Ethanol extracts of mango seeds added to the diet of pigs increases antioxidant capacity of processed pork

Abstract

Synthetic antioxidants (e.g.butylhydroxytoluene, BHT) are routinely used for to restrict oxidative processes of meat products, but they are implicated as harmful to the health of humans. Therefore natural alternatives, such as plant antioxidants, have been sought as replacements. Plant antioxidants when added to the diet can be incorporated into meat and reduce the need for the addition of synthetic antioxidants during processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol extracts of mango seeds (EEMS) in the diet of pigs on qualitative parameters and total antioxidant capacity of mortadella produced from these animals. Thirty-two pigs with an average 60 days of age were distributed among four treatments: control=no antioxidant; BHT=200ppm BHT; EEMS200=200ppm of EEMS and EEMS400=400ppm of EEMS. At 145 days of age the animals were slaughtered and loin was removed for the preparation of mortadella, which was analyzed during 90 days of storage at 4°C. A higher content of polyphenolic compounds and, total antioxidant capacity in mortadellas processed with meat of animals which consumed the EEMS400 ration after 60 and 90 days of storage was observed. EEMS polyphenolic antioxidants incorporated into pork through the diet results in an increase of total antioxidant capacity in the processed product.

Key words
butylated hydroxytoluene; Mangifera indica; mangiferin; polyphenolic compounds; pork meat

INTRODUCTION

Brazil is the fourth largest producer and exporter of pork, with more than 77 % meat produced for the domestic market (Associação Brasileira de Proteína Animal - ABPA 2021). Most pork (89 %) is consumed after processing with only 11% consumed in its natural form (ABPA 2015). Processed meat products are very susceptible to lipid peroxidation, which is accelerated by processes such as cutting and cooking, leading to loss of quality (La Pomélie et al. 2018). To offset this, synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole are added to the meat prior to processing and production of sausages (Zhang et al. 2015).

However, synthetic antioxidants are linked to carcinogenic and hepatotoxic effects (Shalaby & Azzam 2018) and this problem continues to drive research in the area, seeking to replace them with safer substitutes. To this end, studies have been carried out on natural products with antioxidant capacity, by adding them to the diets of animals (Freitas et al. 2015, Martini et al. 2020) allowing assessment of possible effects on the processed meat product (Borges 2009, Martini et al. 2020).

Solvent extracts of Mango botanical parts are known for their high content of phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, ellagic acid and mangiferin with high antioxidant potential (Soong & Barlow 2004). The predominant antioxidant mechanism of action of these extracts is related to electron transfer followed by a loss of protons in the aqueous phase, which makes them a potent antioxidant additive (Stepanic et al. 2013). Dietary phenolic compounds have been reported to be absorbed via the intestinal tract of swine, which are distributed and metabolized in various tissues, including muscle. (Bock et al. 2008). Therefor dietary antioxidant compounds are incorporated into animal meat and may remain in processed meat products such as sausages improving their oxidative stability during storage (Borges 2009), without further addition of exogenous antioxidants during meat product processing.

The object of the present study was to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with ethanol extracts of mango seeds on pH, color, oxidative stability, phenolic compounds, potential and total antioxidant activity of mortadella made with the meat of these animals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of Ethanol extract of mango

The preparation of the ethanol extract of mango seeds was carried out at the Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Biotecnologia do Departmento de Química da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). A total of 200 kg of Tommy and Jasmine mango seeds and husks were obtained from a fruit processing company located in the municipality of Aquiraz, Ceará. The material was washed, exposed to the sun for 48 hours, and oven dried at 55 ° C for a period of 72 hours. Later the material was crushed to start the extraction process according to Freitas et al. (2015). At the end of the process, 2.45 kg of ethanolic extract (EEMS) was obtained. Because the extract had gel characteristics, it was diluted in degummed soybean oil before admixture with the feed.

EEMS contained 95.5 mg GAE/g and a TEAC of 518.68 µM equivalent to an IC₅₀ of 175.7 mg/L compared to a TEAC of 350.8 µM and an IC₅₀ of 289.2 mg/L for BHT. Nevertheless, the same initial concentrations in the feed were adopted for EEMS and the positive control BHT.

Experimental design

The research protocols used in this study were audited and approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research at the Federal University of Ceará, under protocol number 73/2012. The experiments were carried out at the Department of the UFC Animal Husbandry Department. During the experimental period the average temperature recorded was 28.3 °C with relative air humidity of 70.7%. Thirty-two 60-day-old castrated male pigs with an average weight of 20.20 ± 1.34 kg were used and distributed among 4 treatments in a randomized block design with 8 replications per treatment.

