Vitis Labrusca L. grapes cultivars under hydric stress in protected cultivation

Produção de cultivares de uvas Vitis Labrusca L. sob estresse hídrico em cultivo protegido

Abstract

The expansion of the Brazilian wine border, combined with the development of new cultivars adapted to different regions, highlight the need for more information on irrigation handling for new cultivars in protected cultivation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate grapevine cultivars submitted to different percentages of water replacement in the soil in conditions of the Southern region of Minas Gerais with the use of irrigation. The experiment was installed and developed from 2014 to 2016. The experimental design used was random blocks, with five replicates and the treatments were disposed in subdivided plots, with three replacement percentages (30, 50 and 100 % of necessary water replacement for this type of soil) and in the subplots four grapevine cultivars belonging to Vitis labrusca L species. (‘Isabel’, ‘Isabel Precoce’, ‘BRS-Cora’ and ‘BRS-Violeta’). The research concluded that these cultivars increased 75 % the bunch length, 71 % of the bunch weight, 39 % the production of bunch of grapes, 52 % the pH, 84 % the soluble solid content and 60 % the reduction of total acidity content, 60 % to 100 % of water replacement. ‘Isabel precoce’ cultivar in water deficit conditions obtained the best productive results.

Index terms
Vitis labrusca L.; table grape; irrigation

Resumo

A ampliação da fronteira vitícola brasileira, aliada ao desenvolvimento de novas cultivares adaptadas às diferentes regiões evidenciam a necessidade de maiores informações sobre o manejo da irrigação para novas cultivares, em cultivo protegido. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar cultivares de videira submetidas a diferentes porcentagens de reposição de água no solo, nas condições da região sul de Minas Gerais com o uso de irrigação. O experimento foi implantado e desenvolvido nos anos de 2014 a 2016. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com três porcentagens de reposição (30; 50 e 100 % de reposição necessária de água para esse tipo de solo) e, nas subparcelas, as quatro cultivares de videira pertencentes à espécie Vitis labrusca L. (‘Isabel’, ‘Isabel Precoce’, ‘BRS-Cora’ e ‘BRS-Violeta’). Conclui-se com a pesquisa que as cultivares aumentaram em 75 % o comprimento do cacho, 71 % a massa dos cachos, 39 % a produção de cachos de uva, 52 % o pH, 84 % o teor de sólidos solúveis e 60 % a redução do teor de acidez total com 100 % da reposição de água. A cultivar Isabel precoce nas condições de déficit hídrico obteve os melhores resultados produtivos.

Termos para indexação
Vitis labrusca L.; uva de mesa; irrigação

Introduction

Among the grapes produced in Brazil, half is explored for processing (wines, juices etc.) and the other half is aimed at meeting consumption demands in natura.

The viticulture for processing is strongly concentrated in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, while the production of table grapes predominates the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, São Paulo and Minas Gerais. There was a highly expressive growth in table grapes exports (909.9 %) between 1998 and 2019, due to an average annual increase of the order of 7.6 %. The production and per capita consumption also increased significantly during this period, although at lower rates than exports, 122.0 % and 68.1 % respectively (MAIA, et al., 2020).

The adoption of the trellis training systems in Y form, associated or not to protected cultivation, emerged as an alternative for the reduction of manpower and the use of agrochemicals, combined with the increase in the product quality and, therefore, the profitability and reduction of diseases in the grapevine culture (HERNANDES; PEDRO JÚNIOR, 2015).

There are more than 5,000 grape varieties in the world, but the consumer is used to finding in the market and supermarkets, only two or three varieties. Despite this large availability of varieties, the wine growers, end up specializing in the production of only one or two cultivars.

This wide diversity of species and cultivars can produce grapes with distinct physicochemical characteristics that need studies (AEB and al., 2007).

The Genetic Improving Program “Brazil Grapes” in 2003 launched the first Brazilian grape cultivars (CAMARGO et al., 2003). Genetic materials used in the Brazilian vineyards present high variability, and approximately 40 cultivars belonging to the Vitis labrusca species and approximately 120 cultivars belonging to the Vitis vinifera species (CAMARGO et al., 2011).

Although the Southern Brazil region is considered the largest grape producer in the country, it is worth pointing out that the grape produced in this region is intended, mainly for wine production, while in the Southeast and Northeast regions the production of table grapes predominates. The Southern of the state of Minas Gerais was always highlighted as a table grape production center, in particular the Andradas and Caldas region, but the farmers have few cultivars options for planting. In Caldas region, there are new fields that aimed at the production of grapes for table, fine wines and juice and for experimental purpose (AMORIM, et al., 2005).

There was a large increase in the grapevine researches with the expansion of the Brazilian viticulture border, mainly with additional support for rural entrepreneurship.

