Flora of Espírito Santo: Prepusa and Senaea (Helieae, Gentianaceae)

Abstract

The Flora of Espírito Santo presents three species of Helieae (Gentianaceae), circumscribed in the genera Prepusa, with two species, and Senaea with only one species. These poorly known species are described and illustrated here, and had their diagnostic characters and their similarities with other species discussed. In addition, this paper provides an emended key for species and geographic distribution maps of all species of Prepusa and Senaea from Flora of Espírito Santo, with additional comments on their conservation status.

Key words
Brazil; endemism; Prepusa; Senaea; taxonomy

Resumo

A Flora do Espírito Santo possui três espécies da Tribo Helieae (Gentianaceae), circunscritas nos gêneros Prepusa, com duas espécies, e Senaea, com apenas uma espécie. Essas espécies pouco conhecidas são aqui descritas e ilustradas, e tiveram discutidos seus caracteres diagnósticos e suas semelhanças com outras espécies. Além disso, este artigo fornece uma chave de identificação para as espécies e mapas de distribuição geográfica de todas as espécies de Prepusa e Senaea da Flora do Espírito Santo, bem como comentários adicionais sobre seus status de conservação.

Palavras-chave
Brasil; endemismo; Prepusa; Senaea; taxonomia

Introduction

Parsimony analyses based on morphological data suggests that the genus Prepusa and Senaea are sister to one another, although this relationship receives only a limited boot-strap support, with the monophyly of Prepusa supported by only winged calyces, and less than 50% of the synapomorphies that support them are not yet well understood (Calió et al. 2008; Struwe et al. 2002, 2009).

The genus Prepusa contains only six species, five of them endemic to rocky outcrops in eastern Brazil and one restrict to campos rupestres (herbaceous or shrubby vegetation on sandy or stony soils) and cerrados (savannas) in the northeast of Brazil (Calió et al. 2008). Prepusa alata Porto & Brade (1935: 222), P. connata Gardner ex Hooker (1839: 225) and P. hookeriana Gardner ex Hooker (1841: 3909), are endemic to the state of Rio de Janeiro, occurring in the high-altitude grasslands (campos de altitude); P. montana Martius (1827: 121), is endemic to the state of Bahia, occurs in campos rupestres and cerrados, sometimes close to river margins and swamps, in the Chapada Diamantina, while P. viridiflora Brade (1949: 18) and P. dibotrya Fraga, Fontana & Kollmann (2014: 288) are endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, restricted to the saxicolous vegetation islands (mats) on granitic and gneissic inselbergs associated with the Atlantic forest domain (Calió et al. 2008; Fraga et al. 2014).

The genus Senaea present two disjunct species, Senaea coerulea Taubert (1893: 516) is endemic to the shrubby vegetation on sandy soils in the campos rupestres, while Senaea janeirensis Brade (1932: 118), described for state of Rio de Janeiro, extends its distribution to areas of cloud forests to the state of Espírito Santo (Calió et al. 2008).

The present study aims to review the taxonomy of Prepusa and Senaea, describing its morphology alongside illustrations and geographic distribution maps, supported by an emended key for all species.

Material and Methods

Morphological data were obtained through the study of herbarium specimens and living material collected in the field. The descriptions and illustrations are based on both living and dried material studied using a stereomicroscope, morphological characters are based on Harris & Harris (2001) and Beentje (2010), the inflorescence analysis follows Weberling (1989), and the emended key to the species of Prepusa and Senaea is based on Calió et al. (2008) and Fraga et al. (2014).

The voucher of the specimens are housed in the herbariums ALCB, BHCB, CEPEC, HCF, HUEFS, HRCB, K, MBM, MBML, MO, NY, P, RB, SAMES, SP, SPF, U, UEC, UFMT, UPCB, US, VIES. Data on the distribution of the species are presented in a map, with elevations and state limits. The map was made using DIVA-GIS, version 5.2 (Hijmans et al. 2005).

Key to the species of Prepusa and Senaea of Espírito Santo

• 1. Fleshy or sometimes leathery calyces, 4–5-merous corollas and flattened styles.........................................................other Helieae species.

• 1’. Membranaceous calyces, 6-merous corollas, and cylindrical styles...................1. Prepusa or 2. Senaea

  • 2. Calyx greater than 20 mm, half as long or longer than the corolla; corolla lobes much shorter than corolla; cream to brown-purplish or greenish-yellow to castaneous in the upper half.

