Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with autism and their family members: A scoping review

Teixeira, Olga Feitosa Braga; Xavier, Samyra Paula Lustoza; Félix, Nuno Damácio de Carvalho; Silva, José Wagner Martins da; Abreu, Rogéria Mônica Seixas Xavier de; Miranda, Karla Corrêa Lima

doi:10.1590/1518-8345.5965.3729

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Brasil

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

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Brasil

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Review Article • Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 30 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.5965.3729 copy

Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with autism and their family members: A scoping review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

to map the diverse scientific evidence available about the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their family members.

Method:

a scoping review conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, SciELO, SCOPUS, EMBASE and Wiley Online Library, in August and September 2021. The protocol of this review was registered at the Open Science Framework under DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/JYTVD. The data were analyzed and synthesized in a narrative way.

Results:

a total of 46 publications identified indicate that the pandemic period brought about countless repercussions for the population with autism and their family members when experiencing serious difficulties in the changes or irregularities of the scheduled routines and limited access to education, therapies and social support.

Conclusion:

the diverse evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic intensified the inequalities already experienced by individuals with autism and their family members, with negative consequences in the emotional, psychological, behavioral and social aspects, interfering with the quality of life and mental health of this population segment. Future studies on individuals with autism and their families during public health crisis periods are of fundamental importance for planning psychiatric, psychosocial and educational interventions.

Descriptors:
Autism Spectrum Disorder; Family; Family Relations; Pandemics; Coronavirus Infection; Review

Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with ASD and their family members
Repercussions of the pandemic for people with ASD
Emotional aspects of people with ASD: - change in general mood⁹9. Latzer IT, Leitner Y, Karnieli-Miller O. Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism. 2021;25(4):1047-59. doi: 10.1177/1362361320984317 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984317... ^,¹⁴14. Vasa RA, Singh V, Holingue C, Kalb LG, Jang Y, Keefer A. Psychiatric problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research. 2021;1-7. doi: 10.1002/aur.2574 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2574... ^,¹⁷17. Nadler C, Godwin DL, Dempsey J, Nyp SS. Autism and Access to Care During the COVID-19 Crisis. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2021 ;1;42(1):73-5. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000894 https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.000000000000... ^,²⁴24. Picon D. Ways to support autism & special needs families during the coronavirus pandemic. EP Magazine . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14]. Disponível em: https://www.parentingspecialneeds.org/article/6-ways-help-special-needs-families-during-the-pandemic/ https://www.parentingspecialneeds.org/ar... ; - acute stress⁸8. Wong PW, Lam Y, Lau JS, Fok H. The Resilience of Social Service Providers and Families of Children With Autism or Development Delays During the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Community Case Study in Hong Kong. Front Psychiatry. 2021;11:561657. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561657 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.56165... ^,¹³13. Panjwani AA, Bailey RL, Kelleher BL. COVID-19 and behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder: Disparities by income and food security status. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;115:104002. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1040... ^,¹⁵15. White SW, Stoppelbein L, Scott H, Spain D. It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;113:103938. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103938 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1039... ^,⁴⁵45. Amorim R, Catarino S, Miragaia P, Ferreras C, Viana V, Guardiano M. The impact of COVID-19 on children with autism spectrum disorder. Rev Neurol. 2020;71(8):285-91. doi: 10.33588/rn.7108.2020381 https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7108.2020381... ^,⁴⁸48. Rodríguez IDC, Cordero AR. Repercusión psicológica en niños con Trastorno del espectro autista durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Multimed . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14];24(3). Avaliable from: http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/mtm/article/view/1978 http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/... ; - increase in anxiety⁹9. Latzer IT, Leitner Y, Karnieli-Miller O. Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism. 2021;25(4):1047-59. doi: 10.1177/1362361320984317 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984317... ^,¹⁷17. Nadler C, Godwin DL, Dempsey J, Nyp SS. Autism and Access to Care During the COVID-19 Crisis. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2021 ;1;42(1):73-5. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000894 https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.000000000000... ^,³⁴34. Huang S, Sun T, Zhu Y, Song S, Zhang J, Huang L, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children with ASD and Their Families: An Online Survey in China. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:289-97. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S293426 https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S293426... ^-³⁵35. Meral BF. Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID 19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;15:1-13. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05070-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05070... ^,⁴⁸48. Rodríguez IDC, Cordero AR. Repercusión psicológica en niños con Trastorno del espectro autista durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Multimed . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14];24(3). Avaliable from: http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/mtm/article/view/1978 http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/... ; - depression¹³13. Panjwani AA, Bailey RL, Kelleher BL. COVID-19 and behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder: Disparities by income and food security status. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;115:104002. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1040... ^,³⁸38. Oomen D, Nijhof AD, Wiersema JR. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with autism: a survey study across three countries. Mol Autism. 2021;12(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13229-021-00424-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00424... ^,⁴²42. Colizzi M, Sironi E, Antonini F, Ciceri ML, Bovo C, Zoccante L. Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey. Brain Sci. 2020;10:341. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060341 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060341... ^,⁵⁰50. Nguyen PM, Tran TT, Thach TNA, Nguyen TV. An Unexpected Positive Effect of Social Distancing Measures on the Care of Children With Autism in Vietnam. Asia Pacific J Public Health. 2021;33(2-3);320-1. doi: 10.1177/1010539521997717 https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539521997717... ; - sleep problems⁴4. Althiabi Y. Attitude, anxiety and perceived mental health care needs among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;111:103873. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103873 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,²⁶26. Friesen KA, Weiss JA, Howe SJ, Kerns CM, McMorris CA. Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Caregivers of Autistic Individuals during the COVID 19 Pandemic: Findings from the Families Facing COVID Study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021 July. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05177-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05177... .	Behavioral aspects of people with ASD: - increase in irritability and/or aggression symptoms¹1. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar;382(13):1199-207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316... ^,⁹9. Latzer IT, Leitner Y, Karnieli-Miller O. Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism. 2021;25(4):1047-59. doi: 10.1177/1362361320984317 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984317... ^,¹⁷17. Nadler C, Godwin DL, Dempsey J, Nyp SS. Autism and Access to Care During the COVID-19 Crisis. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2021 ;1;42(1):73-5. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000894 https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.000000000000... ^,³⁵35. Meral BF. Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID 19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;15:1-13. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05070-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05070... ^,⁴⁸48. Rodríguez IDC, Cordero AR. Repercusión psicológica en niños con Trastorno del espectro autista durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Multimed . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14];24(3). Avaliable from: http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/mtm/article/view/1978 http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/... ; - inattention/distraction⁶6. Lugo-Marín J, Gisbert-Gustemps L, Setien-Ramos I, Espanol-Martín G, Ibanez-Jimenez P, Forner-Puntonet M, et al. COVID-19 pandemic effects in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their caregivers: Evaluation of social distancing and lockdown impact on mental health and general status. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2021;83:101757. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101757 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2021.1017... ^,³⁵35. Meral BF. Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID 19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;15:1-13. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05070-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05070... ^,⁴⁸48. Rodríguez IDC, Cordero AR. Repercusión psicológica en niños con Trastorno del espectro autista durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Multimed . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14];24(3). Avaliable from: http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/mtm/article/view/1978 http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/... ; - problematic and self-harming behaviors¹⁴14. Vasa RA, Singh V, Holingue C, Kalb LG, Jang Y, Keefer A. Psychiatric problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research. 2021;1-7. doi: 10.1002/aur.2574 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2574... ^-¹⁵15. White SW, Stoppelbein L, Scott H, Spain D. It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;113:103938. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103938 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1039... ^,¹⁹19. Kalvin CB, Jordan RP, Rowley SN, Weis A, Wood KS, Wood JJ, et al. Conducting CBT for Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder During COVID 19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021 Jan 1;1-9. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04845-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04845... ^,³³33. Wang L, Li D, Pan S, Zhai J, Xia W, Sun C, et al. The relationship between 2019-nCoV and psychological distress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Global Health. 2021;17(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s12992-021-00674-8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00674... ^,⁴⁸48. Rodríguez IDC, Cordero AR. Repercusión psicológica en niños con Trastorno del espectro autista durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Multimed . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14];24(3). Avaliable from: http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/mtm/article/view/1978 http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/... .	Changes in the activities of daily living - changes or irregularities in the scheduled routines⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ^,¹⁵15. White SW, Stoppelbein L, Scott H, Spain D. It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;113:103938. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103938 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1039... ^-¹⁶16. Manning J, Billian J, Matson J, Allen C, Soares N. Perceptions of Families of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID 19 Crisis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51:2920-8. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04760-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04760... ^,⁴⁹49. Nithya GD, Damodaran V, Mythili V. A study on impact of Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic on activities of daily living, play, and sensory behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional survey study. Indian J Occup Ther. 2021;53:64-76. doi: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_21 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_2... ; - school closures⁴4. Althiabi Y. Attitude, anxiety and perceived mental health care needs among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;111:103873. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103873 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,¹⁵15. White SW, Stoppelbein L, Scott H, Spain D. It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;113:103938. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103938 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1039... ^,²⁷27. Young E, Milligan K, Henze M, Johnson S, Weyman K. Caregiver burnout, gaps in care, and COVID-19 Effects on families of youth with autism and intellectual disability. Can Fam Physician. 