New definitions of technologies and handling, certification of wine growing products, geographical indications, organic production have been emerging through these researches, in addition to technologies for the selection of clones and new cultivars adapted to different regions (NACHTIGAL et al., 2010).

The climate of the region is a key element in the determination of the characteristics of wines not only in global terms, but also in the climatic conditions of the Brazilian wine growing regions. The climate of the Southern Minas Gerais is characterized with average monthly air temperature of 20.6 °C, rainfall of 255 mm and evapotranspiration of 71.4 mm. The imposition of moderate water deficiency to grapevine in certain phenological stages has a positive impact on the concentration of sugars, acidity, pH and phenolic compounds in the must (LUCIANO et al., 2013). These characteristics are responsible for various attributes such as color, aroma, body and structure.

It is known that irrigation can affect the production and the quality of table grape (SERMAN et al., 2004) and wine grape (SANTOS; KAYE, 2009). Water requirement for grape crop varies at different development stages and the water deficit can cause, during the initial phase and in the maturation phase of the berries, reduction in the size of the fruits and delay in the ripening of the bunches (ÁVILA NETO et al., 2000) and it is necessary to evaluate the adaptation of new cultivars submitted to water deficit.

Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate grapevine cultivars submitted to different percentages of water replacement in the soil in conditions of the Southern region of Minas Gerais.

Material and Methods

The experiment was installed and developed in the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais - Campus Muzambinho (MG), Brazil, in the Fruticulture Sector in the harvest from 2014 to 2016. The experimental area is delimited by the geographical coordinates: 21º 20’ 59.94’S of latitude and 46º31’34.82’W of longitude, having as average altitude of 1013 meters (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Location of Muzambinho municipality in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fonte: (APARECIDO and SOUZA, 2019).

The plant training system was in the form of trellis or ‘Y’ form, with plastic coverage system, high tunnel model (Figure 2). The system is in Y form with tilted lateral arms, fixed in the support posts. Wires were used for the installation of the ‘Y’ training system, one for supporting the spur cord, two from each side to tie the branches, two external wires were placed on each side for lateral lashing and another one on the top to support the material to be used in the cover of the vineyard and protection of the grapevines as recommended by Hernandes and Pedro Junior (2015). Diffusing agrofilm was used for covering (150μ in thickness) and it is characterized by being photo selective, antivirus, light diffuser, anti-aesthetic and resistant to ultraviolet rays (MARQUES et al., 2019).

Figure 2
Short pruning with a bud (A), budding (B), green grapes (Figure C) and grapes beginning to color (C) in the experiment during the years 2014 to 2016 (average of three years).

The area was cleaned for the experiment setup, using the desiccant herbicide followed by the elimination of crop remains. The soil (0 to 20 cm) of the experimental area presented the following characteristics: pH of 6.41 (water-1:2.5); 3.28 dag kg of OM; 92.2 mg dm3 of P (Mehlich 1); 370 mg dm3 of K (Mehlich 1); 6.0 cmolc dm3 of Ca (KCl extractor 1 mol L); 1.64 cmolc dm3 of Mg ( KCl extractor 1 mol L); 0.0 cmolc dm3 of Al ( KCl extractor 1 mol L); 2.89 cmolc dm3 of H+Al (SMP extractor).

The experiment implementation started with the marking and alignment of the furrow for the planting of the grapevine nursery trees with 360 m2 planting density in September 2010. Bare grapevine nursery trees were used, grafted on ‘1103 Paulsen’ rootstock using the table graft method. The nursery trees were acquired in EPAMIG-Caldas. The rustic grapevine cultivars (Vitis labrusca L.) used were: Isabel, Isabel Precoce, BRSCora, BRS-Violeta. The grapevine planting took place in 2014, and the first pruning was held on July 30th, 2015 with the withdrawal of the aerial part above the wire (1.10 m) leading the sprouts to form the cultivars’ rods.

The cultivars began to enter into maturation by the end of November, and the evaluations were conducted on December 16th, 2015 to 2016. The crop handlings were conducted as recommended for the crop (NACHTIGAL et al., 2010) with preventive spraying of copper base; control of diseases and pests; fertilization for plant formation and fruit production; control of invasive plants with the use of herbicides in the planting line; and the use of brush cutter between the furrow were conducted according to the recommendations for the region. The grapevine production cycle was divided into eight separate phenological stages, as follows: (a) the period of sprout; (b) vegetative development; (c) pre and full bloom; (d) first phase of the fruit growth; (e) fruit growth stop; (f) second phase of the fruit growth; g) final maturation of the fruit; and h) phenological rest. Figure 2 shows the grapevine plants in the different phenological stages, short pruning with one bud (Figure 2A), budding (Figure 2B), green grapes (Figure 2C) and grapes starting to color (Figure 2C) during the research from 2015 to 2016.