    • 3. Leaf blades with apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronulate; inflorescence compound; corolla wine-brown, usually longer than the calyx; stigma villous on adaxial surface.........................................................1.1. Prepusa dibotrya

    • 3’. Leaf blades with apex acuminate to acute, rare mucronulate; simple inflorescence; corolla green, usually the same size as the calyx; stigma verrucose on adaxial surface.........................................................1.2. Prepusa viridiflora

  • 2’. Calyx less than 10 mm, much shorter than the corolla; corolla lobes almost as long as corolla tube, white-purple in the upper half...................2.1. Senaea janeirensis

Results and Discussion

1. Prepusa Mart. Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 120. [1826] 1827.

1.1. Prepusa dibotrya Fraga, A.P. Fontana & L. Kollmann, Phytotaxa 163(5): 288. 2014. Figs. 1; 2a-c

Figure 1
a-i. Line drawing of Prepusa dibotrya – a. habit; b. detail of the apex and adaxial side of the leaf blead; c. detail of the branchlet apex, bracts and the inflorescence base; d. flower, side view; e. pedicel, sepals, petals, stamens, and ovary, side view (sepals and petals partially cropped); f. stretched petals, front view; g. stamen, front view; h. ovary, side view; i. dibotryum (1 = bracts of peduncle; 2 = bracts of rachis; 3 = peduncle; 4 = botryoid paraclades; 5 = hypopodiuns; 6 = bracteoles; 7 = pedicel; 8 = flowers). (a-i. L. Kollmann et al. 12598).

Figure 2
a-l. Regions of occurrence and morphology of Prepusa and Senaea – a. general view of Pedra da Onça, in the municipality of Santa Teresa, occurrence area of P. dibotrya; b. habit of P. dibotrya; c. flowers at anthesis of P. dibotrya; d. general view of Monte Cristo and Caveira da Anta Complex, in the municipality of Alegre, occurrence area of P. viridiflora; e. general view of Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul, in the municipality of Domingos Martins, occurrence area of P. viridiflora and S. janeirensis. f. general view of Parque Estadual de Forno Grande, in the municipality of Castelo, occurrence area of P. viridiflora; g. habit of P. viridiflora; h. flowers at anthesis of P. viridiflora; i. general view of Facão de Pedra Massif, in the Parque Nacional do Caparaó, municipality of Divino de São Lourenço, occurrence area of S. janeirensis; j. population of S. janeirensis; k. branches of S. janeirensis; l. flowers at anthesis of S. janeirensis. Photos by C.N. Fraga, except e. by A.P. Fontanta and g. by L. Kollmann.

Herbs, woody at the base, 29–43 cm tall without the inflorescence, branched at the base. Stems cylindrical 3.6–8.3 mm diam., internodes 3.8–28.7 mm long at the base, pale yellowish to castaneous, thereafter quadrangular 4.1–8.8 mm long, winged, internodes 6.3–140.5 mm long in the leafy part and below inflorescence, greenish-castaneous to dark wine-coloured. Leaves sessile, oppositely crossed, colleters internal; blade elliptic-oblong to narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, 60.5–160 × 18.8–45.2 mm, base attenuate to connate-perfoliate only at the base, margins straight to slight revolute, apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronulate; adaxial surface sulcate to conduplicate at the base, dark-green to wine-coloured at the apex, abaxial surface carinate in the midvein at the base, greenish, 2–5 pairs of secondary veins greenish to white. Inflorescence compound, dibotryum, terminal, erect, 2–5 botryoid paraclades, 15–53-flowered, cylindrical 190–320 × 1.8–5.5 mm, internodes 20–165 mm long, wine-coloured, ending in triads; botryoid paraclades, erect, 3–9-flowered, cylindrical, 2–135 × 1–3.1 mm, internodes 2–130 mm long, ending in triads, wine-coloured; bracts of peduncle, rachis and of the botryoid paraclades elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, 7–45 × 3–26 mm, connate-perfoliate only at the base, colleters internal, margin straight to slight revolute, apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronulate, adaxial surface sulcate to conduplicate at the base, dark-green to wine-coloured at the apex, abaxial surface carinate in the midvein at the base, greenish, 2–3 pairs of secondary veins greenish to white; bracteoles 1 pair per flower, inserted on top of the hypopodiuns, terminal flowers sometimes lackin subtending bracteoles, oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic or oblong, 2.5–7 × 0.5–2 mm, base attenuate to connate, apex mucronate, green to wine-coloured at the apex; hypopodium cylindrical 10–42 × 1.2–1.9 mm, green to wine-coloured; pedicel cylindrical, 11–47 × 0.6–1.3 mm at anthesis, green to wine-coloured at the apex. Calyx campanulate, 20–30 × 11–18 mm at anthesis, papillose internally and externally, dorsally winged, yellowish-green to paleaceous when old; wings 0.8–3.7 mm wide reaching the base of the calyx lobes or short wings at base of the sepals; lobes triangular, 6–10 × 5–8.6 mm at anthesis, apex acute. Corolla funnel-shaped, longer than the calyx, 13–33 mm long, 4.8–7.2 mm diam. at mouth, tube 6.5–9 mm long, 3–4.9 mm diam. at base, 3–4 mm wide below filament insertion; lobes lanceolate to ovate, 10–12 × 4.3–5.2 mm, margin slightly crenulate, apex acute or acuminate, cream to brown-purplish in the upper half, yellowish-green in the lower half to whitish at the base. Filaments almost equal in length, not twisted when dry, 10.4–13.6 mm long; anthers 4–4.1 mm long, attached to filaments 1–1.1 mm long from the anther base. Ovary 7.8–9.2 mm long; style 8.4–9.7 mm long; stigma bilamellate, lobes obovate, villous on adaxial surface, 2.2–3 mm long. Capsule dehiscent, 11–18 mm long; seeds 0.1 mm.

