Abstract
This paper reworks and updates a previous article published by this Journal. It aims to capture the complexity of educational systems and their components. We selected significant research articles and essays from data bases and individual academic periodicals, focusing on Basic Education, published mostly since 2016, for selection and analysis. The guiding principle is the universal and democratic right to Education. Results are organized on the basis of the onion metaphor, starting from the context and reaching the peer groups, in the heart. This proposal is an alternative to the input-output model, aiming to capture complexities in education more accurately. Discussion of research results prioritizes impacts on student success when this focus is adequate.
Basic Education; Student success; Educational management; Sociology of Education; Sociology of schools