2021;67(7):506-8. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6707506 https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6707506... ^,⁴²42. Colizzi M, Sironi E, Antonini F, Ciceri ML, Bovo C, Zoccante L. Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey. Brain Sci. 2020;10:341. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060341 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060341... ; - difficulty accessing the health services⁵5. Levante A, Petrocchi S, Bianco F, Castelli I, Colombi C, Keller R, et al. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers: An Online Survey. Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):808. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11060808 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060808... ^,⁹9. Latzer IT, Leitner Y, Karnieli-Miller O. Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism. 2021;25(4):1047-59. doi: 10.1177/1362361320984317 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984317... ^,¹⁶16. Manning J, Billian J, Matson J, Allen C, Soares N. Perceptions of Families of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID 19 Crisis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51:2920-8. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04760-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04760... ^,³⁵35. Meral BF. Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID 19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;15:1-13. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05070-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05070... ^,⁴⁷47. Fernandes ADSA, Speranza M, Mazak MSR, Gasparini DA, Cid MFB. Desafios cotidianos e possibilidades de cuidado com crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) frente à COVID-19. Cad Bras Ter Ocup. 2021;29:e2121. doi: 10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAR212 https://doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAR2... ; - interruption of physical and leisure activities²⁸28. Ameis SH, Lai MC, Mulsant BH, Szatmari P. Coping, fostering resilience, and driving care innovation for autistic people and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Mol Autism. 2020;11(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s13229-020-00365-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00365... ^,³¹31. Mumbardo-Adam C, Barnet-Lopez S, Balboni G. How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;110:103860. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,⁴¹41. Alhuzimi T. Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;108:103822. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.1038... ; - incipient availability of the social support network⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ^,¹⁵15. White SW, Stoppelbein L, Scott H, Spain D. It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;113:103938. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103938 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1039... ^-¹⁶16. Manning J, Billian J, Matson J, Allen C, Soares N. Perceptions of Families of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID 19 Crisis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51:2920-8. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04760-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04760... ^,⁴⁹49. Nithya GD, Damodaran V, Mythili V. A study on impact of Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic on activities of daily living, play, and sensory behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional survey study. Indian J Occup Ther. 2021;53:64-76. doi: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_21 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_2... .
Repercussions of the pandemic for the family members
- parents’ mental distress⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ^,⁹9. Latzer IT, Leitner Y, Karnieli-Miller O. Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism. 2021;25(4):1047-59. doi: 10.1177/1362361320984317 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984317... ^,³¹31. Mumbardo-Adam C, Barnet-Lopez S, Balboni G. How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;110:103860. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,⁴³43. Aarabi MA, Abdi K, Khanjani MS. COVID-19 and Mental Health of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families; What Can Be Done? Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2021;8(2):e112188. doi: 10.5812/mejrh.112188 https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh.112188... ^-⁴⁴44. Naeim M, Rezaeisharif A. The COVID-19 outbreak and the problems of children with autism. Minerva Psichiatrica. 2021;62(1);2-4. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6612.20.02101-9 https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-6612.20.0... ; - incipient availability of the social support network⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ^,¹⁵15. White SW, Stoppelbein L, Scott H, Spain D. It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;113:103938. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103938 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1039... ^-¹⁶16. Manning J, Billian J, Matson J, Allen C, Soares N. Perceptions of Families of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID 19 Crisis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51:2920-8. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04760-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04760... ^,⁴⁹49. Nithya GD, Damodaran V, Mythili V. A study on impact of Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic on activities of daily living, play, and sensory behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional survey study. Indian J Occup Ther. 2021;53:64-76. doi: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_21 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_2... ; - professional uncertainties and financial issues⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ^,²⁸28. Ameis SH, Lai MC, Mulsant BH, Szatmari P. Coping, fostering resilience, and driving care innovation for autistic people and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Mol Autism. 