Material examined: Santa Teresa, Pedra da Onça, 23.XII.2008, M.D.S. Demuner (MBML 49165); 19^o53’54.2”S, 40^o48’56.3”W, 975-1,029 m elev., 8.III.2009, M.D.S. Demuner & S. Venturini 59 (MBML); 25.III.2009, M.D.S. Demuner & A.M. Assis 90 (MBML); 10.VIII.2009, M.D.S. Demuner & H. Loss 122 (MBML). Brejetuba, Monte Feio, 20^o10’32”S, 41^o17’10”W, 1,310 m elev., 27.VII.2009, A.P. Fontana & L. Menini-Neto 4054 (MBML).

Prepusa dibotrya is restricted to two inselbergs, Pedra da Onça, on the border between Santa Teresa and Itarana municipalities (Fraga et al. 2014) and Monte Feio in the municipality of Brejetuba, at elevations between 900–1,030 m (Fig. 3). This region is characterized by inselbergs that are frequently dome-shaped and rise more or less abruptly above the surrounding landscape and limited by the border of Tropical Semideciduous Forest. These areas are continuously subject to drought, usually in the saxicolous vegetation islands (mats) on inselbergs with outcropping granitic and gneissic rocks (De Paula et al. 2020), and the habitat is characterized by rather sparse vegetation, with thickets of shrubs among a herbaceous layer that usually fades in the dry season (Fraga et al. 2014). Prepusa dibotrya did not have its extinction risk assessed at the national level back in 2013 (Guimarães et al. 2013), as it was only described in 2014, but it was later evaluated in a regional analysis of extinction risk undertaken for the preparation of the red list of Espírito Santo, and it was considered endangered (EN) during this effort (Fraga et al. 2019).

Figure 3
Map showing the geographical distribution of Prepusa dibotrya (black dots), Prepusa viridiflora (black squares) and Senaea janeirensis (black triangle) in the south part of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

The species can be readily distinguished from the other species of the genus by its compound inflorescences and flowers with villous, and to some extent resembles Prepusa viridiflora Brade for presenting herbaceous habit, dorsally winged calyx, wings reaching the base of the calyx lobes. However, P. dibotrya differs from the latter by stems that are cylindrical at the base yet merging to quadrangular (vs. cylindrical), leaf blade with apex obtuse or rounded (vs. acuminate or acute), inflorescences compound, dibotryum, (vs. simple), bract apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes mucronulate (vs. an acute or acuminate), calyx papillose on the inner and outer surface (vs. papillose only on the inner surface), corollas wine-brown, usually longer than the calyx, with lobes lanceolate, and apex acute or acuminate (vs. green, usually the same size as the calyx, with lobes widely ovate, and caudate apex), filaments less than 20 mm long (vs. more than 20 mm long), anthers attached to the filament 1–1.1 mm from the anther base (vs. anthers attached to the filaments 1.7–2.1 mm from the anther base), ovary less than 10 mm long (vs. more than 10 mm long), styles less than 10 mm long (vs. more than 10 mm long), stigmas with villous obovate lobes (vs. stigmas with verrucose lobes, very widely ovate or oblong).

This species displays a lot of variation in sepals wings, the specimen collected in Brejetuba (Fontana 6054) usually have short wings at base of the sepals and absent at the apex. However, the poor sampling currently available does not allow us to split it into intraspecific taxa or even in different species, thus further studies and more intensive collections of this species are needed.

