Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Definición conceptual y operacional de los resultados de enfermería sobre el establecimiento de la lactancia materna* * Artículo parte de la tesis de doctorado “Validação dos resultados de enfermagem propostos pela Nursing Outcomes Classification para o estabelecimento da amamentação”, presentada en la Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.

Resúmenes

Objetivo:

construir definiciones conceptuales y operacionales de los Resultados de Enfermería “Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: lactante (1000)” y “Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: madre (1001)”.

Método:

revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos: PUBMED (Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos); LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud); CINAHL (Índice Acumulativo de Enfermería y Literatura Aliada en Salud); SciVerse SCOPUS; Web of Science; BDENF (Base de Datos de Enfermería Brasileña) y EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database). Se exploró literatura gris para dilucidar tópicos no abordados por los artículos. De 3242 artículos, se seleccionaron 96 para lectura completa y se emplearon 43 en la construcción de las definiciones. Se seleccionaron cinco tesis, tres disertaciones, tres libros y dos manuales.

Resultados:

se revisó todo el contenido de los resultados. Las definiciones facilitaron el perfeccionamiento del contenido propuesto por Nursing Outcomes Classification, lo que favorece su aplicación en la práctica clínica y respaldo para desarrollo de investigaciones y enseñanza.

Conclusión:

se propuso un cambio en la definición de los dos resultados, así como la modificación del título de uno de ellos a Establecimiento de la lactancia materna : recién nacido y lactante (1000), con modificaciones en siete de sus indicadores y la exclusión de un indicador. Para el resultado relacionado con la madre, se propusieron modificaciones en dos indicadores y la exclusión de un indicador.

Descriptores:
Lactancia Materna; Enfermería; Proceso de Enfermería; Estudios de Validación; Evaluación de Resultado; Revisión


Objective:

to construct conceptual and operational definitions of Nursing Outcomes “Breastfeeding establishment: infant (1000)” and “Breastfeeding establishment: maternal (1001)”.

Method:

integrative literature review in the following databases: PUBMED (United States National Library of Medicine); LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature); SciVerse SCOPUS; Web of Science; BDENF (Brazilian Nursing Database) and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database). The gray literature was explored to elucidate topics not covered by the articles. Of 3242 articles, 96 were selected to be read in full, and 43 were used for constructing the definitions. Five theses, three dissertations, three books and two manuals were selected.

Results:

all the results were reviewed. The definitions facilitated the improvement of the content proposed by the Nursing Outcomes Classification, favoring its application in clinical practice and supporting the development of research and teaching.

Conclusion:

it was proposed to change the definition of the two outcomes, as well as to change the title of one of them to “Breastfeeding establishment: newborn & infant” (1000), modifying seven of its indicators and excluding one. For the outcome related to the mother, it was proposed to modify two indicators and exclude one.

Descriptors:
Breast Feeding; Nursing; Nursing Process; Validation Studies; Outcome Assessment; Review


Objetivo:

construir definições conceituais e operacionais dos Resultados de Enfermagem “Estabelecimento da amamentação: lactente (1000)” e “Estabelecimento da amamentação: mãe (1001)”.

Método:

revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados: PubMed (Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos); LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde); CINAHL (Índice Cumulativo de Enfermagem e Literatura Aliada em Saúde); SciVerse SCOPUS; Web of Science; BDENF (Base de Dados de Enfermagem Brasileira) e EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database). A literatura cinzenta foi explorada para a elucidação de tópicos não abordados pelos artigos. De 3242 artigos, 96 foram selecionados para a leitura na íntegra e 43, utilizados na construção das definições. Selecionaram-se cinco teses, três dissertações, três livros e dois manuais.

Resultados:

todo o conteúdo dos resultados foi revisado. As definições facilitaram o aprimoramento do conteúdo proposto pela Nursing Outcomes Classification, favorecendo sua aplicação na prática clínica e sustentação para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e ensino.

Conclusão:

foi proposta mudança na definição dos dois resultados, bem como alteração do título de um deles para Estabelecimento da amamentação: recém-nascido & lactente (1000), com alterações em sete de seus indicadores e a exclusão de um. Para o resultado relacionado à mãe, foram propostas modificações em dois indicadores e exclusão de um.

Descritores:
Aleitamento Materno; Enfermagem; Processos de Enfermagem; Estudos de Validação; Avaliação de Resultados; Revisão


Introducción

La lactancia materna es recomendada por la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) de forma exclusiva hasta el sexto mes y con complementación hasta los dos años o más de edad por favorecer el crecimiento y el desarrollo del niño(11 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing breastfeeding practices. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. [cited May 12, 2018]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43895/9789241596664_eng.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
). Además de eso, las mujeres que amamantan presentan menos riesgo de sufrir hemorragias posparto, cáncer de mama, enfermedades cardiovasculares y Diabetes mellitus tipo 2(22 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Atenção à saúde do Recém-Nascido: Guia para os Profissionais de Saúde. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. [cited May 14, 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_recem_nascido_v1.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
).

Brasil sigue las mismas recomendaciones de la OMS y cuenta con avanzadas legislaciones de protección al derecho de la mujer y del niño en este contexto, lo que proporciona las condiciones necesarias al establecimiento y mantenimiento de la lactancia(33 Warkentin S, Taddei JAAC, Viana KJ, Colugnati FAB. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and determinants among Brazilian children under two years of age. Rev Nutr. [Internet]. 2013 June [cited May 2, 2018];26(3):259-69. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S141552732013000300001&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
). Sin embargo, el destete precoz aún forma parte de la realidad brasileña, y la prevalencia de la Lactancia Materna Exclusiva (LME) en menores de seis meses es de tan solo un 36,6 %(44 Boccolini CS, Boccolini PMM, Monteiro FR, Venâncio SI, Giugliani ERJ. Tendência de indicadores do aleitamento materno no Brasil em três décadas. Rev Saúde Pública. [Internet]. 2017 [Acesso 2 maio 2018];51(108):1-9. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v51/pt_0034-8910-rsp-S1518-87872017051000029.pdf.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v51/pt_0034...
).

La literatura señala que las primeras semanas del inicio del amamantamiento son cruciales para el mantenimiento de la lactación y la disminución del destete precoz. Algunas dificultades ocurren ya en las primeras 24 horas, tales como la dificultad del agarre y succión por el bebé, el dolor y la lesión mamilar, la ingurgitación mamaria, la percepción de oferta insuficiente de leche por la madre y la fatiga materna. Estos aspectos pueden interferir en la satisfacción de la mujer respecto al amamantamiento, así como en la oferta real de leche humana al niño, y aumentar la posibilidad de introducir otros alimentos, lo que puede conducir al destete(55 Javorski M, Rodrigues AJ, Dodt RCM, Almeida PC, Leal LP, Ximenes LB. Effects of an educational technology on self-efficacy for breastfeeding and practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Rev Esc Enferm USP. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 2, 2018]; 52:e03329. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S008062342018000100419&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...

6 Venancio SI, Saldiva SRDM, Monteiro CA. Secular trends in breastfeeding in Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública. [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited Jun 12, 2018];47(6):1205-8. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S003489102013000601205&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...

7 Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJD, França GVA, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016; 387(10017):475-90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01...
-88 Barbosa GEF, Silva VB, Pereira JM, Soares MS, Medeiros RA Filho, Pereira LB, et al. Initial breastfeeding difficulties and association with breast disorders among postpartum women. Rev Paul Pediatr. [Internet]. 2017 Sep [cited Jun 12, 2018];35(3):265-72. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-05822017000300265&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
).

En su práctica clínica, los enfermeros deben identificar las necesidades de madres y bebés en el proceso de Establecimiento de la lactancia materna. La evaluación continua del binomio, teniendo en cuenta indicadores relevantes para el éxito de la LME, puede fundamentarse en la aplicación de los Resultados de Enfermería (RE) de la Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Los RE “describen un estado, comportamiento o percepción del individuo, de la familia o comunidad, que se mide a lo largo de un continuum en respuesta a una intervención o intervenciones de enfermería”(99 Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M, Swanson E. NOC- Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem. 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.).

Para que los indicadores propuestos por la NOC sean útiles en la práctica clínica, se deben desarrollar estudios de validación que perfeccionen su contenido. Tales estudios deben realizarse con diferentes poblaciones, con el fin de hacer que los RE sean pasibles de generalizaciones y utilización por diferentes profesionales en contextos clínicos diversos(99 Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M, Swanson E. NOC- Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem. 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.-1010 Carvalho EC, Cruz DALM, Herdman TH. Contribution of standardized languages for knowledge production, clinical reasoning and clinical Nursing practice. Rev Bras Enferm. [Internet]. 2013 Sep [cited Jun 22, 2018];66(spe):134-41. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S003471672013000700017&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
).

La revisión de la literatura es la primera etapa de los estudios de validación que implican clasificaciones de enfermería, y es fundamental para el desarrollo de definiciones conceptuales y operacionales(1111 Pompeo DA, Rossi LA, Galvão CM. Integrative literature review: the initial step in the validation process of nursing diagnoses. Acta Paul Enferm. [Internet]. 2009;22(4):434-8. doi: 10.1590/ S0103-21002009000400014
https://doi.org/10.1590/...

12 Avena MJ, Pedreira MLG, Gutiérrez MGR. Conceptual validation of the defining characteristics of respiratory nursing diagnoses in neonates. Acta Paul Enferm. [Internet]. 2014 [cited Jun 22 2018];27(1): 76-85. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-21002014000100015&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
-1313 Oliveira ARS, Araújo TL, Carvalho EC, Costa AGS, Cavalcante TF, Lopes MVO. Construction and validation of indicators and respective definitions for the nursing outcome Swallowing Status. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. [Internet]. 2015;23(3):450-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-11692015000300450&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
). La definición conceptual es una abstracción articulada de un fenómeno, con el fin de facilitar la comprensión de las variables de la investigación. A su vez, la definición operacional es un procedimiento que atribuye un significado comunicable a un concepto, es decir, una descripción precisa de cómo evaluar el fenómeno en cuestión(1414 Correia MDL, Duran ECM. Conceptual and operational definitions of the components of the nursing diagnosis Acute Pain (00132). Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 22, 2018];25:e2973. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010411692017000100609&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...