2020;11(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s13229-020-00365-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00365... ^,⁴²42. Colizzi M, Sironi E, Antonini F, Ciceri ML, Bovo C, Zoccante L. Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey. Brain Sci. 2020;10:341. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060341 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060341... ^,⁴⁴44. Naeim M, Rezaeisharif A. The COVID-19 outbreak and the problems of children with autism. Minerva Psichiatrica. 2021;62(1);2-4. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6612.20.02101-9 https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-6612.20.0... ^,³¹31. Mumbardo-Adam C, Barnet-Lopez S, Balboni G. How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;110:103860. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^-³²32. Martínez-Gonzalez AE, Moreno-Amador B, Piqueras JA. Differences in emotional state and autistic symptoms before and during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;116:104038. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104038 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1040... ; - high physical, psychological and emotional burden⁸8. Wong PW, Lam Y, Lau JS, Fok H. The Resilience of Social Service Providers and Families of Children With Autism or Development Delays During the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Community Case Study in Hong Kong. Front Psychiatry. 2021;11:561657. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561657 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.56165... ^,¹³13. Panjwani AA, Bailey RL, Kelleher BL. COVID-19 and behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder: Disparities by income and food security status. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;115:104002. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1040... ^,³¹31. Mumbardo-Adam C, Barnet-Lopez S, Balboni G. How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;110:103860. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,⁴¹41. Alhuzimi T. Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;108:103822. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.1038... ; - low quality of life⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ^,²⁷27. Young E, Milligan K, Henze M, Johnson S, Weyman K. Caregiver burnout, gaps in care, and COVID-19 Effects on families of youth with autism and intellectual disability. Can Fam Physician. 2021;67(7):506-8. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6707506 https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6707506... ^,³¹31. Mumbardo-Adam C, Barnet-Lopez S, Balboni G. How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;110:103860. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,³⁸38. Oomen D, Nijhof AD, Wiersema JR. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with autism: a survey study across three countries. Mol Autism. 2021;12(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13229-021-00424-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00424... ; - impaired family dynamics⁵5. Levante A, Petrocchi S, Bianco F, Castelli I, Colombi C, Keller R, et al. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers: An Online Survey. Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):808. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11060808 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060808... ^,⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ^,³¹31. Mumbardo-Adam C, Barnet-Lopez S, Balboni G. How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;110:103860. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,⁴¹41. Alhuzimi T. Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;108:103822. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.1038... ^,⁴⁴44. Naeim M, Rezaeisharif A. The COVID-19 outbreak and the problems of children with autism. Minerva Psichiatrica. 2021;62(1);2-4. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6612.20.02101-9 https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-6612.20.0... .
Benefits of the pandemic for people with ASD and their family members
- improvements in the relationship with their children and family members⁴4. Althiabi Y. Attitude, anxiety and perceived mental health care needs among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;111:103873. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103873 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ; - more time to teach new skills related to their autonomy, to establish care routines, and to promote social and communicative interaction skills in their children⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ; - more time for the family and greater family interaction⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... ; - the reduction of sensory and social burden during isolation improved their children’s life⁴4. Althiabi Y. Attitude, anxiety and perceived mental health care needs among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;111:103873. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103873 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... ^,⁴³43. Aarabi MA, Abdi K, Khanjani MS. COVID-19 and Mental Health of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families; What Can Be Done? Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2021;8(2):e112188. doi: 10.5812/mejrh.112188 https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh.112188... ^,⁵⁰50. Nguyen PM, Tran TT, Thach TNA, Nguyen TV. An Unexpected Positive Effect of Social Distancing Measures on the Care of Children With Autism in Vietnam. Asia Pacific J Public Health. 2021;33(2-3);320-1. doi: 10.1177/1010539521997717 https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539521997717... .

