Unusual Deviation of the Main Foramen from the Root Apex

Abstract

The relationship of the main foramen to the anatomic root apex has been the subject of several studies. Although they are anatomically close, they rarely coincide, and their distance can vary according to age or tooth type, ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 mm. The aim of this short communication was to evaluate the distance between the main foramen of independent middle mesial canals (MMCs) and the anatomical mesial root apex of mandibular first molars using the micro-computed tomography. Twenty-five mandibular first molars with MMCs were scanned (resolution of 9.9 µm), and the distance from its main foramen to the anatomical apex was evaluated. Overall, the distance ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 mm; however, in 3 specimens the distance was greater than 3 mm. This report demonstrates that the exit of the main foramen of the MMC varies considerably and could approach a substantial distance from the anatomical apex greater than previously reported in the literature.

Key Words:
anatomy; dental pulp cavity; microcomputed tomography; root canal preparation; tooth apex

Resumo

A relação do forame principal com o ápice anatômico da raiz tem sido objeto de vários estudos. Embora estejam anatomicamente próximos, eles raramente coincidem, e a sua distância pode variar de acordo com a idade ou o tipo de dente, oscilando entre 0,2 e 3,0 mm. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar que a saída foraminal do canal mediano (MMC), presente na raiz mesial de molares inferiores, pode apresentar variações significativas, atingindo distâncias acima de 3 mm do ápice anatômico. Vinte e cinco primeiros molares inferiores com MMC foram escaneados (resolução de 9,9 mm) e a distância do forame principal ao ápice anatômico avaliada. Em geral, a distância mostrou variações consideráveis; no entanto, em 3 espécimes esta distância ficou acima de 3 mm. Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar que a saída do forame principal de canais medianos de primeiros molares inferiores pode apresentar variações consideráveis, podendo atingir distâncias maiores do que as relatadas previamente na literatura.

Introduction

An understanding of the common and unusual morphology of the root canal system, especially in the apical third, is a fundamental prerequisite for successful root canal treatment^1,2,3. Therefore, an overall comprehension of the anatomy of the apical root canal and its variations is necessary to understand the requirements for treatment, to avoid damage to periapical tissues and to ensure adequate disinfection of the canal. The literature describes the terminal portion of a tooth root by distinct landmarks namely the minor apical foramen, apical constriction, major apical foramen, root apex, and cemento-dentinal junction (CDJ)². The apical constriction is the apical part of the root canal with the narrowest diameter, and is generally located 0.5 - 1.5 mm from the apical foramen, the major apical foramen is the main exit of the root canal onto the external root surface, while the CDJ is the line of union between dentin and cementum at which pulpal tissue ends⁴. The relation of the major apical foramen with the anatomic root apex has been the subject of several studies. Although they are anatomically close, they rarely coincide^4,5, and their distance can vary according to age or tooth type, ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 mm^2,6.

The mesial root of mandibular molars commonly has a mesiobuccal and a mesiolingual canal; however, other anatomical configurations such as the presence of an extra canal, termed middle mesial canal (MMC), have also been reported^1,7,8. Currently, improvements in digital imaging systems and the use of magnification in clinical practice has led to an increased reporting on the incidence of MMCs in mandibular molars^1,8, when compared with previous publications using conventional methodologies. This anatomical variation has several endodontic implications. Radiographically, the MMC is usually superimposed over the root structure and the other mesial canals, making its orifice and terminus impossible to identify¹. Even though considerable amount of information regarding MMC has been published, there is no information available on the distance from its major foramen to the anatomic apex in mandibular molars. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the distance from the major foramen of the MMC to the anatomic apex of the mesial root of mandibular first molars, using a micro-computed tomographic imaging system (micro-CT).

Material and Methods

After ethics committee approval, twenty-five mandibular first molars with MMCs, collected from a Brazilian population, were scanned in a micro-CT device (SkyScan 1172; Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium), at 100 kV, 100 µA and an isotropic voxel size of 9.9 µm. The gender and age of the patients were unknown, and teeth were extracted for reasons not related to this study. The scanning procedure was performed through 180º rotation around the vertical axis, with a rotation step of 0.4º, using a 0.5-mm-thick aluminum filter. After the reconstruction of the acquired projection images into cross-section slices (NRecon v.1.6.9; Bruker-microCT), polygonal surface representations of the internal anatomy of mesial roots were obtained (CTAn v.1.14.4; Bruker-microCT). Then, the distance from the major foramen of the MMC to the anatomic apex of the mesial root was measured using DataViewer v.1.4.4 software (Bruker-microCT).