15 Grant JS, Kinney MR. The Need for Operational Definitions for Defining Characteristics. Nurs Diagn. [Internet]. 1991 Oct/Dec [cited May 4, 2018];2(4):181-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764324.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764...
-1616 Silva VM, Oliveira MVL, Araujo TL, Amorim BA, Monteiro FPM, Cavalcante TF, et al. Operational definitions of outcome indicators related to ineffective breathing patterns in children with congenital heart disease. Heart Lung. 2011 May-Jun;40(3):e70-7. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2010.12.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2010.12...
). Así, la construcción de estas definiciones, por medio de la revisión de literatura, puede ayudar a los enfermeros a evaluar los indicadores de forma más precisa y estandarizada, así como a identificar el fenómeno de interés.

Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue construir las definiciones conceptuales y operacionales de los RE Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: lactante (1000) y Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: madre (1001), propuestos por la NOC(99 Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M, Swanson E. NOC- Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem. 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.). La construcción de estas definiciones es la primera etapa de un estudio de validación clínica de estos dos RE relacionados con el amamantamiento.

Método

Estudio de revisión integrativa (RI), desarrollado según el abordaje metodológico recomendado por Whittemore y Knafl(1717 Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005; 52(5):546-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005...
), siguiendo las recomendaciones de la directriz Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)(1818 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. [Internet]. 2009 Jul [cited May 4, 2018];6(7):e1000097. Avaible from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2707599/pdf/pmed.1000097.pdf. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Las preguntas que orientaron la revisión fueron: “¿Cómo se define el Establecimiento de la lactancia materna?” y “¿Cuáles son las señales y las características del Establecimiento de la lactancia materna, teniendo en cuenta los bebés y las madres?”.

La búsqueda bibliográfica se llevó a cabo de agosto a septiembre del 2017. Se utilizaron las bases electrónicas de datos PUBMED (Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos); LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud); CINAHL (Índice Acumulativo de Enfermería y Literatura Aliada en Salud); SCOPUS; Web of Science; BDENF (Base de Datos de Enfermería Brasileña) y EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database).

Se adoptaron los criterios de inclusión siguientes: estudios originales, completos, en portugués, inglés o español, publicados entre el 2013 y el 2017, que abordaran el establecimiento de la lactancia materna para bebés y madres o los desafíos y fallos en el Establecimiento de la lactancia materna. Se optó por el recorte temporal de los últimos cinco años por haber ocurrido, en este período, importantes cambios en conceptos relacionados con la lactancia materna. Se excluyeron cartas, editoriales, estudios de caso, estudios piloto y revisiones de literatura.

Para la localización de los estudios, se utilizaron Medical Subject Headings Terms y Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud. De igual manera, se obtuvieron palabras clave a partir del título de los RE estudiados, en búsqueda conjugada con los términos “lactancia materna” o “amamantamiento” o “destete” asociados a “lactante” o “recién nacido” o “madre” y “establecimiento” o “éxito” o “fallo” u “obstáculo” o “barrera” o “desafío”. Estos términos se buscaron por primera vez de forma independente y, a continuación, en combinación, con la ayuda de un bibliotecario (Tabla 1).

Tabla 1
Descriptores y términos usados en la selección de estudios para la revisión integrativa. Campinas, SP, Brasil, 2017

La búsqueda en las bases de datos llegó a un total de 3242 publicaciones, de las cuales 43 presentaron contenido relevante para la construcción de las definiciones conceptuales y operacionales de los indicadores de los RE en estudio (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Diagrama de flujo informativo de las fases de la revisión integrativa, Campinas, SP, Brasil, 2017

En la búsqueda bibliográfica en literatura gris se utilizaron los mismos términos y palabras clave descritos anteriormente y se encontraron: una tesis(1919 Pallotti P. Young mothers' negotiations of infant feeding. A qualitative study with ethnographic methods [thesis]. Western Bank: University of Sheffield; 2016. [cited 21 May 2018]. Available from: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15751/.
http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15751/...
) en la base Diva; una disertación(2020 Tjale AA. Weaning practices of mothers/ childminders whose babies are between the ages of six to nine months attending clinics in the inner city in Johannesburg [dissertation]. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand; 2016. [cited Jun 2, 2018]. Available from: http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/14408/Tjale%20A%20A%202000-001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bits...
) en la base South African National ETD Portal; una disertación(2121 Moreira GC. Aleitamento materno exclusivo: no vivido das nutrizes de recém-nascidos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva [Dissertação]. Goiânia: Pontíficia Univerisdade Católica de Goiás; 2013. [Acesso 2 jun 2018]. Disponível em: http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/2925.
http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle...
) y una tesis(2222 Lima SP. O Significado da experiência vivida para o Sermulher na Amamentação com Complicações Puerperais [tese]. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2015. [Acesso 11 jun 2018]. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/157413.
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/12345...
) en el Banco de Tesis de Capes; y una disertación(2323 Alkhizi LM. Promoting breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia. [dissertation] San Diego: San Diego State University; 2016. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896745/.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
) y tres tesis(2424 Cisco J. Support for breastfeeding mothers and determinants of long-term breastfeeding in the United States. [thesis] Columbia: University of Missouri; 2015. Available from: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/48681/research.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitst...

25 Schoch D. Determinants of breastfeeding readiness in premature infants [thesis]. Chester: University of Widener; 2014. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
https://search.proquest.com/openview/534...
-2626 Khasawneh W. Breastfeeding Practices, Facilitators, and Barriers among Immigrant Muslim Arab Women Living in a Metropolitan Area of the Southwest of United States [thesis]. Tucson: Arizona State University; 2017. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
https://search.proquest.com/openview/534...
) en la ProQuest. Además de eso, se utilizaron tres libros(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.

28 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.
-2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.) y dos manuales del Ministerio de la Salud(22 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Atenção à saúde do Recém-Nascido: Guia para os Profissionais de Saúde. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. [cited May 14, 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_recem_nascido_v1.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
,3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.).

Los artículos seleccionados fueron leídos minuciosamente y tamizados separadamente por dos investigadores, y las diferencias entre los resultados se resolvieron por consenso con la presencia de un tercer investigador. En este proceso, se utilizó un instrumento validado para categorizar los datos con los siguientes elementos: identificación del periódico, institución sede del estudio, características metodológicas del estudio y evaluación del rigor metodológico(3131 Ursi ES. Perioperative prevention of skin injury: an integrative literature review. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. [Internet]. 2006 Feb [cited May 3, 2018];14(1):124-31. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-11692006000100017&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
). A continuación, se elaboró una plantilla informativa con datos de las publicaciones incluidas: autores, título, periódico, país, idioma, año de la publicación, objetivo, delineación metodológica, población, resultados y nivel de evidencia. El nivel de evidencia de los estudios se clasificó de acuerdo con Melnyk y Fineout-Overholt(3232 Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2011.).

Resultados

Para elaborar las definiciones operacionales y conceptuales de los indicadores de los dos Resultados de Enfermería de la NOC(99 Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M, Swanson E. NOC- Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem. 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.) por tanto, se utilizaron 56 ítems, que incluían 43 artículos, cinco tesis, tres disertaciones, tres libros y dos manuales.

Las producciones se publicaron en su gran mayoría en revistas de impacto de Enfermería o Medicina. El idioma que prevaleció fue el inglés (n=45), seguido por el portugués (n=9) y el español (n=2).

Considerando el diseño metodológico, tres estudios fueron de cohorte(3333 Brown A, Davies R. Fathers' experiences of supporting breastfeeding: challenges for breastfeeding promotion and education.Matern Child Nutr. [Internet]. 2014 Oct. [cited May 4, 2018];10(4):510-26. Avaible from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282396/pdf/mcn0010-0510.pdf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

34 Courdent M, Beghin L, Akré J, Turck D. Infrequent stools in exclusively breastfeed infants. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Nov; 9(9):442-5. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0050.
https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0050...
-3535 Flaherman VJ, Beiler JS, Cabana MD, Paul IM. Relationship of newborn weight loss to milk supply concern and anxiety: the impact on breastfeeding duration. Matern Child Nutr. 2016 Jul; 12(3):463-72. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12171.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12171...
), cuatro longitudinales(3636 Ekström A, Abrahamsson H, Eriksson RM, Mårtensson BL. Women's use of nipple shields-their influence on breastfeeding duration after a process-oriented education for health professionals. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Nov;9(9):458-66. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0026.
https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0026...

37 Rempel LA, Rempel JK, Moore KCJ. Relationships between types of father breastfeeding support and breastfeeding outcomes. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12337.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12337...

