Processing on the physical and physiological quality of chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) seeds

Processing consists of sequential operations aimed at cleaning, classifying, and treating seeds, with the goal of improving the quality of the lot. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the processing stages on the physical and physiological quality of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero. Seeds were sampled before processing and after passing through the air screen machine (upper sieve of 12 mm and lower sieve of 7.5 mm), elevators, storage silo, and gravity table (upper discharge, high intermediate, low intermediate, and lower discharge). The seeds were evaluated for moisture content, physical purity, germination test, electrical conductivity test, emergence in sand, emergence speed index, accelerated aging, and tetrazolium test. The processing resulted in increased physical purity and reduced percentage of broken seeds in the lot of chickpea seeds. Seeds collected from the upper and intermediate chutes of the gravity table showed higher germination values. Seed processing using the air screen machine and the gravity table is effective in improving the physical and physiological quality of the lot of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

Index terms:
gravity table; pulses; vegetables

Authorship

Samuel Gonçalves Ferreira dos Santos ^* *Corresponding author samuel-2100@hotmail.com

Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) - 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) - 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1618-6877

Eduardo Fontes Araujo

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5322-6797

Roberto Fontes Araujo

EPAMIG, Caixa Postal 216, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.EPAMIGBrasilViçosa, MG, BrasilEPAMIG, Caixa Postal 216, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7017-4829

Sediane Kohl

Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS) - 89813-140, Chapecó, SC, Brasil. Universidade Federal da Fronteira SulBrazilChapecó, SC, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS) - 89813-140, Chapecó, SC, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-6555

Ana Paula de Freitas Coelho

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4144-8966

Warley Marcos Nascimento

Embrapa Hortaliças, Caixa Postal 280 - Brasília, DF, Brasil.Embrapa HortaliçasBrazilBrasília, DF, BrazilEmbrapa Hortaliças, Caixa Postal 280 - Brasília, DF, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-0917

*Corresponding author
samuel-2100@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

EPAMIG, Caixa Postal 216, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.EPAMIGBrasilViçosa, MG, BrasilEPAMIG, Caixa Postal 216, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

Embrapa Hortaliças, Caixa Postal 280 - Brasília, DF, Brasil.Embrapa HortaliçasBrazilBrasília, DF, BrazilEmbrapa Hortaliças, Caixa Postal 280 - Brasília, DF, Brasil.

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Flowchart of the stages of processing of chickpea seeds, indicating the points for collecting the samples to constitute the treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9).

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Table 1
Description of the treatments, represented by the points of collection of seed samples in the stages of chickpea processing.

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Table 2
Summary of the analysis of variance (P value and coefficient of variation - CV) of the data regarding moisture content (MC), purity (P), broken seeds (BS), first germination count (FGC), germination (G), seedling emergence (E), emergence speed index (ESI), electrical conductivity (EC), accelerated aging (AA), vigor by tetrazolium test (TZVG), mechanical damage by tetrazolium test (TZMD) and seeds without damage by tetrazolium test (SWoD), according to the stages of the processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

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Table 3
Moisture content (MC), purity (P), broken seeds (BS) and germination (G), according to stages of processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

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Table 4
First germination count (FGC), electrical conductivity (EC), accelerated aging (AA), emergence (E) and emergence speed index (ESI), according to stages of processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

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Table 5
Viability (TZVB), vigor (TZVG), mechanical damage (TZMD) and seeds without damage (SWoD) by tetrazolium test according to stages of processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

Figure 1 Flowchart of the stages of processing of chickpea seeds, indicating the points for collecting the samples to constitute the treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9).

Table 1 Description of the treatments, represented by the points of collection of seed samples in the stages of chickpea processing.

TREATMENTS	DESCRIPTION
T0	Composed of the raw material (seeds + possible impurities), that is, not processed (T0).
T1	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected after passing through the first elevator and before the air screen machine (ASM)
T2	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected at the ASM, after passing through the 12-mm-mesh upper sieve (round holes) and before the 7.5-mm-mesh lower sieve (round holes).
T3	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected at the ASM, which was retained on the 7.5-mm-mesh lower sieve (round holes) and before the second elevator. The purpose of this sieve is to remove extremely small seeds (< 7.5 mm in diameter).
T4	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected after passing through the second elevator, responsible for feeding a storage silo.
T5	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected at the outlet of the storage silo.
T6	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected at the upper discharge of the gravity table.
T7	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected at the high intermediate discharge of the gravity table.
T8	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected at the low intermediate discharge of the gravity table.
T9	Material (seeds + possible impurities) collected at the lower discharge of the gravity table.