The treatments consisted of the following diets: Control = diets without added antioxidant; BHT = ration with the addition of 200 ppm BHT; EEMS200 = ration with the addition of 200ppm EEMS; and EEMS400 = ration with the addition of 400ppm EEMS. The experimental diets were formulated for growth I (60 to 90 days), growth II (91 to 110 days) and finishing (111 to 145 days) phases, as shown in Table I. The values of the chemical composition of the feed and the nutritional requirements of the animals were set according to the recommendations of Rostagno et al. (2017). Due to the treatments, the inert feed ingredient was proportionally replaced by the antioxidants at predetermined levels.

Table I
Ingredients and calculated nutritional composition of experimental diets (g/kg as fed basis).

Ingredient (%)	Growing phase I	Growing phase II	Finishing phase
Corn	68.895	71.882	75.798
Soybean meal	26.613	23.395	19.113
Soybean oil	1.000	1.000	1.000
Dicalcium phosphate	1.126	1.297	1.694
Limestone	0.651	0.603	0.580
Mineral and vitamin supplement(1)	0.300	0.300	0.300
Common salt	0.356	0.335	0.314
Lysine HCl	0.195	0.223	0.269
L-Threonine	0.035	0.042	0.076
DL-Methionine	0.024	0.020	0.027
L-Tryptophan	0.000	0.000	0.002
Inert (washed sand)	0.805	0.903	0.827
Total	100.000	100.000	100.000
Calculated chemical composition (g/kg as fed basis)
Metabolisable energy, kcal/kg	3.230	3.230	3.230
Crude protein	18.250	17.070	15.530
Available phosphorus	0.314	0.269	0.250
Calcium	0.635	0.552	0.512
Sodium	0.180	0.170	0.160
Digestible lysine	0.943	0.891	0.829
Digestible methionine+cystine	0.556	0.526	0.497
Digestible threonine	0.613	0.579	0.555
Digestible tryptophan	0.187	0.170	0.149

• (¹)Quantity per kg of feed: vitamin A (3199.87 UI), vitamin D3 (649.97 UI), vitamin E (8.5 UI), vitamin K3 (1.00 mg), vitamin B1 (0.33 mg), vitamin B2 (2.8 mg), vitamin B6 (0.60 mg), vitamin B12 (10.50 mcg), folic acid (0.25 mg), pantothenic acid (9.34 mg), niacin (16.00 mg), selenium (0.30 mg), growth promoter (22.01 mg), manganese (14.93 mg), zinc (0.08 g), iron (0.05 g), copper (7.98 mg), iodine (0.30 mg).

During the 90 days of the experimental period, the animals received feed and water ad libitum. The diets provided four times a day were administered in mash form. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were weighed, showing similar performance regardless of diet. Pigs were subjected to a solid 12-hour fast prior to humane slaughter. The carcasses were sawn longitudinally in half and stored at refrigeration temperature (4°C) for 24 hours.

Collection of meat samples and preparation of mortadella

From the right half carcass of each animal, a sample of approximately 10 cm from the Longissimus lumborum muscle was taken. These were vacuum packed and stored at -20 ° C prior to processing into mortadela sausages.

The mortadelas were prepared at a meat processing company, located in the municipality of Maracanaú, Ceará, Brazil. The bologna was prepared with basic pasta without the addition of antioxidant additives (Table II). The emulsion was processed in a temperature-controlled cutter (Cutter 2,5L Metvisa, Brusque, Santa Catarina, Brazil), with the ingredients added gradually until the dough reached the desired consistency.

Table II
Composition of mortadella.

Ingredient	%
Pork meat	75.00
Backfat	5.00
Ice water	12.00
Refined salt	2.00
Condiment for mortadella (1)	0.40
Garlic paste	0.40
Healing salt (2)	0.20
Cassava starch	3.00
Soy protein	2.00
Total	100.00

• (¹)Refined salt, natural spices, natural flavorings; (²) Refined salt, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate.

The emulsified paste was manually embedded with the aid of a 40 cm stainless steel rod funnel into 40 mm diameter artificial wrap. Three mortadelas of approximately 200 grams in weight were obtained for each repetition. The mortadellas were steamed at 88 °C for 1 hour and 30 minutes, cooled in ice-cold water and stored under refrigeration at 4 ° C for up to 90 days. Every 30 days one mortadella of each repetition was analyzed for pH, color, lipid stability, total phenolic compounds, and total antioxidant activity.

pH and color measurement

The pH was measured with the aid of a knife electrode (HI-99163, Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, EUA). The color was measured with a Konica Minolta CR300 colorimeter (Minolta Company, Osaka, Japão), operating according to the CIE (Commissiom Internationale de l’Eclairage) system measuring units L *, a * and b *.