1.2. Prepusa viridiflora Brade, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 9: 18, t. 10, 11. (1949) 1950. Figs. 2d-h; 4

Figure 4
a-i. Line drawing of Prepusa viridiflora – a. habit; b. flowers in perspective; c. flower in side view with pedicel, bracteoles, sepals and petals; d. stretched sepals, front view; e. stretched petals, front view; f. stamen, front view; g. stamen, from behind; h. ovary, side view; i. botryum (1 = bracts of peduncle; 2 = bracts of rachis; 3 = peduncle; 4 = hypopodiuns; 5 = bracteoles; 6 = pedicel; 7 = flowers). (a-i. C.N. Fraga et al. 2233).

Herbs, woody at the base, 37–82 cm tall without the inflorescence, unbranched or branched at the base. Stems cylindrical 4–8.5 mm diam., internodes 2–15 mm long at the base, pale yellowish to castaneous, thereafter cylindrical or sometimes quadrangular 55–200 mm long, not alate, internodes 5.3–14 mm long in the leafy part and below inflorescence, greenish-castaneous. Leaves sessile, oppositely crossed, colleters internal; blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, lanceolate, obovate or ovate, 35–147 × 7–35 mm, base attenuate to connate-perfoliate only at the base, margins flat, not revolute, apex acute, acuminate, rare mucronulate; adaxial surface sulcate to conduplicate at the base, dark-green, abaxial surface carinate in the midvein at the base, greenish, 1–4 pairs of secondary veins greenish. Inflorescence simple, botryum, (depauperate form of panicle), terminal, erect, 3–11-flowered, cylindrical 215–620 × 1.8–6.2 mm, internodes 55–240 mm long, flower over hypopodium, wine-coloured; bracts of the peduncle and rachis elliptic, obovate, oblanceolate or lanceolate, 15–97 × 4–21 mm, free or connate-perfoliate only at the base, colleters internal, margin flat, not revolute, apex acute or acuminate; adaxial surface sulcate to conduplicate at the base, dark-green to wine-coloured at the apex, abaxial surface carinate in the midvein at the base, greenish, 1–3 pairs of secondary veins greenish; bracteoles 1 pair per flower, inserted on top of the hypopodiuns, oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic or oblong, 7–15 × 2–5 mm, base attenuate to connate, apex acute or mucronate, green to wine-coloured at the apex; hypopodium cylindrical 21–152 × 1.5–3.5 mm, green to wine-coloured; pedicel cylindrical, 9–47 × 0.9–1.9 mm at anthesis, green to wine-coloured. Calyx campanulate, 25–52 × 17–33 mm at anthesis, papillose internally and sparse papillose externally, dorsally winged, green, yellowish-green or greenish-castaneous to paleaceous when old; wings 2–5.3 mm wide reaching the base of the calyx lobes; lobes triangular, 10–22 × 5.5–11.5 mm at anthesis, apex acute or acuminate. Corolla funnel-shaped, smaller or the same size of calyx, 21–47 mm long, 12–28 mm diam. at mouth, tube 14–25 mm long, 2.3–5.9 mm diam. at base, 5.3–7.8 mm wide below filament insertion; lobes ovate, 10–12 × 4.3–5.2 mm, margin slightly crenulate, apex acute, acuminate or caudate, greenish-yellow to castaneous in the upper half, yellowish in the lower half to whitish at the base. Filaments almost equal in length, not twisted when dry, 20–26 mm long; anthers 4.8–5.1 mm long, attached to filaments 1.7–3.2 mm long from the anther base. Ovary 11–16 mm long; style 18–22 mm long; stigma bilamellate, lobes obovate, verrucose on adaxial surface, 3–4.2 mm long. Capsule dehiscent, 11–18 mm long; seeds 0.1 mm.