38 Galipeau R, Dumas L, Lepage M. Perception of Not Having Enough Milk and Actual Milk Production of First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers: Is There a Difference? Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:210-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0183.
https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0183...
-3939 Abuidhail J, Al-Modallal H, Yousif R, Almresi N. Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) in Jordan: Prevalence, duration, practices, and barriers. Midwifery. 2014 Mar;30(3):331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.0...
), seis transversales(2020 Tjale AA. Weaning practices of mothers/ childminders whose babies are between the ages of six to nine months attending clinics in the inner city in Johannesburg [dissertation]. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand; 2016. [cited Jun 2, 2018]. Available from: http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/14408/Tjale%20A%20A%202000-001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
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,2424 Cisco J. Support for breastfeeding mothers and determinants of long-term breastfeeding in the United States. [thesis] Columbia: University of Missouri; 2015. Available from: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/48681/research.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
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,2626 Khasawneh W. Breastfeeding Practices, Facilitators, and Barriers among Immigrant Muslim Arab Women Living in a Metropolitan Area of the Southwest of United States [thesis]. Tucson: Arizona State University; 2017. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
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,4040 Brown A. Maternal trait personality and breastfeeding duration: The importance of confidence and social support. J Adv Nurs. [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited May 22, 2018]; 70(3):587-96. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114133/pdf/jan-70-587.pdf.
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41 Bennett AE, McCartney D, Kearney JM. Views of fathers in Ireland on the experience and challenges of having a breast-feeding partner. Midwifery. 2016 Sep;40:169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.004.
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-4242 Kronborg H, Foverskov E, Nilsson I, Maastrup R. Why do mothers use nipple shields and how does this influence duration of exclusive breastfeeding? Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jan;13(1). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12251.
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), nueve descriptivos(2323 Alkhizi LM. Promoting breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia. [dissertation] San Diego: San Diego State University; 2016. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896745/.
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,2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.,4343 Shepherd L, Walbey C, Lovell B. The Role of Social-Cognitive and Emotional Factors on Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration. J Hum Lact. 2017 Aug;33(3):606-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334417708187.
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44 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
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45 Ikonen R, Liisa Aho A, Kaunonen M. Validity and reliability of breastfeeding advice and coping with breastfeeding instruments. Neonatal Netw. 2014 Nov-Dec;33(6):322-8. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.322.
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46 McClellan HL, Hepworth AR, Garbin CP, Rowan MK, Deacon J, Hartmann PE, et al. Nipple pain during breastfeeding with or without visible trauma. J Hum Lact. 2012 Nov;28(4):511-21. doi: 10.1177/0890334412444464.
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47 Rendon-Macias ME, Villasis-Keever MA, del Carmen Martinez-Garcia M. Validation of a clinical nutritional sucking scale. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. [Internet]. 2016 May-Jun [cited May 4, 2018]; 54(3):318-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27100977.
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48 Sakalidis VS, Williams TM, Garbin CP, Hepworth AR, Hartmann PE, Paech MJ, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):205-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334412452933.
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49 Brown A, Arnott B. Breastfeeding duration and early parenting behaviour: The importance of an infant-led, responsive style. PLoS One. 2014;9(2): e83893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083893
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-5050 Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breast-feeding. Early Hum Dev. 2013 Sep;89(9):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.009.
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) y 29 cualitativos(1919 Pallotti P. Young mothers' negotiations of infant feeding. A qualitative study with ethnographic methods [thesis]. Western Bank: University of Sheffield; 2016. [cited 21 May 2018]. Available from: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15751/.
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,2121 Moreira GC. Aleitamento materno exclusivo: no vivido das nutrizes de recém-nascidos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva [Dissertação]. Goiânia: Pontíficia Univerisdade Católica de Goiás; 2013. [Acesso 2 jun 2018]. Disponível em: http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/2925.
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,5151 Amando AR, Tavares AK, Oliveira AKP, Fernandes FECV, Sena CRS, Melo RA. Perception of mothers on the process of breastfeeding premature newborns in the Neonatal Unit. Rev Baiana Enferm. [Internet]. 2016 Out/Dec [cited May 22, 2018];30(4):1-11. Available from: https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/view/17134.
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52 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
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53 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
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54 Santos AG. O aleitamento materno na prematuridade tardia. [Dissertação] Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2014. [Acesso 24 maio 2018]. Disponível em: http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com_jumi&fileid=20&Itemid=96&lang=pt-br.
http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option...

55 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...

56 Edwards R, Peterson WE, Noel-Weiss J, Shearer Fortier C. Factors Influencing the Breastfeeding Practices of Young Mothers Living in a Maternity Shelter: A Qualitative Study. J Hum Lact. 2017 May;33(2):359-67. doi: 10.1177/0890334416681496.
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57 Felice JP, Geraghty SR, Quaglieri CW, Yamada R, Wong AJ, Rasmussen KM. 'Breastfeeding' without baby: A longitudinal, qualitative investigation of how mothers perceive, feel about, and practice human milk expression. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12426.
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58 González-Pascual J, Ruiz-López M, Saiz-Navarro E, Moreno-Preciado M. Exploring Barriers to Breastfeeding Among Chinese Mothers Living in Madrid, Spain. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017 Feb;19(1):74-9. doi: 10.1007/s10903-015-0303-0.
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59 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
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60 Keely A, Lawton J, Swanson V, Denison FC. Barriers to breast-feeding in obese women: A qualitative exploration. Midwifery. 2015 May;31(5):532-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.001.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.0...

61 Lööf-Johanson M, Foldevi M, Rudebeck CE. Breastfeeding as a Specific Value in Women's Lives: The Experiences and Decisions of Breastfeeding Women. Breastfeed Med. 2013 Feb;8(1):38-44. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0008.
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62 Merel SSC, Fátima CBC, Iopp MG, Silverio M, Bisognin P, Alende PL. Feelings and maternal experiences associated with the breastfeeding process. Rev Enferm UFPE on line. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018]; 9(8):9343-51. Available from: https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revistaenfermagem/article/viewFile/10739/11845.
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63 Palmér L, Carlsson G, Brunt D, Nyström M. Existential security is a necessary condition for continued breastfeeding despite severe initial difficulties: a lifeworld hermeneutical study. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2015 May 5 [cited Jun 2, 2018];10:17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425864/pdf/13006_2015_Article_42.pdf.
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64 Ware JL, Webb L Fau - Levy M, Levy M. Barriers to breastfeeding in the African American population of Shelby County, Tennessee. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Oct;9(8):385-92. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0006.
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65 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
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66 Choo PJ, Ryan K. A qualitative study exploring first time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding in Singapore. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];25(1):5-12. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2010105815615992.
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67 Heidari Z, Keshvari M, Kohan S. Breastfeeding Promotion, Challenges and Barriers: a Qualitative Research. Int J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];4(5):1687-95. Available from: http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213ead5e864bb1d0729a3265017cf7.pdf.
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68 Nduna T, Marais D, Wyk B. An Explorative Qualitative Study of Experiences and Challenges to Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Rural Zimbabwe. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];7(2):69-76. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1941406414568562.
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69 Oliveira CS, Iocca FA, Carrijo ML, Garcia R. Breastfeeding and complications that contribute to early weaning. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jul 8, 2018];36(spe):16-23. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scriptsci_artext&pid=S193-17015050016&lng=en.
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70 Talbert AW, Ngari M, Tsofa B, Mramba L, Mumbo E, Berkley JA, et al. "When you give birth you will not be without your mother" A mixed methods study of advice on breastfeeding for first-time mothers in rural coastal Kenya. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2016 Apr 26 [cited Jul 8, 2018];11:10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845378/pdf/13006_2016_Article_69.pdf?
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71 Zahra S, Monireh A, Easa M, Susan P. Successful breastfeeding mothers’ experiences of the difficulties of exclusive breastfeeding. Acta Medica Mediterranea. [Internet]. 2015. [cited Jul 8, 2018];31(7):1479-87. Available from: http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2015/special-issue-1/successful-breastfeeding-mothers-experiences-of-the-difficultiesof-exclusive-breastfeeding/pdf
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72 Froehlich J, Donovan A, Ravlin E, Fortier A, North J, Bloch MK. Daily routines of breastfeeding mothers. Work. 2015;50(3):433-42. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141954.
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73 Groleau D, Sigouin C, D'Souza NA. Power to negotiate spatial barriers to breastfeeding in a western context: When motherhood meets poverty. Health Place. 2013 Nov;24:250-9. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.08.011
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74 Teich AS, Barnett J, Bonuck K. Women's perceptions of breastfeeding barriers in early postpartum period: A qualitative analysis nested in two randomized controlled trials. Breastfeed Med. [Internet]. 2014 Jan-Feb [cited Jul 8, 2018];9(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903167/pdf/bfm.2013.0063.pdf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-7575 Kronborg H, Harder I, Hall EOC. First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. 2015;6(2):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.0...
). En cuanto al nivel de evidencia destacó el VI(3232 Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2011.).

Los lugares donde se realizaron los estudios fueron Maternidades (n= 15), Ambulatorios (n=11), Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal (n=10), grupos de apoyo al amamantamiento (n=6), unidades básicas de salud (n=5) y domicilio de los participantes (n=4). A continuación, se presentan las definiciones conceptuales y las operacionales de los indicadores para el RE Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: madre (1001) y el RE Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: lactante (1000) (99 Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M, Swanson E. NOC- Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem. 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.).

El RE Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: madre (1001) (99 Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M, Swanson E. NOC- Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem. 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.) se define como “Establecimiento de una unión adecuada entre un lactante y la succión del pecho de la madre para su alimentación durante las primeras 3 semanas de lactancia”. A continuación, se presentan los 18 indicadores de este RE, así como sus respectivas definiciones conceptuales y operacionales.

  • Comodidad de la posición durante la alimentación (100101)- Definición conceptual: Posición cómoda de la madre para amamantar, independientemente de la posición elegida. Definición operacional: La madre se muestra cómoda en la posición que eligió para amamantar, de manera que la posición no sea un factor que interfiera en el tiempo y en el placer de ofrecer el pecho. Independientemente de la posición adoptada por la madre, esta la mantiene y presenta una expresión relajada, hombros y cuello libres de tensión, cuerpo y miembros totalmente apoyados(3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,3636 Ekström A, Abrahamsson H, Eriksson RM, Mårtensson BL. Women's use of nipple shields-their influence on breastfeeding duration after a process-oriented education for health professionals. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Nov;9(9):458-66. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0026.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0026...
    ,5454 Santos AG. O aleitamento materno na prematuridade tardia. [Dissertação] Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2014. [Acesso 24 maio 2018]. Disponível em: http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com_jumi&fileid=20&Itemid=96&lang=pt-br.
    http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option...
    -5555 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
    https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...
    ,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    -6060 Keely A, Lawton J, Swanson V, Denison FC. Barriers to breast-feeding in obese women: A qualitative exploration. Midwifery. 2015 May;31(5):532-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.001.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.0...
    ,7171 Zahra S, Monireh A, Easa M, Susan P. Successful breastfeeding mothers’ experiences of the difficulties of exclusive breastfeeding. Acta Medica Mediterranea. [Internet]. 2015. [cited Jul 8, 2018];31(7):1479-87. Available from: http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2015/special-issue-1/successful-breastfeeding-mothers-experiences-of-the-difficultiesof-exclusive-breastfeeding/pdf
    http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/ar...
    ).

  • Sostiene el pecho manteniéndolo en forma de “C” (100102)- Definición conceptual: La madre apoya el pecho con los dedos indicador, medio, anular y meñique en la parte inferior del pecho y posiciona el pulgar en la parte superior del pecho, formando la letra “C” con los dedos; Definición operacional: La madre apoya la parte inferior del pecho con los dedos indicador, medio, anular y meñique y posiciona el pulgar en la parte superior del pecho, formando la letra “C”, sin tirar del pecho o comprimirlo, así como sin obstruir la aproximación y agarre del bebé. Esta no utiliza la “mano en tijera”, lo que consiste en el apoyo del pecho entre los dedos medio e indicador(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.

    28 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.

    29 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.
    -3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,3939 Abuidhail J, Al-Modallal H, Yousif R, Almresi N. Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) in Jordan: Prevalence, duration, practices, and barriers. Midwifery. 2014 Mar;30(3):331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.005.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.0...
    ,5555 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
    https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...
    ,6060 Keely A, Lawton J, Swanson V, Denison FC. Barriers to breast-feeding in obese women: A qualitative exploration. Midwifery. 2015 May;31(5):532-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.001.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.0...
    ).