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[1] Corresponding author
Olga Feitosa Braga Teixeira. E-mail: olgafeitosa@hotmail.com

Citation	Title	Country/ Language	Approach
(³3. Nuñez A, Le Roy C, Coelho-Medeiros ME, López-Espejo M. Factors affecting the behavior of children with ASD during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurol Sci. 2021;28:1-4. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05147-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05147... )	Factors affecting the behavior of children with ASD during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.	Chile/ English	Quantitative
(⁴4. Althiabi Y. Attitude, anxiety and perceived mental health care needs among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;111:103873. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103873 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... )	Attitude, anxiety and perceived mental health care needs among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic.	Saudi Arabia/ English	Quantitative
(⁵5. Levante A, Petrocchi S, Bianco F, Castelli I, Colombi C, Keller R, et al. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers: An Online Survey. Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):808. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11060808 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060808... )	Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers: An Online Survey.	Italy/ English	Quantitative
(⁶6. Lugo-Marín J, Gisbert-Gustemps L, Setien-Ramos I, Espanol-Martín G, Ibanez-Jimenez P, Forner-Puntonet M, et al. COVID-19 pandemic effects in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their caregivers: Evaluation of social distancing and lockdown impact on mental health and general status. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2021;83:101757. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101757 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2021.1017... )	COVID-19 pandemic effects in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their caregivers: Evaluation of social distancing and lockdown impact on mental health and general status.	Spain/ English	Quantitative
(⁷7. Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, Schwartzman JM. The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents. Autism Res. 2021;14:1496-511. doi: 10.1002/aur.2521 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2521... )	The impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and coping in youth with and without autism and their parents.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(⁸8. Wong PW, Lam Y, Lau JS, Fok H. The Resilience of Social Service Providers and Families of Children With Autism or Development Delays During the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Community Case Study in Hong Kong. Front Psychiatry. 2021;11:561657. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561657 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.56165... )	The Resilience of Social Service Providers and Families of Children with Autism or Development Delays During the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Community Case Study in Hong Kong.	China/ English	Qualitative
(⁹9. Latzer IT, Leitner Y, Karnieli-Miller O. Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism. 2021;25(4):1047-59. doi: 10.1177/1362361320984317 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984317... )	Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.	Israel/ English	Qualitative
(¹⁰10. Bellomo TR, Prasada S, Munzerb T, Laventhala N. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children with autism spectrum disorders. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2020;13(3):349-54. doi: 10.3233/PRM-200740 https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-200740... )	The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children with autism spectrum disorders.	USA/ English	Brief Communication
(¹³13. Panjwani AA, Bailey RL, Kelleher BL. COVID-19 and behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder: Disparities by income and food security status. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;115:104002. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1040... )	COVID-19 and behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder: Disparities by income and food security status.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(¹⁴14. Vasa RA, Singh V, Holingue C, Kalb LG, Jang Y, Keefer A. Psychiatric problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research. 2021;1-7. doi: 10.1002/aur.2574 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2574... )	Psychiatric problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in children with autism spectrum disorder.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(¹⁵15. White SW, Stoppelbein L, Scott H, Spain D. It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;113:103938. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103938 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1039... )	It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism.	USA/ English	Mixed
(¹⁶16. Manning J, Billian J, Matson J, Allen C, Soares N. Perceptions of Families of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID 19 Crisis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51:2920-8. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04760-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04760... )	Perceptions of Families of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID19 Crisis.	USA/ English	Mixed
(¹⁷17. Nadler C, Godwin DL, Dempsey J, Nyp SS. Autism and Access to Care During the COVID-19 Crisis. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2021 ;1;42(1):73-5. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000894 https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.000000000000... )	Autism and Access to Care During the COVID-19 Crisis.	USA/ English	Case study
(¹⁸18. Bal VH, Wilkinson E, White MALC, Law JK, SPARK Consortium, Feliciano P, et al. Early Pandemic Experiences of Autistic Adults: Predictors of Psychological Distress. Autism Res. 2021;14(6):1209-19. doi: 10.1002/aur.2480 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2480... )	Early Pandemic Experiences of Autistic Adults: Predictors of Psychological Distress.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(¹⁹19. Kalvin CB, Jordan RP, Rowley SN, Weis A, Wood KS, Wood JJ, et al. Conducting CBT for Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder During COVID 19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021 Jan 1;1-9. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04845-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04845... )	Conducting CBT for Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder During COVID-19 Pandemic.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(²⁰20. Eshraghi AA, Li C, Alessandri M, Messinger DS, Eshraghi RS, Mittal R, et al. COVID-19: overcoming the challenges faced by individuals with autism and their families. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):481-3. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30197-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30... )	COVID-19: overcoming the challenges faced by individuals with autism and their families.	USA/ English	Comment
