scales, with brown and light brown longitudinal setae bands; forewings and hind wing hyaline (Figs. 3A, 3B). Male genitalia. Segment abdominal IX, short, rectangular, about 2x as high as long, lateral view (Figs. 3F; 4A), with mesodorsal rounded protuberance pointed posteriorly; two anterior acrotergites, close to each other in mesodorsal region (Figs 3E; 4B). Preanal appendage, long, narrow, cylindrical, setose, apex enlarged (Figs 3E, 3F; 4A, 4B). Lateral process of tergum X, narrow, slightly wider on base, acute apex, without apical setae (Fig. 3F). Inferior appendage setose, almost as long as preanal appendage, narrow at base, apex acuminate, lateral view, and spatulate, ventral view (Figs. 3F, 3G; 4A, 4C); subapicodorsal lobe shorter than others, pointed posterad, apex acuminate, setose, in lateral and ventral views (Figs 3F, 3G; 4A, 4C); apicomesal lobe cylindrical, apex acuminate, without setae, in lateral and ventral views (Figs. 3F, 3G; 4A, 4C);. Phallic apparatus sclerotized; phallobase narrow and long, enlarged in distal half, with distinct basoventral projection spoon-shaped, sclerotized, with apical setae (Figs. 3H; 4A, 4C); endotheca membranous, slightly distended, projecting distally, two phalotremal sclerites present, horseshoe-shaped, one lateral, one mesal (Figs. 3H; 4A, 4C); mesal sclerite two times larger than lateral; periphalic process absent.

Holotype. Male: Brazil: Pará: São Domingos do Capim, Sítio do Sr. Elsinho, próximo a comunidade Itabocal, 01°46'39”S, 47°44'28”W, alt 27 m, 03.vii.2022, luz, col. Assunção, O.T., Reis, R.T.G. (MZSP) [illustrated]. Paratypes: same data as holotype, except Bragança, Jiquiri, ramal Arauá, sítio Cururutuia, Igapó, 01°04'42.22”S, 46°44'14.58”W, alt 19 m, 06.xii.2021, luz, col. Quinteiro, F.B., Costa, A.M., 1 male (MPEG); same, except São Domingos do Capim, Sítio do Sr. Elsinho, próximo a comunidade Itabocal, 01°46'39”S,47°44'28”W, alt 27 m, 02.ii.2022, col. Assunção O.T. 3 males (pinned; MPEG); same, except 02.vii.2022, 1 male (UFBA).

Etymology. The species name is a reference to the genital inferior appendage with three processes, resembling a trident (Latin tridentis = fork with three tines).

Taxonomic notes: The forewing color pattern in N. tridentata n. sp. is similar to that in N. taleola (Flint, 1974), N. acutiloba, and N. diminuta (Banks, 1920). In the latter two, whitish scales are predominant on the wing with brown oblique and longitudinal setae bands, while N. taleola is described as having forewings mostly covered by white and brownish scales, producing an irregular pattern (Flint, 1974). However, on the forewings of the new species, the longitudinal bands are irregular, usually surrounded by a straw-yellow band between two narrower brown-to-black bands. Additionally, the white scales may have a slightly gray tone.

Although N. taleola, N. acutiloba, and N. diminuta are similar due to their wing color, it was not possible to point out enough characteristics that allow us to recognize them as members of the same species group, in the same way as Holzenthal and Rios-Touma (2018) assigned N. paramo as a member of the gemma-group, and N. spiloma (Ross, 1944) as a member of the albida-group or as Bonfá Neto and Salles (2023) assign N. splendida (Navás, 1917) as a member of the candida-group. Although these species present similarities in specific genital structures, such as the presence of a basoventral lobe and an apicomesal lobe in N. acutiloba and N. taleola, or the simple and long inferior appendages in the three of them, other characteristics in their genitalia are distinct. Segment IX in N. taleola is concave dorsad and the tergum X is short, tapering distally (Flint, 1974). Nectopsyche acutiloba has the segment IX with a prominent tridentate mesodorsal projection, in dorsal view, the tergum X triangular tapering to a strong dark sclerotized tip, in lateral view, and the inferior appendage with an apicomesal lobe originating near its base, very sclerotized (Flint, 1974). Nectopsyche diminuta has a short mesodorsal process, in dorsal view, as well as its inferior appendage is sinuous. Additionally, N. diminuta has a periphalic process, which is absent in N. acutiloba, N. taleola, and N. tridentata n. sp.