  • Nivel de llenado del pecho previo a la lactancia (100103)- Definición conceptual: El pecho presenta leche antes de poner el bebé a succionar. Definición operacional: Por la inspección o palpación, observar si las mamas presentan leche antes de poner el bebé a succionar(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.,4545 Ikonen R, Liisa Aho A, Kaunonen M. Validity and reliability of breastfeeding advice and coping with breastfeeding instruments. Neonatal Netw. 2014 Nov-Dec;33(6):322-8. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.322.
    https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.3...
    -4646 McClellan HL, Hepworth AR, Garbin CP, Rowan MK, Deacon J, Hartmann PE, et al. Nipple pain during breastfeeding with or without visible trauma. J Hum Lact. 2012 Nov;28(4):511-21. doi: 10.1177/0890334412444464.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412444464...
    ,5353 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
    ,5555 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
    https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...
    ,5757 Felice JP, Geraghty SR, Quaglieri CW, Yamada R, Wong AJ, Rasmussen KM. 'Breastfeeding' without baby: A longitudinal, qualitative investigation of how mothers perceive, feel about, and practice human milk expression. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12426.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12426...
    ,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    ,7474 Teich AS, Barnett J, Bonuck K. Women's perceptions of breastfeeding barriers in early postpartum period: A qualitative analysis nested in two randomized controlled trials. Breastfeed Med. [Internet]. 2014 Jan-Feb [cited Jul 8, 2018];9(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903167/pdf/bfm.2013.0063.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ).

  • Reflejo de eyección de leche (bajada de la leche) (100104)- Definición conceptual: Reflejo en que la leche contenida en el pecho es eyectada para fuera a través de los ductos mamarios, como resultado de la acción de la oxitocina, que hace que haya contracción de la musculatura lisa de las células mioepiteliales de la glándula mamaria, por medio de estímulo desencadenado por el bebé. Definición operacional: Observar la salida de la leche por un pezón o por los dos pezones de forma espontánea, cuando la madre piensa en el bebé, siente su olor, cuando esta llora o cuando está mamando y se verifica la salida de la leche en el pecho contralateral. La mujer puede describir una sensación de hormigueo, “choquecitos eléctricos” o puntadas en las mamas antes y durante la salida de la leche(2121 Moreira GC. Aleitamento materno exclusivo: no vivido das nutrizes de recém-nascidos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva [Dissertação]. Goiânia: Pontíficia Univerisdade Católica de Goiás; 2013. [Acesso 2 jun 2018]. Disponível em: http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/2925.
    http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle...
    ,2828 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.-2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,3333 Brown A, Davies R. Fathers' experiences of supporting breastfeeding: challenges for breastfeeding promotion and education.Matern Child Nutr. [Internet]. 2014 Oct. [cited May 4, 2018];10(4):510-26. Avaible from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282396/pdf/mcn0010-0510.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ,4949 Brown A, Arnott B. Breastfeeding duration and early parenting behaviour: The importance of an infant-led, responsive style. PLoS One. 2014;9(2): e83893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083893
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
    ,6060 Keely A, Lawton J, Swanson V, Denison FC. Barriers to breast-feeding in obese women: A qualitative exploration. Midwifery. 2015 May;31(5):532-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.001.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.0...
    ,6363 Palmér L, Carlsson G, Brunt D, Nyström M. Existential security is a necessary condition for continued breastfeeding despite severe initial difficulties: a lifeworld hermeneutical study. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2015 May 5 [cited Jun 2, 2018];10:17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425864/pdf/13006_2015_Article_42.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ,6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
    ).

  • Reconocimiento de deglución en el lactante (100106)- Definición conceptual: Reconocimiento por la madre o evaluador de la deglución efectiva del bebé cuando está siendo amamantado. Definición operacional: Al observar el bebé en el pecho, percibir u oír la deglución de forma regular y suave, en respuesta a la presencia de leche en la orofaringe(3838 Galipeau R, Dumas L, Lepage M. Perception of Not Having Enough Milk and Actual Milk Production of First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers: Is There a Difference? Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:210-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0183.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0183...
    -3939 Abuidhail J, Al-Modallal H, Yousif R, Almresi N. Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) in Jordan: Prevalence, duration, practices, and barriers. Midwifery. 2014 Mar;30(3):331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.005.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.0...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    -4545 Ikonen R, Liisa Aho A, Kaunonen M. Validity and reliability of breastfeeding advice and coping with breastfeeding instruments. Neonatal Netw. 2014 Nov-Dec;33(6):322-8. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.322.
    https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.3...
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...
    ,6161 Lööf-Johanson M, Foldevi M, Rudebeck CE. Breastfeeding as a Specific Value in Women's Lives: The Experiences and Decisions of Breastfeeding Women. Breastfeed Med. 2013 Feb;8(1):38-44. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0008.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2012.0008...
    ,6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
    ,6868 Nduna T, Marais D, Wyk B. An Explorative Qualitative Study of Experiences and Challenges to Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Rural Zimbabwe. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];7(2):69-76. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1941406414568562.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    ,7070 Talbert AW, Ngari M, Tsofa B, Mramba L, Mumbo E, Berkley JA, et al. "When you give birth you will not be without your mother" A mixed methods study of advice on breastfeeding for first-time mothers in rural coastal Kenya. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2016 Apr 26 [cited Jul 8, 2018];11:10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845378/pdf/13006_2016_Article_69.pdf?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    -7171 Zahra S, Monireh A, Easa M, Susan P. Successful breastfeeding mothers’ experiences of the difficulties of exclusive breastfeeding. Acta Medica Mediterranea. [Internet]. 2015. [cited Jul 8, 2018];31(7):1479-87. Available from: http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2015/special-issue-1/successful-breastfeeding-mothers-experiences-of-the-difficultiesof-exclusive-breastfeeding/pdf
    http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/ar...
    ).

  • Interrupción de la succión antes de retirar al lactante del pecho (100107)- Definición conceptual: La madre retira el bebé del pecho de forma adecuada, con el fin de no causar dolor o incomodidad en el pezón. Definición operacional: Observar si es necesario interrumpir la mamada, la madre coloca el dedo indicador o meñique en la boca del bebé por medio de la comisura labial, retirando el pezón, de manera que la succión sea interrumpida antes de retirar al niño del pecho(2828 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.,3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.).

  • Técnicas para evitar a hipersensibilidad de los pezones (100121)- Definición conceptual: La madre tiene conocimiento sobre técnicas que ayudan a prevenir la sensibilidad del pezón. Definición operacional: Observar al conversar con la madre, si esta demuestra conocimiento de técnicas que evitan la sensibilidad en los pezones(2121 Moreira GC. Aleitamento materno exclusivo: no vivido das nutrizes de recém-nascidos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva [Dissertação]. Goiânia: Pontíficia Univerisdade Católica de Goiás; 2013. [Acesso 2 jun 2018]. Disponível em: http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/2925.
    http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle...
    ,3636 Ekström A, Abrahamsson H, Eriksson RM, Mårtensson BL. Women's use of nipple shields-their influence on breastfeeding duration after a process-oriented education for health professionals. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Nov;9(9):458-66. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0026.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0026...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ,4646 McClellan HL, Hepworth AR, Garbin CP, Rowan MK, Deacon J, Hartmann PE, et al. Nipple pain during breastfeeding with or without visible trauma. J Hum Lact. 2012 Nov;28(4):511-21. doi: 10.1177/0890334412444464.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412444464...
    ,5353 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
    ,5555 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
    https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...
    ,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    ,6363 Palmér L, Carlsson G, Brunt D, Nyström M. Existential security is a necessary condition for continued breastfeeding despite severe initial difficulties: a lifeworld hermeneutical study. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2015 May 5 [cited Jun 2, 2018];10:17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425864/pdf/13006_2015_Article_42.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ,7070 Talbert AW, Ngari M, Tsofa B, Mramba L, Mumbo E, Berkley JA, et al. "When you give birth you will not be without your mother" A mixed methods study of advice on breastfeeding for first-time mothers in rural coastal Kenya. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2016 Apr 26 [cited Jul 8, 2018];11:10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845378/pdf/13006_2016_Article_69.pdf?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ,7373 Groleau D, Sigouin C, D'Souza NA. Power to negotiate spatial barriers to breastfeeding in a western context: When motherhood meets poverty. Health Place. 2013 Nov;24:250-9. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.08.011
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.20...

    74 Teich AS, Barnett J, Bonuck K. Women's perceptions of breastfeeding barriers in early postpartum period: A qualitative analysis nested in two randomized controlled trials. Breastfeed Med. [Internet]. 2014 Jan-Feb [cited Jul 8, 2018];9(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903167/pdf/bfm.2013.0063.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    -7575 Kronborg H, Harder I, Hall EOC. First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. 2015;6(2):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.0...
    ).

  • Evitar utilizar una tetina con el lactante (100109)- Definición conceptual: La madre no ofrece pezones artificiales, chupetes o mamaderas al bebé. Definición operacional: Observar al conversar con la madre si, para alimentar al hijo, esta le ofrece tan solo el pecho materno. Cuando este llora, ella lo alienta sin usar pezones artificiales, tomándolo en brazos u ofreciéndole el pecho(22 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Atenção à saúde do Recém-Nascido: Guia para os Profissionais de Saúde. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. [cited May 14, 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_recem_nascido_v1.pdf
    http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
    ,3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,3535 Flaherman VJ, Beiler JS, Cabana MD, Paul IM. Relationship of newborn weight loss to milk supply concern and anxiety: the impact on breastfeeding duration. Matern Child Nutr. 2016 Jul; 12(3):463-72. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12171.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12171...
    ,3939 Abuidhail J, Al-Modallal H, Yousif R, Almresi N. Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) in Jordan: Prevalence, duration, practices, and barriers. Midwifery. 2014 Mar;30(3):331-7. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.005.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.0...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ,6767 Heidari Z, Keshvari M, Kohan S. Breastfeeding Promotion, Challenges and Barriers: a Qualitative Research. Int J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];4(5):1687-95. Available from: http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213ead5e864bb1d0729a3265017cf7.pdf.
    http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213...
    -6868 Nduna T, Marais D, Wyk B. An Explorative Qualitative Study of Experiences and Challenges to Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Rural Zimbabwe. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];7(2):69-76. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1941406414568562.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    ,7373 Groleau D, Sigouin C, D'Souza NA. Power to negotiate spatial barriers to breastfeeding in a western context: When motherhood meets poverty. Health Place. 2013 Nov;24:250-9. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.08.011
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.20...
    ).