The experimental design used was random blocks, with five replicates. The treatments were set in subdivided plots, with three replacement percentages (30, 50 and 100 % necessary water replacement for this type of soil) and in the subplots the four grapevine cultivars belonging to Vitis labrusca L species. (Isabel, Isabel Precoce, BRS-Cora and BRS-Violeta species. Each subplot was composed of six plants, the spacing used was 2.50 m between lines and 1.00 m between plants, arranged in three lines, making an area of 25 m2 for each experimental subplot and 900 m2 the total area of the experiment. The plant training system was in the form of trellis or ‘Y’ form, with plastic coverage system, high tunnel model (Figure 2). The experiment was separated in three tracks (A, B and C), in track A was supplied a water layer of 30 % necessary water replacement for this type of soil, in track B 50 % necessary water replacement for this type of soil and in track C 100 % necessary water replacement for this type of soil. The 100% water layer corresponds to the total replacement of the evapotranspiration that the crop presented during that period. The irrigation shift used among the irrigation was three days. Meteorological data were measured by the automatic station of IFSULDEMINAS, Campus Muzambinho, MG, Brazil. The irrigation handling was conducted applying the water balance method, using SYSWAB software (GASPAR et al., 2015). The predominant climate in the region is B4rB2 according to the climate classification of Thornthwaite (1948), and it is considered a wet climate with small water deficiency (APARECIDO et al., 2014). The reference evapotranspiration was estimated by FAO Penman- Monteith method according to (ALLEN et al., 1998).

The soil water availability in the field capacity was calculated based on humidity data (FIETZ, 1999). The sequential daily climatological water balance method was used for irrigation handling, conducted according to (THORNTHWAITE, 1948), during the research was quantified average temperature (Figure 3A), precipitation (Figure 3B), potential evapotranspiration ETP (Figure 4A), real evapotranspiration EPR (Figure 4B), water storage in the soil STO (Figure 4C), water deficiency DEF (Figure 5A) and water excess EXC (Figure 5B).

Figure 3
Temperature (A) and precipitation (B) carried out in the years 2014 to 2016 (average of three years).

Figure 4
Potential evapotranspiration-ETP (A), real evapotranspiration-ETR (B), soil water storage-STO (C) carried out in the years 2014 to 2016 (average of three years).

Figure 5
Water deficiency-DEF (A) and water excess-EXC (B) carried out in the years 2014 to 2016 (average of three years).

The water and climate balance recorded during the experiment is presented in Figure 2, 3 and 4. The drip irrigation method used was with self-compensating and anti-draining drippers, with a flow rate of 2.5 L h-1.

The assessment of the distribution uniformity coefficient was conducted obtaining 96 % uniformity according to the methodology proposed by Keller and Karmeli (1975) which consists of squaring the irrigation subunit area, using the first lateral line, the lines located at 1/3 and 2/3 and the last one. The same procedure was adopted according to the number of emitters by lateral line or the number of plants by line within each irrigation subunit.

The flow of each emitter was measured using aluminum containers with a liter of capacity, with the collection time per emitter of three minutes.

The harvest was conducted from 2015 to 2016 according to recommendations (Antoniolli e Lima, 2008) and the following parameters were evaluated: bunch length (cm plant-1 year-1), bunch weight (grams plant-1 year-1), grape production (kg year-1), the content of soluble solids oBrix, acidity and pH according to AOC (2012) due to the cultivars and percentages of water replacement for this type of soil for harvests conducted in the years 2015 to 2016 (average of 2 years).

Manual harvest was conducted beginning at 8:00 a.m. and ending at 11:00 a.m. using pruning scissors, making the selection and trimming of the bunches, and the disposal of the berries that eventually presented some kind of defect. During the harvest bunches samples were taken, and the bunches were labelled. Each sample was packed in cardboard box, export type, single piece, with external dimensions of 470 mm x 290 mm x 120 mm, four holes of 25 mm diameter, eight openings of 60 mm x 10 mm and capacity for 6 kg of grapes. The boxes were immediately placed and kept in cold chamber with constant temperature of 3 ºC and relative humidity of the air between 90 and 95 %, with useful dimensions of 3.5 m length x 1.2 m width x 2.5 m height. The bunch length was quantified using a 150 mm stainless steel digital universal caliper (Model: MTX) in the same day of the harvest. The bunch weight was evaluated using a precision electronic scale 1 kg x 0.2 g (Brand: BALNET).

The commercial production was quantified at the end of the research.