The species color description was based on three specimens, which were somewhat rubbed during pinning. Hence, some setae were lost, especially on the specimens’ heads and thorax. The holotype is conserved in alcohol, which caused some loss and color change in the wing setae and scales. However, one of the paratypes is a pinned specimen, so the scale color and pattern on the forewing were included in the description. Despite the color change, the distribution pattern of setae and scales on the forewing was preserved. Mostly, we observed that gray scales turn to white, while brown and yellowish-brown setae and scales turn into yellow and pale yellow. This change was consistently observed in alcohol-preserved specimens of N. tridentata n. sp.

Nectopsyche froehlichi, new species

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:18D932BD-56F7-40F5-B1E8-DFE5D7A75FF3

(Figures 2; 5A–G; 6A–C)

Figure 5
Nectopsyche froehlichi, new species. Male. A, photo of the forewing of alcohol preserved specimen; B, forewing; C, hind wing; D, genitalia, lateral view; E, genitalia, dorsal view; F, inferior appendage, ventral view; G, phallic apparatus, lateral view.

Figure 6
Nectopsyche froehlichi, new species. Male genitalia. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view.

Diagnosis. Nectopsyche froehlichi n. sp. is similar to N. diminuta and N. separata (Banks, 1920) due to the presence of a short and narrow segment IX (Figs. 5D; 6A), elongate preanal appendage, slightly bent ventrally (Figs. 5E, D; 6A, B), the tergum X thin, with acute apex (Figs. 5D; 6A), the presence of periphalic process (Figs. 5G; 6A) and especially due to the slightly sinuous inferior appendage with somewhat rounded apex (Figs. 5D; 6A). However, the presence of a strongly constricted basal half of the preanal appendage (Figs. 5D; 6A), the periphalic process with a distinctly enlarged and wrinkled apex (Figs. 5G; 6A), and the absence of a setose basoventral lobe on the inferior appendage (Figs. 5D; 6A) are very distinctive characteristics of N. froehlichi n. sp.

Description. Adult male (alcohol). Length of forewing 5.5–6.5 mm (mean 5.7 mm, n = 5). Head pale-yellow, with small dark brown setae near the eyes; antennae pale-yellow, scape stout, with short, dark brown setae; labial and maxillary palps pale brown; eyes large, black, width around 0.3x interocular distance. Thorax pale-yellow, with few dorsal setae, two or three pairs of setal warts; legs yellow; forewing hyaline, light brown setae over wing, yellow and dark brown scales distally (specimens preserved in alcohol; Fig. 5A); hind wing hyaline (Fig. 5B). Male genitalia. Segment abdominal IX narrow, rectangular, about 3x as high as long, posterolateral margin ventrally produced, with acute apex in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view, setose (Figs. 5D; 6A); without mesodorsal protuberance. Preanal appendage setose, elongate, cylindrical, strongly enlarged distally, with apical setae. Tergum X lateral process narrow, rounded apex, with short apical and subapical setae, dorsal view (Figs. 5E; 6B, C). Inferior appendage cylindrical, constricted at midlength, with irregular margin at dorsal distal 1/3rd and along ventral length, prominent long ventral and apical setae (Figs 5D, F; 6A), with ventral rounded hump at base, projected ventrally, apex slightly enlarged, ventral view (Figs. 5F; 6C); posterolateral lobe rounded, flat in ventral view (Figs. 5F; 6B), basoventral lobe absent. Phallic apparatus sclerotized, distinct periphalic process, with apex curved, globose, rugose; phallobase narrow basally, gradually widening along its length; endotheca membranous, distended; one phalotremal sclerite present, horseshoe-shaped (Figs. 5G; 6C).

Material examined. Holotype. Male: Brazil: Pará: Barcarena, Mucuruçá basin, 01º34'24”S, 48º42'35”W, alt 24 m, 19. ii.19, light trap, Andrade, A.L, Bastos, R.C, Rocha, T.S, Cruz, G.M (MZSP). Paratypes: same data as holotype, except 01º34'43”S, 48º41'35”W, alt 18 m, 1 male (MPEG); same, except 01º34'10”S, 48º41'25”W, alt 24 m, 3 males (UFBA).

Etymology. The species name honors Prof. Dr. Claudio G. Froehlich, FBQ’s first advisor in Faculdade e Filosofia, Ciências e Letras (Universidade de São Paulo), for his outstanding contributions to aquatic insect studies, especially in the Neotropics.