  • Evitar darle agua al lactante (100110)- Definición conceptual: La madre solo ofrece el pecho, adopta la lactancia materna exclusiva, bajo libre demanda, hasta el sexto mes de vida del bebé. Definición operacional: Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre relata no ofrecer agua u otros líquidos al bebé, si adopta la lactancia materna exclusiva, bajo libre demanda, en los primeros seis meses de vida(2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,4949 Brown A, Arnott B. Breastfeeding duration and early parenting behaviour: The importance of an infant-led, responsive style. PLoS One. 2014;9(2): e83893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083893
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...

    53 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
    -5454 Santos AG. O aleitamento materno na prematuridade tardia. [Dissertação] Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2014. [Acesso 24 maio 2018]. Disponível em: http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com_jumi&fileid=20&Itemid=96&lang=pt-br.
    http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option...
    ,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    -6060 Keely A, Lawton J, Swanson V, Denison FC. Barriers to breast-feeding in obese women: A qualitative exploration. Midwifery. 2015 May;31(5):532-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.001.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.0...
    ,6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
    -6666 Choo PJ, Ryan K. A qualitative study exploring first time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding in Singapore. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];25(1):5-12. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2010105815615992.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    ).

  • Tomas suplementarias (100122)- Definición conceptual: La madre ofrece alimentos complementarios al bebé solo cuando el profesional de salud se lo prescribe. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre relata que ofrece alimentos complementarios solo cuando hay prescripción de profesional de salud, priorizando la leche materna(2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,4949 Brown A, Arnott B. Breastfeeding duration and early parenting behaviour: The importance of an infant-led, responsive style. PLoS One. 2014;9(2): e83893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083893
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...

    53 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
    -5454 Santos AG. O aleitamento materno na prematuridade tardia. [Dissertação] Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2014. [Acesso 24 maio 2018]. Disponível em: http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com_jumi&fileid=20&Itemid=96&lang=pt-br.
    http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option...
    ,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    -6060 Keely A, Lawton J, Swanson V, Denison FC. Barriers to breast-feeding in obese women: A qualitative exploration. Midwifery. 2015 May;31(5):532-9. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.001.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.0...
    ,6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
    -6666 Choo PJ, Ryan K. A qualitative study exploring first time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding in Singapore. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];25(1):5-12. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2010105815615992.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    ).

  • Reconoce rápidamente los signos de hambre (100113)- Definición conceptual: La madre reconoce las primeras señales que el bebé presenta cuando tiene hambre. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre reconoce o relata las señales de hambre que el bebé presenta: se pone alerta, se lleva las manos y dedos a la boca e intenta succionarlos, muestra la lengua, presenta reflejo de busca, puede mostrar irritación (patear o contorcerse) y llorar(2020 Tjale AA. Weaning practices of mothers/ childminders whose babies are between the ages of six to nine months attending clinics in the inner city in Johannesburg [dissertation]. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand; 2016. [cited Jun 2, 2018]. Available from: http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/14408/Tjale%20A%20A%202000-001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
    http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bits...
    ,3535 Flaherman VJ, Beiler JS, Cabana MD, Paul IM. Relationship of newborn weight loss to milk supply concern and anxiety: the impact on breastfeeding duration. Matern Child Nutr. 2016 Jul; 12(3):463-72. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12171.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12171...
    ,3838 Galipeau R, Dumas L, Lepage M. Perception of Not Having Enough Milk and Actual Milk Production of First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers: Is There a Difference? Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:210-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0183.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0183...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...
    ,6161 Lööf-Johanson M, Foldevi M, Rudebeck CE. Breastfeeding as a Specific Value in Women's Lives: The Experiences and Decisions of Breastfeeding Women. Breastfeed Med. 2013 Feb;8(1):38-44. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0008.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2012.0008...
    ,6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
    ,6868 Nduna T, Marais D, Wyk B. An Explorative Qualitative Study of Experiences and Challenges to Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Rural Zimbabwe. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];7(2):69-76. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1941406414568562.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    ,7171 Zahra S, Monireh A, Easa M, Susan P. Successful breastfeeding mothers’ experiences of the difficulties of exclusive breastfeeding. Acta Medica Mediterranea. [Internet]. 2015. [cited Jul 8, 2018];31(7):1479-87. Available from: http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2015/special-issue-1/successful-breastfeeding-mothers-experiences-of-the-difficultiesof-exclusive-breastfeeding/pdf
    http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/ar...
    ).

  • Comprende el temperamento del lactante (100112)- Definición conceptual: La madre responde prontamente al temperamento del lactante. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre identifica prontamente las señales del temperamento como llanto, expresiones de dolor y reflejos primitivos(2020 Tjale AA. Weaning practices of mothers/ childminders whose babies are between the ages of six to nine months attending clinics in the inner city in Johannesburg [dissertation]. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand; 2016. [cited Jun 2, 2018]. Available from: http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/14408/Tjale%20A%20A%202000-001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
    http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bits...
    ,3535 Flaherman VJ, Beiler JS, Cabana MD, Paul IM. Relationship of newborn weight loss to milk supply concern and anxiety: the impact on breastfeeding duration. Matern Child Nutr. 2016 Jul; 12(3):463-72. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12171.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12171...
    ,3838 Galipeau R, Dumas L, Lepage M. Perception of Not Having Enough Milk and Actual Milk Production of First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers: Is There a Difference? Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:210-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0183.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0183...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...
    ,6161 Lööf-Johanson M, Foldevi M, Rudebeck CE. Breastfeeding as a Specific Value in Women's Lives: The Experiences and Decisions of Breastfeeding Women. Breastfeed Med. 2013 Feb;8(1):38-44. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0008.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2012.0008...
    ,6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
    ,6868 Nduna T, Marais D, Wyk B. An Explorative Qualitative Study of Experiences and Challenges to Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Rural Zimbabwe. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];7(2):69-76. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1941406414568562.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    ,7171 Zahra S, Monireh A, Easa M, Susan P. Successful breastfeeding mothers’ experiences of the difficulties of exclusive breastfeeding. Acta Medica Mediterranea. [Internet]. 2015. [cited Jul 8, 2018];31(7):1479-87. Available from: http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2015/special-issue-1/successful-breastfeeding-mothers-experiences-of-the-difficultiesof-exclusive-breastfeeding/pdf
    http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/ar...
    ).

  • Ingesta de líquidos por parte de la madre (100120)- Definición conceptual: Ingesta de cantidad adecuada de líquidos por la madre durante el amamantamiento. Definición operacional: verificar si la madre ingiere diariamente al menos dos litros de líquidos durante el período en que el bebé está siendo amamantando(4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...
    ,6464 Ware JL, Webb L Fau - Levy M, Levy M. Barriers to breastfeeding in the African American population of Shelby County, Tennessee. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Oct;9(8):385-92. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0006.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0006...
    -6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
    ,6868 Nduna T, Marais D, Wyk B. An Explorative Qualitative Study of Experiences and Challenges to Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Rural Zimbabwe. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];7(2):69-76. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1941406414568562.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    ,7171 Zahra S, Monireh A, Easa M, Susan P. Successful breastfeeding mothers’ experiences of the difficulties of exclusive breastfeeding. Acta Medica Mediterranea. [Internet]. 2015. [cited Jul 8, 2018];31(7):1479-87. Available from: http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2015/special-issue-1/successful-breastfeeding-mothers-experiences-of-the-difficultiesof-exclusive-breastfeeding/pdf
    http://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/ar...
    ).

  • Bombeo de la mama (100123)- Definición conceptual: Retirada de leche del pecho, que puede ser por extracción manual o mecánica, por medio de bomba extractora, para aliviar la incomodidad cuando el pecho está lleno o hinchado; para aumentar la producción de la leche o almacenarla. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre se muestra apta para ejecutar o describir la extracción de la leche, ya sea de forma manual o mecánica, por medio de una bomba extractora, describiendo su utilidad y frecuencia, así como la técnica adecuada, que implica medidas de higiene, posicionamiento adecuado y uso de la bomba, para aliviar la incomodidad, aumentar la producción de la leche o para almacenarla(2525 Schoch D. Determinants of breastfeeding readiness in premature infants [thesis]. Chester: University of Widener; 2014. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/534...
    ,2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ,5151 Amando AR, Tavares AK, Oliveira AKP, Fernandes FECV, Sena CRS, Melo RA. Perception of mothers on the process of breastfeeding premature newborns in the Neonatal Unit. Rev Baiana Enferm. [Internet]. 2016 Out/Dec [cited May 22, 2018];30(4):1-11. Available from: https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/view/17134.
    https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/enf...
    ,5555 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
    https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...
    ,5757 Felice JP, Geraghty SR, Quaglieri CW, Yamada R, Wong AJ, Rasmussen KM. 'Breastfeeding' without baby: A longitudinal, qualitative investigation of how mothers perceive, feel about, and practice human milk expression. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12426.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12426...
    ,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    ,7272 Froehlich J, Donovan A, Ravlin E, Fortier A, North J, Bloch MK. Daily routines of breastfeeding mothers. Work. 2015;50(3):433-42. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141954.
    https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141954...
    ).

  • Almacena la leche de forma apropiada (100115)- Definición conceptual: Almacenamiento de la leche materna, tras la extracción manual o mecánica, por medio de bomba extractora, en recipiente y lugar que garanticen el mantenimiento de la calidad de la leche, libre de contaminación por microrganismos o por otros contaminantes. Definición operacional: verificar si la madre relata realizar todos los cuidados necesarios para el almacenamiento seguro de la leche u observar la ejecución(2525 Schoch D. Determinants of breastfeeding readiness in premature infants [thesis]. Chester: University of Widener; 2014. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/534...
    ,2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.-3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ,5151 Amando AR, Tavares AK, Oliveira AKP, Fernandes FECV, Sena CRS, Melo RA. Perception of mothers on the process of breastfeeding premature newborns in the Neonatal Unit. Rev Baiana Enferm. [Internet]. 2016 Out/Dec [cited May 22, 2018];30(4):1-11. Available from: https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/view/17134.
    https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/enf...
    ,5555 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
    https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...
    -5656 Edwards R, Peterson WE, Noel-Weiss J, Shearer Fortier C. Factors Influencing the Breastfeeding Practices of Young Mothers Living in a Maternity Shelter: A Qualitative Study. J Hum Lact. 2017 May;33(2):359-67. doi: 10.1177/0890334416681496.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334416681496...
    ,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    ,7272 Froehlich J, Donovan A, Ravlin E, Fortier A, North J, Bloch MK. Daily routines of breastfeeding mothers. Work. 2015;50(3):433-42. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141954.
    https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141954...
    ).