Material examined: 1969, Burce (RB 227933); Serra Vitória-Minas, 3.IX.1967, A.P. Duarte 10469 (RB). Alegre, Caveira da Anta, trilha do Cume, 1,142 m elev., 12.X.2007, D.R. Couto et al. 368 (MBML, RB); Pedra da Caveira da Anta, 1,484 m elev., 5.VI.2009, L. Kollmann et al. 11633 (RB). Castelo, Forno Grande, 1,200 m elev., 12.V.1949, A.C. Brade 19782 (RB); Parque Estadual de Forno Grande, 1,129 m elev., 13.X.2000, L. Kollmann & C.N. Fraga 3188 (MBML, RB, SPF); C.N. Fraga & L. Kollmann 722 (MBML, RB); 11.VI.2004, L. Kollmann & R.L. Kollmann 6708 (MBML); 1.XI.2004, A.P. Fontana et al. 1010 (MBML); 31.V.2006, L. Kollmann et al. 9134 (MBML); 1,700 m elev., 18.VII.2007, P.H. Labiak et al. 4209 (MBML, NY, UPCB); 6.VIII.2013, D. Monteiro et al. 845 (RB, UEC); trilha para o Forninho, 1,400 m elev., 12.II.2008, R.C. Forzza et al. 4955 (CEPEC, HCF, MBM, MBML, RB, UPCB); afloramento por baixo do Mirante, beira do pasto, Inselbergue, 1,105-1,400 m elev., 16.VII.2008, L. Kollmann & A.P. Fontana 11081 (MBML, RB, UPCB); trilha para a base do Fornão, Inselbergues, 1,500 m elev., 14.X.2008, C.N. Fraga et al. 2233 (MBML, RB, UPCB). Domingos Martins, estrada entre Manhuaçu e Vitória, km 89, 7.IX.1977, G.J. Shepherd et al. 5834 (UEC); 29.X.1987, O.J. Pereira 1333 (VIES, U); Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul, 1.III.2016, D.T. Wandekoken 41 (SAMES, VIES); M. Arantes (HRCB 74923); 13.VII.2005, L. Kollmann & R.L. Kollmann 8023 (MBML, RB); Pedra Azul, 15.VI.1985, G. Hatschbach 49407 (CEPEC, MBM, MO, US); rod. Vitória-Belo Horizonte, km 85, 1,000 m elev., 16.VI.1984, G.J. Shepherd (VIES 447, ALCB, CEPEC, UEC, UFMT); propriedade do Canal, Floresta Ombrófila Densa, afloramento rochoso com Mata ciliar, 1,285 m elev., 12.VII.2006, A.P. Fontana et al. 2240 (RB).

Prepusa viridiflora occurs in the southern mountainous region of the state, in areas next to the Tropical Ombrophilous Forest, at elevations ranging between 1,100 to 1,600 m above sea level, with higher humidity levels, but remaining subject to drought due to the thin soil cover, and also are in the saxicolous vegetation islands on outcropping granitic and gneissic rocks, restricted to the Forno Grande (Parque Estadual de Forno Grande), the Pedra Azul (Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul) and the Caveira da Anta (Fig. 3).

These species had its extinction risk assessed back in 2013 (Guimarães et al. 2013) as endangered (EN), a conservation status that was also maintained in the red list of Espírito Santo (Fraga et al. 2019). For taxonomic comparisons, see comments under P. dibotrya.

2. Senaea Taub., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 515. 1893.

2.1. Senaea janeirensis Brade, Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro 34: 118. 1932. Figs. 2e,i-l; 5

Figure 5
a-i. Line drawing of Senaea janeirensis – a. habit; b. leaves, from behind; c. flowers in perspective; d. flower in side view with pedicel, bracteoles, sepals and petals; e. stretched sepals, front view; f. stretched petals, front view; g. stamen, front view; h. stamen, from behind; i. ovary, side view. (a-i. L. Kollmann et al. 10471).

Shrubs, 150–200 cm tall, branched. Stems cylindrical 10–70 mm in diam. at the base; branches 3–6.2 mm in diam., internodes 9–74 mm long in the leafy part and below inflorescence, green or yellowish-green to dark-castaneous when old. Leaves sub-sessile to short petiolate, oppositely crossed, colleters internal; petiole 1–3.7 mm long, adaxial surface sulcate at the base, green, abaxial surface carinate in the midvein at the base, yellowish-green, 1–2 pairs of secondary veins greenish; blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 28–98 × 7.5–26 mm, base long attenuate at the base, margins flat to sligthly revolute, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence compound cyme, terminal or axillar, erect, 1–6 lateral cymes, 8–32-flowered, cylindrical 36–78 × 1.7–3.5 mm, internodes 4–45 mm long, green, ending in triads; lateral cymes, erect, 1–3-flowered, cylindrical, 10–47 × 1.5–3.2 mm, internodes 3–6 mm long, ending in triads, green; leafy bract at the base of peduncle and rachis 22–60 × 5–20 mm, bracts of the botryoid paraclades linear, narrowly elliptic or elliptic-spatulate, 10–30 × 1–2.1 mm, free or connate-perfoliate only at the base, attenuate at the base, margin straight to slight revolute, apex acute or acuminate, adaxial surface sulcate to conduplicate at the base, abaxial surface carinate in the midvein at the base, both white-green; bracteoles 1 pair per flower, inserted on top of the hypopodiuns, free part linear, similar to bracts in shape and color, 6.8–15 × 0.6–1.7 mm; hypopodium cylindrical 6–16 × 0.7–1.3 mm in diam., white-green; pedicel cylindrical, 1–3 × 0.6–1 mm in diam., at anthesis, white-green. Calyx campanulate, 6.2–8 × 5–8.6 mm at anthesis, papillose externally and not papillate internally, rare dorsally winged, green, yellowish-green or greenish-castaneous whit white-purple dots to paleaceous and becoming lacerate when mature; lobes triangular, 0.6–2.5 × 2–4 mm at anthesis, apex acute or acuminate. Corolla campanulate, three times longer than the calyx, with a constriction at the level of stamen insertion and widening above, 22–28 mm long, 7.5–12 mm diam. at mouth, tube 10–12.5 mm long, 3–3.7 mm wide at base, 5–6.7 mm wide below filament insertion, 6.2–11.2 mm wide above filament insertion, papillose internally and externally, white-purple in the lobes and in the upper half of the tube to whitish at the base; lobes oblong-lanceolate, 9–11× 4.1–5 mm margin slightly crenulate, apex acute, acuminate or mucronate, contorted. Filaments almost equal in length, not twisted when dry, 9.5–15 mm long; anthers 4.7–5.1 mm long, attached to filaments 2–2.5 mm long from the anther base. Ovary 6–9 mm long; style 9–14 mm long; stigma bilamellate, lobes obovate, verrucose on adaxial surface, 1.6–2.8 mm long. Capsule dehiscent, 5.8–7.2 mm long; seeds 0.5–0.9 mm.