Table 2 Summary of the analysis of variance (P value and coefficient of variation - CV) of the data regarding moisture content (MC), purity (P), broken seeds (BS), first germination count (FGC), germination (G), seedling emergence (E), emergence speed index (ESI), electrical conductivity (EC), accelerated aging (AA), vigor by tetrazolium test (TZVG), mechanical damage by tetrazolium test (TZMD) and seeds without damage by tetrazolium test (SWoD), according to the stages of the processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

Factor of Variation	MC	P	BS	FGC	G	E
Processing Stages	0.0571	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0013	0.04215	0.8876
CV (%)	1.39	2.32	11.68	7.04	7.8	21.82
Factor of Variation	ESI	EC	AA	TZVG	TZMD	SWoD
Processing Stages	0.0859	0.0347	0.8516	0.5607	0.1093	0.1224
CV (%)	26.11	5.99	10.03	16.78	15.54	42.97

Table 3 Moisture content (MC), purity (P), broken seeds (BS) and germination (G), according to stages of processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

Treatment	MC**	P*	BS*	G*
Treatment	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)
T0-raw sample	10.1 a	84.27 e	12.82 b	74.5 ab
T1-elevator 1	11.0 a	83.38 e	12.75 b	81.5 ab
T2-12 mm sieve	11.0 a	85.29 de	12.87 b	73.5 ab
T3-7.5 mm sieve	11.0 a	91.88 bc	8.07 cd	77.5 ab
T4-elevator 2	10.9 a	91.51 c	8.20 c	72.8 ab
T5-storage silo	10.9 a	89.33 cd	10.42 bc	79.0 ab
T6-upper discharge	10.8 a	96.35 ab	3.64 de	77.0 ab
T7-high intermediate discharge	10.8 a	96.84 a	3.15 e	84.0 a
T8-low intermediate discharge	10.8 a	92.13 bc	7.86 cd	79.0 ab
T9-lower discharge	11.1 a	20.93 f	78.62 a	68.5 b
Mean	10.8	-	-	-

*Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey test at 5% probability level; **Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by the F test at 5% probability level.

Table 4 First germination count (FGC), electrical conductivity (EC), accelerated aging (AA), emergence (E) and emergence speed index (ESI), according to stages of processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

Treatment	FGC*	EC*	AA**	E**	ESI**
Treatment	(%)	µS.cm^-1.g^-1	(%)	(%)
T0-raw sample	71.75 ab	115.36 b	69.50 a	56.0 a	9.5 a
T1-elevator 1	76.75 ab	122.59 ab	70.50 a	53.0 a	9.4 a
T2-12 mm sieve	68.50 b	121.72 ab	67.0 a	52.0 a	9.1 a
T3-7.5 mm sieve	75.0 ab	131.06 ab	71.0 a	53.0 a	12.2 a
T4-elevator 2	67.75 b	126.29 ab	74.50 a	62.0 a	11.8 a
T5-storage silo	79.0 ab	130.35 ab	70.0 a	56.0 a	11.4 a
T6-upper discharge	77.0 ab	130.75 ab	72.25 a	55.0 a	9.5 a
T7-high intermediate discharge	84.0 a	131.04 ab	76.0 a	58.0 a	12.2 a
T8-low intermediate discharge	78.5 ab	126.93 ab	70.0 a	58.0 a	14.6 a
T9-lower discharge	68.50 b	135.57 a	71.75 a	47.0 a	8.3 a
Mean	-	-	71.25%.	55.0%	10.8

*Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey test at 5% probability level; **Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by the F test at 5% probability level.

Table 5 Viability (TZVB), vigor (TZVG), mechanical damage (TZMD) and seeds without damage (SWoD) by tetrazolium test according to stages of processing of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero.

Treatment	TZVB*	TZVG**	TZMD**	SWoD**
Treatment	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)
T0-raw sample	100 a	68 a	84 a	16 a
T1-elevator 1	100 a	66 a	79 a	21 a
T2-12 mm sieve	100 a	58 a	85 a	15 a
T3-7.5 mm sieve	100 a	73 a	69 a	31 a
T4-elevator 2	100 a	69 a	67 a	33 a
T5-storage silo	99 a	60 a	73 a	27 a
T6-upper discharge	100 a	72 a	67 a	33 a
T7-high intermediate discharge	100 a	62 a	78 a	22 a
T8-low intermediate discharge	97 a	71 a	66 a	33 a
T9-lower discharge	100 a	70 a	65 a	16 a
Mean	99.6	66.9	73.3	24.7

*Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% probability level; **Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically from each other by the F test at 5% probability level.

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Processing on the physical and physiological quality of chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) seeds

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[1] *Corresponding author
samuel-2100@hotmail.com