  • Utiliza el apoyo familiar (100124)- Definición conceptual: La madre identifica fuentes de apoyo para la lactancia materna en su familia y recurre a estas. Definición operacional: verificar si la madre relata o si se observa que la familia incentiva y apoya la lactancia materna, ayudándola con las tareas domésticas, en el cuidado de otros hijos o en las demandas de la realización de la lactancia materna en sí(2424 Cisco J. Support for breastfeeding mothers and determinants of long-term breastfeeding in the United States. [thesis] Columbia: University of Missouri; 2015. Available from: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/48681/research.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
    https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitst...
    ,3737 Rempel LA, Rempel JK, Moore KCJ. Relationships between types of father breastfeeding support and breastfeeding outcomes. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12337.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12337...
    ,4040 Brown A. Maternal trait personality and breastfeeding duration: The importance of confidence and social support. J Adv Nurs. [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited May 22, 2018]; 70(3):587-96. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114133/pdf/jan-70-587.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    -4141 Bennett AE, McCartney D, Kearney JM. Views of fathers in Ireland on the experience and challenges of having a breast-feeding partner. Midwifery. 2016 Sep;40:169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.0...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    -4545 Ikonen R, Liisa Aho A, Kaunonen M. Validity and reliability of breastfeeding advice and coping with breastfeeding instruments. Neonatal Netw. 2014 Nov-Dec;33(6):322-8. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.322.
    https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.3...
    ,5353 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
    -5454 Santos AG. O aleitamento materno na prematuridade tardia. [Dissertação] Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2014. [Acesso 24 maio 2018]. Disponível em: http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com_jumi&fileid=20&Itemid=96&lang=pt-br.
    http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option...
    ,5757 Felice JP, Geraghty SR, Quaglieri CW, Yamada R, Wong AJ, Rasmussen KM. 'Breastfeeding' without baby: A longitudinal, qualitative investigation of how mothers perceive, feel about, and practice human milk expression. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12426.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12426...

    58 González-Pascual J, Ruiz-López M, Saiz-Navarro E, Moreno-Preciado M. Exploring Barriers to Breastfeeding Among Chinese Mothers Living in Madrid, Spain. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017 Feb;19(1):74-9. doi: 10.1007/s10903-015-0303-0.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0303-...
    -5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    ,6666 Choo PJ, Ryan K. A qualitative study exploring first time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding in Singapore. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];25(1):5-12. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2010105815615992.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...

    67 Heidari Z, Keshvari M, Kohan S. Breastfeeding Promotion, Challenges and Barriers: a Qualitative Research. Int J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];4(5):1687-95. Available from: http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213ead5e864bb1d0729a3265017cf7.pdf.
    http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213...

    68 Nduna T, Marais D, Wyk B. An Explorative Qualitative Study of Experiences and Challenges to Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in Rural Zimbabwe. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];7(2):69-76. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1941406414568562.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    -6969 Oliveira CS, Iocca FA, Carrijo ML, Garcia R. Breastfeeding and complications that contribute to early weaning. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jul 8, 2018];36(spe):16-23. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scriptsci_artext&pid=S193-17015050016&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scriptsc...
    ,7272 Froehlich J, Donovan A, Ravlin E, Fortier A, North J, Bloch MK. Daily routines of breastfeeding mothers. Work. 2015;50(3):433-42. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141954.
    https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141954...
    ).

  • Utiliza el apoyo de la comunidad (100125)- Definición conceptual: La madre identifica fuentes de apoyo en la comunidad para mantener la lactancia materna y recurre a estas. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre relata que la comunidad local incentiva y apoya la lactancia materna por medio de grupos y redes de apoyo(1919 Pallotti P. Young mothers' negotiations of infant feeding. A qualitative study with ethnographic methods [thesis]. Western Bank: University of Sheffield; 2016. [cited 21 May 2018]. Available from: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15751/.
    http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15751/...
    ,2323 Alkhizi LM. Promoting breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia. [dissertation] San Diego: San Diego State University; 2016. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896745/.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ,2626 Khasawneh W. Breastfeeding Practices, Facilitators, and Barriers among Immigrant Muslim Arab Women Living in a Metropolitan Area of the Southwest of United States [thesis]. Tucson: Arizona State University; 2017. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/534...
    ,4141 Bennett AE, McCartney D, Kearney JM. Views of fathers in Ireland on the experience and challenges of having a breast-feeding partner. Midwifery. 2016 Sep;40:169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.0...
    ,6767 Heidari Z, Keshvari M, Kohan S. Breastfeeding Promotion, Challenges and Barriers: a Qualitative Research. Int J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];4(5):1687-95. Available from: http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213ead5e864bb1d0729a3265017cf7.pdf.
    http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213...
    ,7272 Froehlich J, Donovan A, Ravlin E, Fortier A, North J, Bloch MK. Daily routines of breastfeeding mothers. Work. 2015;50(3):433-42. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141954.
    https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141954...
    ).

  • Satisfacción con el proceso de lactancia (100118)- Definición conceptual: Extensión de la percepción positiva de la madre en cuanto al proceso de amamantamiento. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre declara que se siente satisfecha al amamantar a su bebé y también en cuanto al proceso de Establecimiento de la lactancia materna(2424 Cisco J. Support for breastfeeding mothers and determinants of long-term breastfeeding in the United States. [thesis] Columbia: University of Missouri; 2015. Available from: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/48681/research.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
    https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitst...
    ,3737 Rempel LA, Rempel JK, Moore KCJ. Relationships between types of father breastfeeding support and breastfeeding outcomes. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12337.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12337...
    ,4040 Brown A. Maternal trait personality and breastfeeding duration: The importance of confidence and social support. J Adv Nurs. [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited May 22, 2018]; 70(3):587-96. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114133/pdf/jan-70-587.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    -4141 Bennett AE, McCartney D, Kearney JM. Views of fathers in Ireland on the experience and challenges of having a breast-feeding partner. Midwifery. 2016 Sep;40:169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.0...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    -4545 Ikonen R, Liisa Aho A, Kaunonen M. Validity and reliability of breastfeeding advice and coping with breastfeeding instruments. Neonatal Netw. 2014 Nov-Dec;33(6):322-8. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.322.
    https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.3...
    ,5353 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
    ,5757 Felice JP, Geraghty SR, Quaglieri CW, Yamada R, Wong AJ, Rasmussen KM. 'Breastfeeding' without baby: A longitudinal, qualitative investigation of how mothers perceive, feel about, and practice human milk expression. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12426.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12426...

    58 González-Pascual J, Ruiz-López M, Saiz-Navarro E, Moreno-Preciado M. Exploring Barriers to Breastfeeding Among Chinese Mothers Living in Madrid, Spain. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017 Feb;19(1):74-9. doi: 10.1007/s10903-015-0303-0.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0303-...
    -5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
    ,6161 Lööf-Johanson M, Foldevi M, Rudebeck CE. Breastfeeding as a Specific Value in Women's Lives: The Experiences and Decisions of Breastfeeding Women. Breastfeed Med. 2013 Feb;8(1):38-44. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0008.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2012.0008...
    -6262 Merel SSC, Fátima CBC, Iopp MG, Silverio M, Bisognin P, Alende PL. Feelings and maternal experiences associated with the breastfeeding process. Rev Enferm UFPE on line. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018]; 9(8):9343-51. Available from: https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revistaenfermagem/article/viewFile/10739/11845.
    https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revi...
    ,6666 Choo PJ, Ryan K. A qualitative study exploring first time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding in Singapore. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];25(1):5-12. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2010105815615992.
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
    -6767 Heidari Z, Keshvari M, Kohan S. Breastfeeding Promotion, Challenges and Barriers: a Qualitative Research. Int J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jun 2, 2018];4(5):1687-95. Available from: http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213ead5e864bb1d0729a3265017cf7.pdf.
    http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_6733_ed213...
    ,6969 Oliveira CS, Iocca FA, Carrijo ML, Garcia R. Breastfeeding and complications that contribute to early weaning. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jul 8, 2018];36(spe):16-23. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scriptsci_artext&pid=S193-17015050016&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scriptsc...
    ,7272 Froehlich J, Donovan A, Ravlin E, Fortier A, North J, Bloch MK. Daily routines of breastfeeding mothers. Work. 2015;50(3):433-42. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141954.
    https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141954...
    ).

El RE “Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: lactante” se define como “Unión y succión del lactante del pecho de la madre para su alimentación durante las primeras 3 semanas de lactancia”(99 Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M, Swanson E. NOC- Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem. 5ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.). A continuación, se presentan los 12 indicadores de este RE, así como sus respectivas definiciones conceptuales y operacionales.

  • Alineación y unión adecuados (100001)- Definición conceptual: Alineación adecuada del bebé respecto al pecho, para favorecer su prensión y la extracción de la leche. Definición operacional: Observar si la alineación de oreja, hombro y cuadril del bebé está formando una línea recta, de forma que el cuello no quede torcido o doblado hacia delante o hacia atrás. El cuerpo del bebé se mantiene próximo al de la madre y de frente a ella (vientre con vientre), con las nalgas apoyadas, de manera que su cabeza quede a la altura del pecho, con la boca frente al pezón, con el mentón tocando el pecho(2525 Schoch D. Determinants of breastfeeding readiness in premature infants [thesis]. Chester: University of Widener; 2014. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/534...
    ,2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,3636 Ekström A, Abrahamsson H, Eriksson RM, Mårtensson BL. Women's use of nipple shields-their influence on breastfeeding duration after a process-oriented education for health professionals. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Nov;9(9):458-66. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0026.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0026...
    ,6969 Oliveira CS, Iocca FA, Carrijo ML, Garcia R. Breastfeeding and complications that contribute to early weaning. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jul 8, 2018];36(spe):16-23. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scriptsci_artext&pid=S193-17015050016&lng=en.
    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?scriptsc...
    -7070 Talbert AW, Ngari M, Tsofa B, Mramba L, Mumbo E, Berkley JA, et al. "When you give birth you will not be without your mother" A mixed methods study of advice on breastfeeding for first-time mothers in rural coastal Kenya. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2016 Apr 26 [cited Jul 8, 2018];11:10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845378/pdf/13006_2016_Article_69.pdf?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ,7474 Teich AS, Barnett J, Bonuck K. Women's perceptions of breastfeeding barriers in early postpartum period: A qualitative analysis nested in two randomized controlled trials. Breastfeed Med. [Internet]. 2014 Jan-Feb [cited Jul 8, 2018];9(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903167/pdf/bfm.2013.0063.pdf.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    -7575 Kronborg H, Harder I, Hall EOC. First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. 2015;6(2):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.0...
    ). Estas definiciones no abarcan el agarre, pues este se describe mejor en el indicador siguiente.