Material examined: Divino de São Lourenço, Patrimônio da Penha, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Facão de Pedra, 1,600-1,920 m elev., 24.I.2008, L. Kollmann et al. 10471 (MBML, RB). Domingos Martins, Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul, Pedra das Flores, cume, 1,660 m elev., 11.VII.2006, A.P. Fontana et al. 2228 (MBML, RB). Ibitirama, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, 1,600 m elev., 25.I.2013, H.M. Dias et al. 816 (VIES).

Senaea janeirensis is endemic to mountainous areas of the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, this species was described from Desengano Massif collections, and it was last collected at this site in 1986. Due to recent increase in collection efforts in Espírito Santo, the species was found within the limits of two protected areas, Parque Nacional do Caparaó and Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul, representing an extension on its known historical distribution. The species is currently considered endangered (EN) at the national level (Guimarães et al. 2013), and it was not assessed regionally in Fraga et al. (2019) for not having been correctly identified previously. Time elapsed between the known collection suggests that this species is very rare.

Senaea janeirensis and S. coerulea are morphologically very close, both species are shrubs and the height of 6 m tall noted on the label of the specimen collected in Ibitirama (Dias 816) is probably wrong, although they have different habitats and disjunct geographical distributions, whit Senaea coerulea is endemic to the shrubby vegetation on sandy soils in the campos rupestres around of Cadeia do Espinhaço, state of Minas Gerais, while S. janeirensis, described for state of Rio de Janeiro, extends its distribution to areas of cloud forests to the south of the state of Espírito Santo, in the Serra do Mar. However, Senaea janeirensis differs from the S. coerulea by leaf blade elliptic with acute at apex (vs. leaf blade oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronate at apex), pedicels and calyx not papillate (vs. pedicels papillate and calyx papillate on outside), calyx lobe apices shorter less than 1 mm (vs. calyx lobe apices longer greater than 1.5 mm); corolla 20–23 mm long with ovate lobes (vs. corolla 29–30 mm long with lanceolate lobes), filaments less than 13 mm long (vs. filaments greater than 15 mm long), ovary less than 7 mm long (vs. ovary greater than 8 mm long), and style less than 13 mm long (vs. style greater than 15 mm long).

This species displays a lot of variation in sepals wings, the specimen collected in Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul (Fontana 2228) and in the municipality of Ibitirama (Dias 816) usually have short wings in the sepals with 0.2–0.4 mm wide, reaching the base of the calyx lobes, the other specimen (Kollmann 10471) do not have wings in the sepals. However, the poor sampling currently available does not allow us to split it into intraspecific taxa or even in different species, thus further studies and more intensive collections of this species are needed.

Acknowledgements

We thank Joelcio Freitas and Maria Alice Rezende, for the line drawings of the species; Ludovic Kollmann, for the pictures of the Prepusa viridiflora; and we also thank the anonymous reviewer, for contributions to the manuscript. CNF and APF are the recipient of a grant from “Fundação Grupo Boticário” (Proc. 0756-20072), which allowed the study of Prepusa viridiflora in Parque Estadual de Forno Grande, Castelo, Espírito Santo.