(²¹21. Adams RE, Zheng S, Taylor JL, Bishop SL. Ten weeks in: COVID-19-related distress in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2021;25(7):2140-5. doi: 10.1177/13623613211005919 https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361321100591... )	Ten weeks in: COVID-19-related distress in adults with autism spectrum disorder.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(²²22. Baweja R, Brown SL, Edwards EM, Murray JM. COVID 19 Pandemic and Impact on Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;1-10. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-04950-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04950... )	Pandemic and Impact on Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder.	USA/ English	Comment
(²³23. White LC, Law JK, Daniels AM, Toroney J, Vernoia B, Xiao S, et al. Brief Report: Impact of COVID 19 on Individuals with ASD and Their Caregivers: A Perspective from the SPARK Cohort. J Autism Develop Dis. 2021;51:3766-73. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04816-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04816... )	Brief Report: Impact of COVID-19 on Individuals with ASD and Their Caregivers: A Perspective from the SPARK Cohort.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(²⁴24. Picon D. Ways to support autism & special needs families during the coronavirus pandemic. EP Magazine . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14]. Disponível em: https://www.parentingspecialneeds.org/article/6-ways-help-special-needs-families-during-the-pandemic/ https://www.parentingspecialneeds.org/ar... )	Ways to support autism & special needs families during the coronavirus pandemic.	USA/ English	Comment
(²⁵25. Kalb LG, Badillo-Goicoechea E, Holingue C, Riehm KE, Thrul J, Stuart EA, et al. Psychological distress among caregivers raising a child with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. Autism Res. 2021;1-6. doi: 10.1002/aur.2589 https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2589... )	Psychological distress among caregivers raising a child with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic.	USA/ English	Quantitative
(²⁶26. Friesen KA, Weiss JA, Howe SJ, Kerns CM, McMorris CA. Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Caregivers of Autistic Individuals during the COVID 19 Pandemic: Findings from the Families Facing COVID Study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021 July. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05177-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05177... )	Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Caregivers of Autistic Individuals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the Families Facing COVID Study.	Canada/ English	Quantitative
(²⁷27. Young E, Milligan K, Henze M, Johnson S, Weyman K. Caregiver burnout, gaps in care, and COVID-19 Effects on families of youth with autism and intellectual disability. Can Fam Physician. 2021;67(7):506-8. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6707506 https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6707506... )	Caregiver burnout, gaps in care, and COVID-19 effects on families of youth with autism and intellectual disability.	Canada/ English	Case study
(²⁸28. Ameis SH, Lai MC, Mulsant BH, Szatmari P. Coping, fostering resilience, and driving care innovation for autistic people and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Mol Autism. 2020;11(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s13229-020-00365-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00365... )	Coping, fostering resilience, and driving care innovation for autistic people and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.	Canada/ English	Comment
(²⁹29. Southey S, Morris R, Saini M. Coparenting autistic children during COVID-19: Emerging insights from practice. Int Soc Work. 2021;1-6. doi: 10.1177/00208728211013881 https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872821101388... )	Coparenting autistic children during COVID-19: Emerging insights from practice.	Canada/ English	Journalistic material
(³⁰30. Smile SC. Supporting children with autism spectrum disorder in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. CMAJ. 2020; 192:E587. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.75399 https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.75399... )	Supporting children with autism spectrum disorder in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.	Canada/ English	Letter to the editor
(³¹31. Mumbardo-Adam C, Barnet-Lopez S, Balboni G. How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;110:103860. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1038... )	How have youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder managed quarantine derived from COVID-19 pandemic? An approach to families perspectives.	Spain/ English	Mixed
(³²32. Martínez-Gonzalez AE, Moreno-Amador B, Piqueras JA. Differences in emotional state and autistic symptoms before and during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;116:104038. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104038 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.1040... )	Differences in emotional state and autistic symptoms before and during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic.	Spain/ English	Quantitative
(³³33. Wang L, Li D, Pan S, Zhai J, Xia W, Sun C, et al. The relationship between 2019-nCoV and psychological distress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Global Health. 2021;17(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s12992-021-00674-8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00674... )	The relationship between 2019-nCoV and psychological distress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.	China/ English	Quantitative
(³⁴34. Huang S, Sun T, Zhu Y, Song S, Zhang J, Huang L, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children with ASD and Their Families: An Online Survey in China. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:289-97. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S293426 https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S293426... )	Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children with ASD and Their Families: An Online Survey in China.	China/ English	Quantitative