  • Sujeción areolar adecuada (100002)- Definición conceptual: Fijación de los labios del bebé al pecho, la boca cubre el pezón junto con gran parte de la areola y forma un sello perfecto entre la boca y el pecho, lo que garantiza la formación de vacío. Definición operacional: Observar si que el bebé abre bien la boca, si su boca cubre el pezón y gran parte de la areola (2 a 3 centímetros), de manera que quede más areola encima que debajo de la boca, con los labios evertidos y el mentón pegado al pecho(22 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Atenção à saúde do Recém-Nascido: Guia para os Profissionais de Saúde. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. [cited May 14, 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_recem_nascido_v1.pdf
    http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
    ,2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.

    28 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.

    29 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.
    -3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,4747 Rendon-Macias ME, Villasis-Keever MA, del Carmen Martinez-Garcia M. Validation of a clinical nutritional sucking scale. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. [Internet]. 2016 May-Jun [cited May 4, 2018]; 54(3):318-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27100977.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2710...
    -4848 Sakalidis VS, Williams TM, Garbin CP, Hepworth AR, Hartmann PE, Paech MJ, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):205-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334412452933.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412452933...
    ,5050 Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breast-feeding. Early Hum Dev. 2013 Sep;89(9):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.009.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
    ).

  • Compresión areolar adecuada (100003)- Definición conceptual: Compresión ejercida por la boca del recién nacido o lactante sobre el complejo areola-pezón, uno de los mecanismos que resultan en la extracción de leche del pecho con mantenimiento de la integridad de la piel. Definición operacional: Verificar el relato materno sobre la intensidad de la compresión ejercida por la boca del recién nacido/lactante sobre el complejo areola-pezón de la mujer, de manera que extraiga la leche sin causar incomodidad o dolor, deformidad o lesión en la areola o pezón(22 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Atenção à saúde do Recém-Nascido: Guia para os Profissionais de Saúde. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. [cited May 14, 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_recem_nascido_v1.pdf
    http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
    ,2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.

    28 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.

    29 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.
    -3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,4747 Rendon-Macias ME, Villasis-Keever MA, del Carmen Martinez-Garcia M. Validation of a clinical nutritional sucking scale. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. [Internet]. 2016 May-Jun [cited May 4, 2018]; 54(3):318-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27100977.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2710...
    -4848 Sakalidis VS, Williams TM, Garbin CP, Hepworth AR, Hartmann PE, Paech MJ, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):205-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334412452933.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412452933...
    ,5050 Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breast-feeding. Early Hum Dev. 2013 Sep;89(9):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.009.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
    ).

  • Correcta colocación de la lengua (100013)- Definición conceptual: Posicionamiento de la lengua que favorece la extracción de la leche. Definición operacional: Observar si la lengua se proyecta hacia delante, quedando extendida, apoyada en la encía inferior, pero sobrepasándola, con elevación de sus bordes laterales y la formación de un sulco en la región central (acanalamiento), envolviendo suavemente el pezón y parte de la areola, mientras realiza movimientos ondulatorios rítmicos desde la extremidad hacia el dorso durante la succión en la región pezón/areola materna. La lengua se presenta adelantada y rebajada, sobrepasando la encía inferior y envolviendo inferiormente el complejo areola-pezón durante la succión. Lo que el profesional puede evaluar por la observación del adelantamiento de la lengua y con el dedo enguantado(22 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Atenção à saúde do Recém-Nascido: Guia para os Profissionais de Saúde. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. [cited May 14, 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_recem_nascido_v1.pdf
    http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
    ,2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.

    28 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.

    29 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.
    -3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,4747 Rendon-Macias ME, Villasis-Keever MA, del Carmen Martinez-Garcia M. Validation of a clinical nutritional sucking scale. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. [Internet]. 2016 May-Jun [cited May 4, 2018]; 54(3):318-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27100977.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2710...
    -4848 Sakalidis VS, Williams TM, Garbin CP, Hepworth AR, Hartmann PE, Paech MJ, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):205-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334412452933.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412452933...
    ,5050 Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breast-feeding. Early Hum Dev. 2013 Sep;89(9):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.009.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
    ).

  • Reflejo de succión (100014)- Definición conceptual: Reflejo primitivo responsable de extraer la leche del pecho materno, en que ocurren movimientos ondulatorios rítmicos de la lengua y de la mandíbula para la extracción. Definición operacional: Observar si al cubrir con la boca el pecho materno, los labios del bebé se acoplan a este, si la lengua ejecuta movimientos ondulatorios rítmicos en el sentido de la extremidad al dorso, mientras la mandíbula se mueve hacia abajo, en la apertura plena de la boca, después hacia arriba para comprimir suavemente el complejo pezón-areola y hacia atrás para acompañar la lengua en este proceso de extracción de la leche. A lo largo de este proceso no hay ruidos de chasquidos y las mejillas se mantienen redondeadas durante el movimiento de la lengua y mandíbula(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.,2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,4848 Sakalidis VS, Williams TM, Garbin CP, Hepworth AR, Hartmann PE, Paech MJ, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):205-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334412452933.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412452933...
    ,5050 Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breast-feeding. Early Hum Dev. 2013 Sep;89(9):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.009.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
    ,6464 Ware JL, Webb L Fau - Levy M, Levy M. Barriers to breastfeeding in the African American population of Shelby County, Tennessee. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Oct;9(8):385-92. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0006.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0006...
    ).

  • Deglución audible (100005)- Definición conceptual: Escucha de la deglución del bebé durante la succión en el pecho materno, como consecuencia de la presencia de leche en la faringe posterior. Definición operacional: Tras algunas secuencias de succión profunda y adecuada, se puede oír con o sin estetoscopio la deglución ruidosa del bebé, en función de la presencia de leche en la faringe posterior(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.,2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,4848 Sakalidis VS, Williams TM, Garbin CP, Hepworth AR, Hartmann PE, Paech MJ, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):205-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334412452933.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412452933...
    ,5050 Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breast-feeding. Early Hum Dev. 2013 Sep;89(9):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.009.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
    ,6464 Ware JL, Webb L Fau - Levy M, Levy M. Barriers to breastfeeding in the African American population of Shelby County, Tennessee. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Oct;9(8):385-92. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0006.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0006...
    ).

  • Amamanta durante un mínimo de 5 a 10 minutos por pecho (100006)- Definición conceptual: El bebé succiona cada pecho por un tiempo mínimo de 5 a 10 minutos. Definición operacional: Observar si el bebé se mantiene en cada pecho, con buen agarre y succión efectiva, por un tiempo mínimo de 5 a 10 minutos sin interrupciones(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.

    28 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.

    29 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.
    -3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,3838 Galipeau R, Dumas L, Lepage M. Perception of Not Having Enough Milk and Actual Milk Production of First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers: Is There a Difference? Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:210-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0183.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0183...
    ).

  • Mínimo de ocho tomas al día (100007)- Definición conceptual: El bebé se alimenta en el pecho materno, como mínimo, ocho veces a lo largo de 24 horas. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre/equipo de enfermería cambia el pañal del bebé como mínimo seis veces al día y observa si la orina es clara(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.-2828 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.,3535 Flaherman VJ, Beiler JS, Cabana MD, Paul IM. Relationship of newborn weight loss to milk supply concern and anxiety: the impact on breastfeeding duration. Matern Child Nutr. 2016 Jul; 12(3):463-72. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12171.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12171...
    ,3838 Galipeau R, Dumas L, Lepage M. Perception of Not Having Enough Milk and Actual Milk Production of First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers: Is There a Difference? Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:210-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0183.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0183...
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...
    ,7272 Froehlich J, Donovan A, Ravlin E, Fortier A, North J, Bloch MK. Daily routines of breastfeeding mothers. Work. 2015;50(3):433-42. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141954.
    https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141954...
    ,7575 Kronborg H, Harder I, Hall EOC. First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. 2015;6(2):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.0...
    ).

  • Micciones al día apropiadas para la edad (100008)- Definición conceptual: Eliminación urinaria de, como mínimo, seis veces al día de orina clara y diluida. Definición operacional: Verificar si la madre/equipo de enfermería cambia el pañal del bebé como mínimo seis veces al día y observa si la orina es clara(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.-2828 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.,3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,3434 Courdent M, Beghin L, Akré J, Turck D. Infrequent stools in exclusively breastfeed infants. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Nov; 9(9):442-5. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0050.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0050...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ).

  • Deposiciones sueltas, amarillentas y grumosas al día apropiadas para la edad (100009)- Definición conceptual: Eliminación de heces características de los bebés en lactancia materna, de acuerdo con la edad. Definición operacional: La madre/equipo de enfermería observa, en los primeros tres días de vida, eliminación de heces de color oscuro de aspecto viscoso; entre el 4.o y el 7.o días de vida se eliminan heces más verdosas y sueltas; a partir del 8.º día de vida, las heces del bebé se presentan sueltas, amarillentas y granulares. La madre/equipo de enfermería observa la presencia de heces en 24 horas o en hasta 5 a 7 días, sin distensión abdominal(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.-2828 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.,3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,3434 Courdent M, Beghin L, Akré J, Turck D. Infrequent stools in exclusively breastfeed infants. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Nov; 9(9):442-5. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0050.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0050...
    ,4444 Hawley NL, Rosen RK, Strait EA, Raffucci G, Holmdahl I, Freeman JR, et al. Mothers' attitudes and beliefs about infant feeding highlight barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in American Samoa. Women Birth. 2015 Sep;28(3):e80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04....
    ).