References

• Beentje H (2010) The Kew Plant Glossary: an ilustrated dictionary of plant terms. Royal Botanica garden, Kew. 164p.
• Brade AC (1932) Espécies novas de plantas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 34: 113-129.
• Brade AC (1949) Contribuição para o conhecimento da flora do estado do Espírito Santo - II. Espécies novas das famílias Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae e Gentianaceae. Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 9: 9-35.
• Calió MF, Pirani JR & Struwe L (2008) Morphology-based phylogeny and revision of Prepusa and Senaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae) - rare endemics from eastern Brazil. Kew Bulletin 63: 169-191.
• De Paula LFA, Azevedo LO, Mauad LP, Cardoso LJT, Braga JMA, Kollmann LJC, Fraga CN, Menini-Neto L, Labiak PE, Mello-Silva R, Porembski S & Forzza RC (2020) Sugarloaf Land in south-eastern Brazil: a tropical hotspot of lowland inselberg plant diversity. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e53135.
• Fraga CN, Fontana AP & Kollmann LJC (2014) A new species of Prepusa (Helieae, Gentianaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with an emended key for the genus. Phytotaxa 163: 287-294.
• Fraga CN, Peixoto AL, Leite YLR, Santos ND, Oliveira JRPM, Sylvestre LS, Schwartsburd PB, Tuler AC, Freitas J, Lírio EJ, Couto DR, Dutra VF, Waichert C, Sobrinho TG, Hostim-Silva M, Ferreira RB, Bérnils RS, Costa LP, Chaves FG, Formigoni MH, Silva JP, Ribeiro RS, Reis JCL, Capellão RT, Lima RO, Saiter FZ, Lopes AS, Paglia AP, Chautems A, Braz AG, Mônico AT, Salino A, Firmino AD, Chagas AP, Colodetti AF, Krahl AH, Sousa AAC, Pavan ACDO, Castello ACD, Loss AC, Srbek-Araujo AC, Scudeler AL, Farro APC, Feijó A, Machado AFP, Ferreira ALN, Fontana AP, Freitas AVL, Cabral A, Bolzan AAS, Weigand A, Frazão A, Neto ACR, Almeida AP, Brescovit AD, Argôlo AJS, Soares AS, Gonçalves AM, Santiago ACP, Giaretta A, Rosa AHB, Katz AM, Gomes BM, Øllgaard B, Silva BCB, Canestraro BK, Melo BF, Evaldt BHC, Pimentel CR, Possamai CB, Ferreira CDM, Guidorizzi CE, Silva CBM, Ferreira CD, Zocca C, Miranda CV, Duca C, Kameyama C, Vilar CC, Canedo C, Sampaio CA, Carneiro CE, Mynssen CM, Pessoa CS, Cunha CJ, Sá CFC, Imig DC, Sampaio D, Monteiro D, Moreira DO, Robayo DS, Machado DF, Peralta DF, Silva DF, Gonzaga DR, Zeppelini D, Silva EMP, Lozano ED, Melo E, Chiquito EA, Rossetto EFS, Smidt EC, Martins ER, Neto EAS, Júnior EMSS, Massariol FC, Firetti F, Novelli FZ, Dario FD, Gonzatti F, Guimarães FV, Cabral FN, Fraga FRM, Matos FB, Dagosta FCP, Vaz-de-Mello FZ, Souza FS, Leite FT, Molina FB, Barroso FG, Alves FM, Salles FF, Mendonça GC, Siqueira GS, Pinto GO, Romão GO, Antar GM, Rosa GAB, Hasseme G, Heiden G, Shimizu GH, Caitano HA, Lima HC, Resende HC, Pichler HA, Bergallo HG, Fernandes HQB, Secco HKC, Costa HC, Dias HM, Filho HJD, Silva HL, Ornellas IS, Bergher IS, Pinheiro IEG, Koch I, Rodrigues IMC, Passamani JA, Delabie JHC, Oliveira JCF, Luber J, Prado J, Lopes JC, Christ JA, Nodari JZ, Tonini JFR, Zorzanelli JPF, Condack JPS, Lacerda JVA, Adelir-Alves J, Jardim JG, Santander-Neto J, Trezena JS, Schoereder JH, Gomes JML, Silva JN, Trarbach J, Rossini J, Kulkamp J, Pereira JBS, Prado JR, Guarnier JC, Paula-Souza J, Alevi KCC, Furieri KS, Costa KG, Alves KP, Pederneiras LC, Cardoso LJT, Geise L, Mathias LB, Ingenito LFS, Merçon L, Contaifer LS, Bissoli LB, Aona LYS, Silva LTP, Freitas LT, Calazans LSB, Marinho LC, Silva LA, Silva LEF, Lima LV, Martins LR, Kollmann LJC, Bernacci LC, Mayorga LFSP, Sarmento-Soares LM, Góes-Neto LAA, Duboc LF, Fonseca LHM, Faria LRRJr, Beyer M, Vianna Filho MDM, Devecchi MF, Passamani M, Britto MR, Pereira MR, Simonelli M, Trovó M, Fukuda MV, Verdi