Results

In 22 mandibular first molars, the distance from the main foramen of the MMCs to the anatomic apex of the mesial root ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 mm; however, in 3 specimens this distance was greater than previously reported in the literature (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
3D models and cross-sectional images in different levels of the mesial root of 3 mandibular molars showing the mesiobuccal canal (MBC), mesiolingual canal (MLC), and the main foramen (MF) of the middle mesial canal (MMC) located at 3.3 mm, 3.7 mm, and 6.2 mm from the apex.

Discussion

The incidence of MMCs using conventional clearing and radiographic techniques has been reported to range from 0.82% to 37.5%¹. Unfortunately, the lack of accuracy of conventional tools in studying certain features of the root canal system is prone to a wide range of interpretation. Therefore, these inherent limitations encouraged the search for newer methodologies^1,9,10. In recent years, the development of non-invasive high-resolution micro-CT has gained increasing significance for three-dimensional assessment of the root canal system⁹. Using this new imagery technology, several authors have confirmed the high level of complexity of the root canal system regarding apical anatomy and the presence of additional canals encased in the roots of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth^1,9,10,11,12. Using this highly accurate contemporary non-destructive tool, Versiani et al.¹ reported that the incidence of MMCs in mandibular first molars was 18.6% (48 out of 258 molars), and that it merged with the other mesial canals in most of these teeth (73.3%).

The MMC orifice is often hidden by a dentinal projection on the mesial aspect of pulp chamber walls making its detection challenging. In order to find the MMC orifice, this dentin projection must be carefully removed and an extensive exploration of the grooves between mesial orifices should be done preferably under good illumination and magnification, using ultrasonic tips or long shank rounded burs⁸. However, the length and depth of this groove must be taken into consideration during the troughing because of the limited dentin thickness toward the furcation side in relation to the MMC orifice, which increases the risk of root perforation¹.

It is well known that pulp and periodontium have embryonic and functional inter-relationships giving rise to anatomical connections that remain throughout the life of the tooth. In the lateral aspect of the roots, large accessory canals have been considered the main factor responsible for the progress of pulpal disease into the periodontal tissues, with the development of lateral radiolucent lesions⁷. This report revealed that the exit of the main foramen of the MMC could reach a greater distance from the anatomical apex than previously reported. In some instances, its exit may show considerable variations, reaching distances more than 3 mm from the anatomical apex (Fig. 1). Therefore, because of this significant displacement, the use of electronic foramen locators is of utmost importance to help the detection of the main foramen. This will confine the root canal treatment procedures within the root canal system thus preventing potential errors including incorrect measurement of canal length and subsequent over-instrumentation⁵.

Awareness for the potential occurrence of this variation in the position of the main foramen in the middle mesial canal and its impact in the development of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions in the furcation area of mandibular molars is important. It would be advisable for clinicians to explore extensively the grooves between mesiobuccal and mesiolingual orifices in order to locate additional canals and to use electronic foramen locators to help the detection of the main foramen.

Acknowledgements

The authors deny any conflicts of interest. This study was supported by FAPESP (2013/03695-0, 2012/16072-2) and CNPq(168179/2014-8).

References

• ¹
  Versiani, MA; Ordinola-Zapata, R; Keles, A; Alcin, H; Bramante, CM; Pécora, JD et al. Middle mesial canals in mandibular first molars: A micro-CT study in different populations. Arch Oral Biol 2016;61:130-137.
• ²
  Vertucci, FJ. Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures. Endod Topics 2005;10:3-29.
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  Kuttler, Y. Microscopic investigation of root apexes. J Am Dent Assoc 1955;50:544-52.
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  Ahmed, HMA; Luddin, N. Accessory mesial roots and root canals in mandibular molar teeth: case reports, SEM analysis and literature review. Endod Practice 2012;6:195-205.
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  Nosrat, A; Deschenes, RJ; Tordik, PA; Hicks, ML; Fouad, AF. Middle mesial canals in mandibular molars: incidence and related factors. J Endod 2015;41:28-32.
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  Versiani, MA; Pécora, JD; Sousa-Neto, MD. Root and root canal morphology of four-rooted maxillary second molars: a micro-computed tomography study. J Endod 2012;38:977-982.
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  Versiani, MA; Pécora, JD; Sousa-Neto, MD. Microcomputed tomography analysis of the root canal morphology of single-rooted mandibular canines. Int Endod J 2013;46:800-807.
• ¹¹
  Ahmad, IA; Al-Jadaa, A. Three root canals in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary molars: case reports and literature review. J Endod 2014;40:2087-2094.
• ¹²
  Ahmed, HMA; Fadhli, MF; Gutmann, JL. Seven root canals in a deciduous maxillary molar tooth detected by the dental operating microscope and micro-computed tomography. Scanning 2016 {Epub Ahead of Print. doi:10.1002/sca.21299}.
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.21299

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2016

History

• Received
  02 June 2016
• Accepted
  20 Sept 2016