The physical evaluations were conducted during the harvest in 2015 and 2016. Chemical characteristics analyses (total soluble solids content, titratable acidity and hydrogenic potential) of the berries were determined with the evolution of the grape maturation. Four bunches were separated from each plot, using four plants per treatment and five berries of each bunch have been evaluated, destined to the evaluations of grape quality for soluble solids content and titratable acidity. The grapes were stored in thermal boxes and transported under refrigeration to the laboratory, where they were prepared and evaluated. All the analyses were conducted in triplicate. The pH was determined by potentiometry (AOAC, 2012) with the aid of a digital pHmetro Tekna model T-1000 by direct immersion of the electrode in the extract of crushed and homogenized fresh fruits.

The total soluble solids content (°Brix) were determined by placing drops of the crushed fresh fruit extract, homogenized and filtered over the prism of a Reichert r2MINI digital refractometer.

The results obtained during 2015 and 2016 of the evaluated characteristics were submitted to the analysis of variance, using the SISVAR software (FERREIRA, 2014). The averages were compared by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5 % probability.

Results and Discussion

Isabel precoce cultivar was superior for bunch length (Figure 6A), bunch weight (Figure 6B), and grape production (Figure 6C) in the different percentages of water replacement necessary for this soil. These results can be related to the requirement of the cultivar to water replacement. It was also possible to observe that the cultivars increase the bunch length, bunch weight and grape production with the increased of water replacement in the soil. In a similar study Hardie and Considine (1976) observed the higher bunches weight in the grapevine supplied with 100 % of the evapotranspiration rate. In general, the variation in the production by plant, berry size, among others in grape depends on the cultivar and water handling (GRANGEIRO et al., 2002). The plant adaptability in stress conditions is influenced by the duration and magnitude of the stress, in addition to genetic variability. In low water availability conditions in the soil, several metabolic processes in plants can be influenced, such as stomatic closure, decline in the growth rate, solutes and antioxidants accumulation and the manifestation of specific stress genes (MIGUEL et at., 2009).

Figure 6
Bunch length (A), bunch weight (B) and grape production (C) depending on cultivars and percentages of water replacement for this type of soil in harvests from 2015 to 2016 (average of two years).

For pH (Figure 7A) determined directly in the fruit must submitted to the application of 100 % water replacement in this type of soil provided 52 % increase in the BRS-Cora cultivar that was higher compared to the lower water replacement. For the total acidity content (Figure 7B) BRS-Violeta cultivar had higher reduction of this parameter with the increase of water replacement in this type of soil. For the soluble solids content in ºBrix (Figure 7C) Cora cultivar was superior (84 %) in the application of 100 % water replacement in this type of soil compared to lower water replacement. According to the Standard Instruction number 14 (BRASIL, 2018) which establishes minimum required of 14 ºBrix, pH 2.99 and total acidity 55. In other studies, soluble solids contents from 14 to 18.9 ºBrix (NAGATO et al., 2003); 14.21 to 17.3 oBrix (SANTANA et al., 2008); 15.5 to 18.5 oBrix (ROMBALDI et al., 2004) were determined. For titratable acidity the maximum content of 0.90 grams of tartaric acid/g 100mL-1 of juice, it can also be related to the type of elaborated cultivar, because Concord and Isabel cultivars present relatively low must acidity around 3.44 (RIZZON; LIKON, 2006). It was possible to observe an increase in pH, soluble solids content and reduction in total acidity content with the increase of water replacement in this type of soil. Grangeiro et al. (2002), working with the Seedless Superior cultivar in São Francisco River region, obtained soluble solids values, on average, of 17.3 ºBrix, on the harvest period. These results were higher than those obtained by Santos et al. (2014) that obtained 15.5 ºBrix values for Seedless Superior cultivar, overcoming the minimum requirements mainly demanded by the external market. These results disagree with Marinho et al. (2010) that no variation in acidity content was observed when there was variation of the water level in grapevine irrigation. When there is water deficiency during the initial grapevine growth period and in the maturation of the berries, there will be a reduction in the fruit size and delay in its ripening, affecting its coloring and favoring its burning by solar radiation (ÁVILA NETO et al., 2000).

Figure 7
The pH (A), acidity (B) and soluble solids content (C) depending on cultivars and percentages of water replacement for this type of soil in harvests from 2015 to 2016 (average of two years).

Conclusions

It is concluded with the research that Isabel, Isabel Precoce, BRS-Cora and BRS-Violeta increased by 75 % bunch length (cm plant-1 year-1), 71 % bunch weight ( gram plant-1 year-1), 39 % grape bunch production (kg year-1), 52 % pH, 84 % soluble solids content and 60 % reduction of total acidity content with 100 % water replacement in the soil. Isabel precoce cultivar in water deficit conditions obtained the best productive results.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/Brazil) for the support.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  06 July 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  30 Jan 2020
• Accepted
  11 May 2020