M, Pellegrini MOO, Coelho MAN, Lehnert M, Alves MAS, Kierulff1 MCM, Loiola MIB, Marchioretto MS, Saka MN, Rodrigues MR, Zanin M, Facco MG, Zortéa M, Freitas MO, Pastore M, Camelo MC, Milward-de-Azevedo MA, Ribeiro M, Teixeira MDR, Klautau M, Kaehler M, Menezes NA, Bigio NC, Pena NTL, Shibatta OA, Silva OLM, Gonçalves PR, Santos PM, Grossi PC, Buckup PA, Chaves PB, Paiva PC, Windisch PG, Barros PHD, Evangelista PHL, Gonella PM, Fiaschi P, Cardoso PH, Peloso PLV, Santos PMLA, Taucce PPG, Cardoso PCA, Almeida RF, Barbosa-Silva RG, Trad RJ, Vanstreels RET, Macieira RM, Monteiro RF, Viveros RS, Ribeiro RTM, Romanini RP, Hirai RY, Betzel RL, Pereira RCA, Rurtado R, Sousa-Lima RS, Pagotto RV, MelloSilva R, Goldenberg R, Vicente RE, Lourenço-de-Moraes R, Couto RS, Bianchi RC, Paresque R, Valadares RT, Guimarães RR, Ribon R, Martins-Pinheiro RF, Marquete R, Subirá RJ, Siciliano S, Recla SS, Ribeiro S, Nunes SF, Mendes SL, Oliveira TPR, Carrijo TT, Silva TG, Volpi TA, Almeida TE, Flores TB, Kloss TG, Castro TM, Silva-Soares T, Barbosa TDM, Tavares VC, Fagundes V, Verdade VK, Amaral VS, Orrico VGD, Vale V, Caldara VJr, Dittrich VAO, Freitas VC, Giglio VJ, Perte W, Colombo WD, Cardoso WC & Nóbrega YC (2019) Lista da fauna e flora ameaçadas de extinção no estado do Espírito Santo. In: Fraga CN, Formigoni MH & Chaves FG (eds.) Fauna e flora ameaçadas de extinção no estado do Espírito Santo. Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Santa Teresa. Pp. 342-419.
• Guimarães EF, Fernandez EP, Penedo TSA, Messina T & Martinelli G (2013). Gentianaceae. In: Martinelli G & Moraes MA (eds.) Livro vermelho da flora do Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio, Rio de Janeiro. Pp. 550-552.
• Harris JG & Harris MW (2001) Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake. 216p.
• Hijmans RJ, Guarino L, Jarvis A, O’Brien R, Mathur P, Bussink C, Cruz M, Barrantes I & Rojas E (2005) DIVA-GIS: Version 5.2. Manual. Lizard Tech, Inc. and University of California, Los Angeles. 73p.
• Hooker WJ (1839) Icones Plantarum; or figures with brief descriptive characters and remarks of new or rare plants, selected from the author’s herbarium. Vol 3. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, London. 191p.
• Hooker WJ (1841) Curtis Botanical Magazine; or flower garden displayed: in which the most ornamental foreign plants cultivated in the open ground, the green-house, and ths stove, are accurately represented and coloured. Vol. 15. Stephen Couchman, London. 256p.
• Martius CFP von ([1826] 1827). Nova genera et species plantarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis 1817-1820. Vol. 2. Wolf, München. 148p.
• Porto PC & Brade AC (1935) Contribuição para a flora fluminense. Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 1: 221-223.
• Struwe L, Kadereit JW, Klackenberg J, Nilsson S, Thiv M, von Hagen KB & Albert VA (2002) Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe L & Albert VA (eds.) Gentianaceae: systematics and natural history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 21-309.
• Struwe L, Albert VA, Calió MF, Frasier C, Lepis KB, Mathews KG & Grant JR (2009) Evolutionary patterns in neotropical Helieae (Gentianaceae): evidence from morphology, chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Taxon 58: 479-499.
• Taubert P (1893) Plantae glaziovianae novae vel minus cognitae IV. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, Leipzig 17: 502-526.
• Weberling F (1989) Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 405p.

Edited by

Area Editor: Dra. Tatiana Carrijo

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Mar 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  14 Apr 2021
• Accepted
  19 Aug 2021