(³⁵35. Meral BF. Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID 19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;15:1-13. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05070-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05070... )	Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic.	Turkey/ English	Mixed
(³⁶36. Mutluer T, Doenyas C, Genc HA. Behavioral Implications of the Covid-19 Process for Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Individuals' Comprehension of and Reactions to the Pandemic Conditions. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:561882. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561882 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.56188... )	Behavioral Implications of the COVID-19 Process for Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Individuals’ Comprehension of and Reactions to the Pandemic Conditions.	Turkey/ English	Quantitative
(³⁷37. Turan B, Kocarslan N, Gulsen M, Dursun OB. Your country is your routine: the evacuation, quarantine, and management of behavioral problems of a child with autism during COVID-19 pandemic. Dusunen Adam J Psychiatry Neurolog Sci. 2020;33:310-2. doi: 10.14744/DAJPNS.2020.00095 https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2020.000... )	Your country is your routine: the evacuation, quarantine, and management of behavioral problems of a child with autism during COVID-19 pandemic.	Turkey/ English	Case study
(³⁸38. Oomen D, Nijhof AD, Wiersema JR. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with autism: a survey study across three countries. Mol Autism. 2021;12(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s13229-021-00424-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00424... )	The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with autism: a survey study across three countries.	United Kingdom/ English	Mixed
(³⁹39. Davidson CL, Lodge K, Kam A. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on autistic adults - a survey. Adv Autism. 2020;7(4). doi: 10.1108/AIA-10-2020-0057 https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-10-2020-0057... )	The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on autistic adults - a survey.	United Kingdom/ English	Mixed
(⁴⁰40. Patel JA, Badiani AA, Nielsen FBH, Assi S, Unadkat V, Patel B, et al. COVID-19 and autism: Uncertainty, distress and feeling forgotten. Public Health Pract. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100034 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100... )	COVID-19 and autism: Uncertainty, distress and feeling forgotten.	United Kingdom/ English	Letter to the editor
(⁴¹41. Alhuzimi T. Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Res Dev Disabil. 2021;108:103822. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.1038... )	Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.	Saudi Arabia/ English	Quantitative
(⁴²42. Colizzi M, Sironi E, Antonini F, Ciceri ML, Bovo C, Zoccante L. Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey. Brain Sci. 2020;10:341. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060341 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060341... )	Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey.	Italy/ English	Quantitative
(⁴³43. Aarabi MA, Abdi K, Khanjani MS. COVID-19 and Mental Health of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families; What Can Be Done? Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2021;8(2):e112188. doi: 10.5812/mejrh.112188 https://doi.org/10.5812/mejrh.112188... )	COVID-19 and Mental Health of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families; What Can Be Done?	Iran/ English	Letter to the editor
(⁴⁴44. Naeim M, Rezaeisharif A. The COVID-19 outbreak and the problems of children with autism. Minerva Psichiatrica. 2021;62(1);2-4. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6612.20.02101-9 https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-6612.20.0... )	The COVID-19 outbreak and the problems of children with autism.	Iran/ English	Letter to the editor
(⁴⁵45. Amorim R, Catarino S, Miragaia P, Ferreras C, Viana V, Guardiano M. The impact of COVID-19 on children with autism spectrum disorder. Rev Neurol. 2020;71(8):285-91. doi: 10.33588/rn.7108.2020381 https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7108.2020381... )	The impact of COVID-19 on children with autism spectrum disorder.	Portugal/ English	Quantitative
(⁴⁶46. Chamak B. Vécus de familles d'enfants autistes en période de confinement: étude exploratoire. Neuropsychiatr Enfance Adolesc. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.neurenf.2021.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2021.0... )	Vécus de familles d’enfants autistes en période de confinement: étude exploratoire.	France/ French	Qualitative
(⁴⁷47. Fernandes ADSA, Speranza M, Mazak MSR, Gasparini DA, Cid MFB. Desafios cotidianos e possibilidades de cuidado com crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) frente à COVID-19. Cad Bras Ter Ocup. 2021;29:e2121. doi: 10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAR212 https://doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAR2... )	Desafios cotidianos e possibilidades de cuidado com crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) frente à COVID-19.	Brazil/ Portuguese	Reflective trial
(⁴⁸48. Rodríguez IDC, Cordero AR. Repercusión psicológica en niños con Trastorno del espectro autista durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Multimed . 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 14];24(3). Avaliable from: http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/mtm/article/view/1978 http://www.revmultimed.sld.cu/index.php/... )	Repercusión psicológica en niños con Trastorno del espectro autista durante el confinamiento por COVID-19.	Cuba/ Spanish	Bibliographic review
(⁴⁹49. Nithya GD, Damodaran V, Mythili V. A study on impact of Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic on activities of daily living, play, and sensory behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional survey study. Indian J Occup Ther. 2021;53:64-76. doi: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_21 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_34_2... )	A study on impact of Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pandemic on activities of daily living, play, and sensory behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional survey study.	India/ English	Mixed
(⁵⁰50. Nguyen PM, Tran TT, Thach TNA, Nguyen TV. An Unexpected Positive Effect of Social Distancing Measures on the Care of Children With Autism in Vietnam. Asia Pacific J Public Health. 2021;33(2-3);320-1. doi: 10.1177/1010539521997717 https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539521997717... )	An Unexpected Positive Effect of Social Distancing Measures on the Care of Children with Autism in Vietnam.	Vietnam/ English	Letter to the editor