Taxonomic notes: The holotype and paratypes of this species are stored in alcohol, hence scales and setae color are not fully addressed here. Although some wing setae and scales were lost, color differences may be observed between N. froehlichi n. sp. and the similar species, N. separata and N. diminuta. They act complementarily to the genital characters previously pointed out. Nectopsyche froehlichi n. sp. presents darker scales on the forewing than in N. separata. The scales are mostly brown or dark brown in the new species, while they are described as mostly white, with some black strips on veins, black spots in the wings’ apical third, and three yellowish oblique bands (Banks, 1920) in N. separata. The scales on the forewing of N. froehlichi n. sp. are similar to those in N. diminuta (considering the descriptions of N. diminuta in Banks (1920) and pictures provided by Flint (1974)). Both share long scale stripes in different tones of brown interspaced by narrow white stripes.

New records of Nectopsyche from Pará state, Brazil (Figure 5).

Nectopsyche acutiloba Flint, 1974

Literature records:

Flint (1974); Blahnik et al. (2004); Paprocki et al. (2004); Paprocki and França (2014); Holzenthal and Calor (2017); Oláh and Oláh Jr (2017).

Material examined. Brazil: Pará: São Domingos do Capim, Sítio do Sr. Elsinho, próximo a comunidade Itabocal, Igarapé, 01°46'39”S, 47°44'28”W, alt 27 m, 03.vii.2022, luz, col. Assunção, O.T., Reis, R.T.G., 1 male (MPEG); same, except 2 males (MPEG).

Distribuição. Brazil (Minas Gerais, and Pará states), Guyana, Suriname.

Nectopsyche adusta Flint, 1983

Literature records:

Flint (1983); Angrisano and Sganga (2007); Calor (2011); Paprocki and França (2014); Holzenthal and Calor (2017).

Material examined. Brazil: Pará: Bragança, Jiquiri, ramal Arauá, sítio Cururutuia, Igapó 01°04'42.2”S, 46°44'14.58”W, alt 19 m, 08.vii.2022, luz, col. Quinteiro, F.B., Costa, A.M., 1 male (MPEG).

Distribuição. Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Pará states).

Nectopsyche jenseni (Ulmer, 1905)

Literature records:

Ulmer (1905) in Leptocella; Banks (1913); Mangeaud (1996); Cohen (2004); Paprocki et. al (2004); Paprocki and França (2014); Holzenthal and Calor (2017) Oláh and Oláh Jr (2017).

Material examined. Brazil: Pará: Barcarena, Rio Murucupi, 01º32’53”S, 48º45’03”W, 19. ii.19, alt 24 m, light trap, Andrade, A.L, Bastos, R.C, Rocha, T.S, Cruz, G.M., 1 male (MPEG).

Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Amazonas, and Pará states).

Nectopsyche quatuorguttata (Navás, 1922)

Literature records:

Navás (1922) in Leptocella; Schmid (1949); Flint (1974, 1996); Cohen (2004); Nogueira and Cabette (2011); Paprocki and França (2014); Holzenthal and Calor (2017); Desidério et. al (2017); Ríos-Touma et al, (2017).

Material examined. Brazil: Pará: Bragança, Jiquiri, ramal Arauá, sítio Cururutuia, Igapó 01°04'42.2”S, 46°44'14.58”W, alt 19 m, 08.vii.2022, luz, col. Quinteiro, F.B., Costa, A.M., 1 male (MPEG).

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil (Maranhão, Minas Gerais, and Pará states), Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the members of the research group Laboratório de Estudos Comparativos em Insetos (LECIn) for the fieldwork support. We are also thankful to E-Multimagem Station, for the permission to use the DM2500 microscope and the M205A stereomicroscope. We thank Dr. Anne M. Costa for her careful review and insightful suggestions for this manuscript, as well as the two anonymous revisors and the editor, Dr. Adolfo Calor, for their suggestions and improvements to this manuscript.

• Funding

  This research was supported by Hydro Alunorte S.A.-Fundação de Amparo e Desenvolvimento de Pesquisa (FADESP; proc. 020494/2021) and by the Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Ambiental through Programa de Apoio à Pós-Graduação (PROAP-CAPES) funding to O.T.A.

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• Ulmer, G., 1905. Neue und wenig bekannte aussereuropäische Trichopteren, hauptsächlichaus dem Wiener Museum. Ann. Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien 20, 59-98.

Edited by

Associate Editor: Adolfo Calor

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Nov 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  05 July 2023
• Accepted
  18 Oct 2023