Lipid stability, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were quantitated by a colorimetric technique described by Cherian et al. (2002). Results are expressed in µg malondialdehyde (MDA)/g of mortadella. A 10 g sample of each mortadella was taken and homogenized in 10 mL of distilled water giving a concentration of 1 mg/mL (Kurcubic et al. 2014). Samples were centrifuged at 1,500 g for 5 min. (Model 5418R, Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany) and the supernatant used for colorimetric determination of total phenolic compounds (Song et al. 2014), antioxidant potential and total antioxidant capacity (Jang et al. 2008).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyzes of the data were performed using the PROC GLM (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.2). A comparison between means was performed by the SNK test with probability set at 5%.

RESULTS

There was no effect of treatment on the pH and color components of mortadella´s prepared with pig meat (P> 0.05) (Table III). There was no effect of antioxidant supplementation on the oxidative stability (P> 0.05) of the mortadella made with the meat of these animals (Table IV). Mortadella´s made with pork meat after dietary supplementation with 200 and 400 ppm of EEMS showed higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds at 60 and 90 days of storage compared to the other treatments (P< 0.05).

Table III
PH value, light intensity (L *), red intensity (a *) and yellow intensity (b *) of bologna prepared with pork meat fed with diets containing BHT and EEMS stored under refrigeration at 4 °C for 90 days.

	Treatments (T)
Days	Control	BHT	EEMS200	EEMS400	CV(1) %	P-value
pH
30	6.07	6.01	6.05	6.02	1.31	0.4653
60	6.04	6.03	6.07	6.03	1.31	0.7761
90	6.15	6.11	6.15	6.08	1.44	0.3023
Component L*
30	64.39	65.14	64.01	64.55	1.73	0.0602
60	65.26	65.73	64.92	65.38	1.83	0.5799
90	64.54	65.42	64.33	64.93	1.97	0.3635
Component a*
30	12.74	12.36	13.07	12.93	7.12	0.3144
60	12.55	12.35	12.85	12.54	9.39	0.6094
90	12.09	12.16	12.80	12.61	5.43	0.3098
Component b*
30	11.33	10.97	10.86	11.13	5.30	0.8361
60	11.83	11.33	11.38	11.60	7.14	0.9087
90	11.63	11.40	11.33	11.11	8.85	0.7800

• BHT = diet with 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene; EEMS200 = diet with 200 ppm of ethanol extract of mango seed; EEMS400 = diet with 400 ppm of ethanol extract of mango seed; (¹) Coefficient of variation; Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at P<0.05 by the SNK test.

Table IV
Lipid stability, total phenolic compounds, potential and total antioxidant activity of mortadella prepared with pork meat fed with diets containing BHT and EEMS stored under refrigeration at 4 °C for 90 days.

Days	Treatments (T)
	Control	BHT	EEMS200	EEMS400	CV(1) %	P-value
Lipid stability, MDA g/kg
30	0.61	0.71	0.68	0.68	18.95	0.4775
60	0.67	0.68	0.72	0.74	14.35	0.4206
90	0.46	0.55	0.53	0.53	13.91	0.1237
Phenolic compounds, µg GAE/g mortadella
30	65.87	69.58	62.11	63.96	9.98	0.1493
60	63.52 b	65.36 b	70.31 a	76.85 a	7.44	<0.0001
90	61.58 b	65.33 b	70.87 a	76.36 a	7.89	<0.0001
Antioxidant potential (DPPH), %
30	23.53	25.41	22.45	22.24	17.13	0.3885
60	25.14	27.14	27.96	28.71	11.38	0.1414
90	25.47	28.22	30.43	30.62	19.96	0.2602
Total antioxidant activity (ABTS), %
30	21.75 b	31.83 a	24.31 b	24.64 b	19.70	0.0031
60	23.78 b	25.55 ab	23.31 b	28.86 a	14.04	0.0177
90	20.30 b	23.88 ab	28.41 a	27.65 a	15.98	0.0012

• BHT = diet with 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene; EEMS200 = diet with 200 ppm of ethanol extract of mango seed; EEMS400 = diet with 400 ppm of ethanol extract of mango seed; (¹) Coefficient of variation; Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at P< 0.05 by the SNK test.

The antioxidant potential did not differ between treatments (P> 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity of mortadella´s showed an interaction between treatment x storage time (P< 0.05). At 30 days, a greater total antioxidant activity was observed in mortadella´s made with the meat of animals supplemented with BHT (P< 0.05). At 60 days of storage, the mortadella´s formulated with pork meat of animals supplemented with 400 ppm of EEMS showed greater antioxidant capacity in comparison to the control and 200 ppm of EEMS treatment (P< 0.05). At 90 days of storage, mortadella´s prepared from the meat of pigs supplemented with the two levels of EEMS showed greater total antioxidant activity (P< 0.05) when compared to the control.

DISCUSSION

The pH results obtained in the present study corroborate those found by Pereira et al. (2011), because the ethanol extract of mango seed added directly prior to the preparation of mortadella did not influence the pH values during the 21 days of storage. Likewise, there was no effect on the addition of EEMS in the swine feed on the pH of the mortadelas (P> 0.05). These results are contrary to those obtained by Song et al. (2014) who reported a reduction in pH values during the storage of mortadella for 60 days, which they attributed to the gradual growth of lactic acid bacteria. However, the pH values found in our study are within acceptable levels for good preservation of processed foods, according to Pereira et al. (2011). Chauhan et al. (2019) also observed an increase in the pH values of the samples of ground pork during storage, relating it to the accumulation of ammonia and the products of amino acid released during protein degradation and utilization of amino acids by bacteria. There is an interdependence between lipid peroxidation and color oxidation. Pigment oxidation can catalyze lipid peroxidation, just as free radicals produced during lipid oxidation can oxidize the iron atom or denature the myoglobin molecule, negatively altering the color of meat products (Lorenzo et al. 2018).

Phenolic compounds can be effective in maintaining the color of meat products during storage, preventing lipid and protein oxidation that occurs during storage (Pateiro et al. 2018). However, no color changes were observed in the mortadella prepared from the meat of animals that received antioxidants in the diet. All brightness values were high when compared to the results of Pateiro et al. (2018). Pale coloration may result from denaturation during the onset of the postmortem phase or may be the effect of low pH on the light-reflecting properties of pigments (Guilherme et al. 2008). This characteristic when present in the carcass is passed on to sausages made with these meats. Therefore, as dietary EEMS did not affect the color parameters of fresh pork meat (Araújo et al. 2021), this characteristic was not altered in the sausages either.

Unlike the present study, Borges (2009) observed that mortadella made with chicken meat after consumption of a diet containing BHT, EEMS or ethanolic extracts from mango peel showed better control of lipid oxidation. There is evidence that natural antioxidants can prevent lipid and protein oxidation in precooked meat products. Rosemary and green tea extracts added directly during the manufacture of Bologna sausages reduced TBARS levels by 73 and 80%, respectively (Jongberg et al. 2013). However, Martini et al. (2020) observed 27.5% and 21.5% reduction in the amounts of TBARS after cooking of meat from pigs that consumed a diet containing vegetal extract (red grape skin and oregano) and synthetic antioxidant, respectively, compared to the control diet. However, the lack of effects of antioxidants on the lipid stability of meat products, observed in the present study, is also reported in the literature, because other ingredients used in the preparation of mortadella, such as garlic and healing salt, may have an effect on lipid oxidation of the samples during the storage period, reducing the rancidity of meat products (Costa et al. 2011).

Dietary phenolic compounds are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, distributed and metabolized in various organs and fluids, including muscle (Bock et al. 2008). Therefore, plant extracts added to the feed can increase the amount of total phenolic compounds in the meat (Jang et al. 2008). However, this increase in concentration of total phenolic compounds does not have a direct correlation with TBARS levels, because other components, such as carotenoids, from other feed ingredients, can also prevent lipid peroxidation in meat products (Alvarez-Parrilla et al. 2014).

During heating, a step in the sausage manufacturing process, high molecular weight phenolic compounds can be decomposed and release free forms of gallic and ellagic acids (Soong & Barlow 2004). Likewise, the fermentation that occurs in stored sausages may decompose these macromolecules and thus increase the content of total phenolic compounds in the products (Song et al. 2014). Thus, it can be inferred that the increase in the content of total phenolic compounds in the samples of the EEMS200 and EEMS400 groups may be due to the occurrence of reactions of this nature resulting in the formation of new phenolic compounds during storage, contributing to the increase in the quantity and phenolic compounds. The formation of new phenolic compounds may have contributed to improvement in the total antioxidant activity of mortadella made with meat from pigs that consumed EEMS in the diet.

CONCLUSIONS

Mortadella´s made from pork produced following supplementation of swine diets with extract rich polyphenol content resist thermal processing and although pH, color, oxidative stability and antioxidant potential remain unaffected, the content of total phenolic compounds increased significantly correlating with total antioxidant activity.

The results of this study confirm the close relationship between pig nutrition and the quality of meat products. Further studies are needed in order to establish a better dose-response for EEMS to control the lipid stability of meat products processed during storage.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To the Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for granting the scholarship, to the Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (FUNCAP) for financial support; to the production manager Mr. José Augusto Stoco and to the Veterinary Doctor Fernando Santos Silva for his collaboration in the production of the sausages.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  01 Dec 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  3 Mar 2021
• Accepted
  26 Aug 2021