  • Aumento de peso apropiada para su edad (100010)- Definición conceptual: Ganancia de peso ponderal que varía entre 15 y 25 g al día para bebés en lactancia materna. Definición operacional: El profesional pesa al bebé, sin ropa ni pañal y observa ganancia ponderal de 15 a 25 g al día(22 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Atenção à saúde do Recém-Nascido: Guia para os Profissionais de Saúde. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. [cited May 14, 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_saude_recem_nascido_v1.pdf
    http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
    ,2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.,3030 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde da criança: nutrição infantil aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar. 2ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015.,3535 Flaherman VJ, Beiler JS, Cabana MD, Paul IM. Relationship of newborn weight loss to milk supply concern and anxiety: the impact on breastfeeding duration. Matern Child Nutr. 2016 Jul; 12(3):463-72. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12171.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12171...
    ,3838 Galipeau R, Dumas L, Lepage M. Perception of Not Having Enough Milk and Actual Milk Production of First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers: Is There a Difference? Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:210-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0183.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0183...
    ,5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
    http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...
    ,6464 Ware JL, Webb L Fau - Levy M, Levy M. Barriers to breastfeeding in the African American population of Shelby County, Tennessee. Breastfeed Med. 2014 Oct;9(8):385-92. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0006.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0006...
    ,7575 Kronborg H, Harder I, Hall EOC. First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. 2015;6(2):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.0...
    ).

  • Lactante satisfecho tras la toma (100011)- Definición conceptual: Presencia de señales que demuestran que el recién nacido/lactante está satisfecho tras la toma. Definición operacional: La madre/equipo de enfermería observa que el bebé ameniza la succión y suelta la región areola-pezón espontáneamente, sin demostrar reflejo de busca cuando se le estimula. Se muestra relajado, y puede que empiece a dormitar tras el amamantamiento(2525 Schoch D. Determinants of breastfeeding readiness in premature infants [thesis]. Chester: University of Widener; 2014. [cited Jun 11, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/534e6edf4b58161708f5810456e53151/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
    https://search.proquest.com/openview/534...
    ,2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,4949 Brown A, Arnott B. Breastfeeding duration and early parenting behaviour: The importance of an infant-led, responsive style. PLoS One. 2014;9(2): e83893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083893
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
    ,7070 Talbert AW, Ngari M, Tsofa B, Mramba L, Mumbo E, Berkley JA, et al. "When you give birth you will not be without your mother" A mixed methods study of advice on breastfeeding for first-time mothers in rural coastal Kenya. Int Breastfeed J. [Internet]. 2016 Apr 26 [cited Jul 8, 2018];11:10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845378/pdf/13006_2016_Article_69.pdf?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
    ,7575 Kronborg H, Harder I, Hall EOC. First time mothers' experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. 2015;6(2):82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.004.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2014.08.0...
    ).

Discusión

El Establecimiento de la lactancia materna es un proceso complejo que implica factores biológicos, sociales, culturales y emocionales, tanto de la mujer como del niño. La evaluación y el apoyo del enfermero y de su equipo durante el amamantamiento son importantes para reducir el destete precoz, en especial, en bebés prematuros. La identificación de las barreras, como dificultad de agarre y posicionamiento, ingurgitación mamaria y fisura del pezón ayudan al enfermero a proponer resultados deseables para que ocurra el Establecimiento de la lactancia materna(77 Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJD, França GVA, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016; 387(10017):475-90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01...
,7676 Strong G. Barriers to breastfeeding during the neonatal period. J Neonatal Nurs. 2013;19(4):134-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jnn.2013.04.005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2013.04.00...
). Por tanto, el uso de los RE relacionados con este proceso podrá ayudar a los enfermeros a identificar estados que interfieren en la interacción inicial y en el ajuste de respuestas entre madre y bebé.

En cuanto al título del resultado “Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: lactante”, dependiendo de la lengua y del referencial, “lactante” no abarca “recién nacido”. El lactante es comprendido como aquel que recibe la leche, lo que abarca al recién nacido, pero también es definido como el niño que tiene entre uno y 23 meses de edad. A su vez, recién nacido es el término utilizado para abarcar desde el nacimiento hasta los 28 días de vida, definición específica para el período neonatal. Al considerar que el Establecimiento de la lactancia materna puede ocurrir tanto en el período neonatal como posteriormente, y que existen aspectos específicos de cada período, se sugiere reemplazar el título del RE por Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: recién nacido & lactante. Esta propuesta pretende aumentar la precisión de los términos utilizados en el título de este RE, de acuerdo con las definiciones propuestas por la OMS(7777 World Health Organization. Health topics: Infant, newborn. [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2013. [cited Jun 7, 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/to pics/infant_newborn/en/
http://www.who.int/to pics/infant_newbor...
-7878 World Health Organization. Definition of key terms. World Health Organization; 2013. [cited Jun 7, 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/g uidelines/arv2013/intro/keyterms/en/
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/g uidelines/a...
), así como evidenciar la especificidad de cada período. Además de eso, tal sugerencia busca seguir el estándar de otros RE de la NOC, como “Control de riesgos & seguridad”; “Eliminación: líquidos & electrólitos”.

Por tanto, es necesario también revisar las definiciones de los dos RE estudiados, puesto que su contenido tiene como foco “las tres primeras semanas de amamantamiento” en su contenido. Con base en la RI, se verificó que la definición de estos RE no debería tener esta limitación de tiempo, una vez que no se identificó soporte científico para este período, sobre todo cuando se consideran las respuestas individuales de madre e hijo, principalmente en casos de prematuridad y hospitalización. Así, se sugiere que el RE “Establecimiento de la Amamantamiento: Recién Nascido & Lactante (1000)” sea definido como “Agarre del recién nacido o lactante y succión en el complejo areola-pezón materno para nutrición durante las primeras semanas de amamantamiento”. A su vez, para el RE “Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: Madre (1001)” se sugiere que la definición sea “establecimiento materno adecuado de agarre y succión del complejo areola-pezón para nutrición de recién nacido o lactante durante las primeras semanas de Establecimiento de la lactancia materna”.

En cuanto a los indicadores del RE Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: madre (1001), se sugiere la revisión del enunciado de siete de estos, lo que se especificará a continuación.

Pecho lleno antes del amamantamiento (100103) podría reemplazarse por Presencia de calostro/leche en el pecho antes del amamantamiento, una vez que “pecho lleno” es una descripción sujeta a variaciones en la interpretación. Además de eso, al considerar el período en que la evaluación se realiza, podrá haber calostro o leche, por tanto, esta modificación puede volver más específico el indicador(1919 Pallotti P. Young mothers' negotiations of infant feeding. A qualitative study with ethnographic methods [thesis]. Western Bank: University of Sheffield; 2016. [cited 21 May 2018]. Available from: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15751/.
http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15751/...
-2020 Tjale AA. Weaning practices of mothers/ childminders whose babies are between the ages of six to nine months attending clinics in the inner city in Johannesburg [dissertation]. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand; 2016. [cited Jun 2, 2018]. Available from: http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/14408/Tjale%20A%20A%202000-001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
http://mobile.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bits...
,5353 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
,5757 Felice JP, Geraghty SR, Quaglieri CW, Yamada R, Wong AJ, Rasmussen KM. 'Breastfeeding' without baby: A longitudinal, qualitative investigation of how mothers perceive, feel about, and practice human milk expression. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12426.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12426...
).

Evita dar agua al lactante (100110) se reemplazaría por Evita ofrecer agua y otros líquidos al recién nacido o lactante, una vez que no solo el agua, sino también otros líquidos, como tés y zumos, pueden interferir en el Establecimiento de la lactancia materna(5252 Melo LM, Álvaro MMTM, Leite JM, Rolim KMC. Preterm infant: maternal experience during breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and after discharge. Rev RENE. [Internet] 2013 [cited May 22, 2018];14(3):512-20. Available from: http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/article/view/3423/2662.
http://www.periodicos.ufc.br/rene/articl...
-5353 Amaral LJX, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Carvalho DPSRP, Sales SS, Ferreira Júnior MA. Factors that influence the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing mothers. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018];36(spe):127-134. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S198314472015000500127&lng=en.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
,6565 Burns J, Emerson JA, Amundson K, Doocy S, Caulfield LE, Klemm RDW. A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Practices in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Nutr Bull. 2016 Jun;37(2):119-31. doi: 10.1177/0379572116637947.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116637947...
).

El indicador Alimentaciones suplementarias (100122) podría ser “Alimentación complementaria, cuando sea indicada”. Esta propuesta de cambio deriva de la confusión que hay entre los términos “suplementaria y complementaria”. En términos de amamantamiento, los alimentos complementarios son aquellos ofrecidos al niño en concomitancia con la leche materna, cuando esta última no es suficiente para el aporte nutricional y se hacen necesarios otros alimentos o líquidos(2828 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.,7979 Abeshu MA, Lelisa A, Geleta B. Complementary Feeding: Review of Recommendations, Feeding Practices, and Adequacy of Homemade Complementary Food Preparations in Developing Countries - Lessons from Ethiopia. Front Nutr. [Internet]. 2016 Oct [cited Jul 8, 2018];3:41. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2016.00041/full.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10....
), el que ocurre tras los seis meses de vida o antes, en caso de destete. Al paso que alimentos suplementarios son aquellos que contienen nutrientes específicos que se desea ofrecer y que no podrían obtenerse por otros alimentos(8080 Parker ME, Bentley ME, Chasela C, Adair L, Piwoz EG, Jamieson DJ, et al. The acceptance and feasibility of replacement feeding at 6 months as an HIV prevention method in Lilongwe, Malawi: Results from the BAN Study. AIDS Educ Prev. [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited Jul 8, 2018]; 23(3):281-29. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3197736/pdf/nihms324232.pdf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

En cuanto al indicador Respuesta al temperamento del lactante (100112), se considera que no está tan relacionado con este RE, por lo que se recomienda excluirlo. El indicador Reconocimiento de señales precoces de hambre (100113) contempla mejor el estado que se propone describir en el contexto del Establecimiento de la lactancia materna.

El Bombeo del pecho (100123) es claro y objetivo en su versión en Inglés, pero podría reemplazarse por Extracción de calostro o leche del pecho para volver el enunciado más apropiado al portugués de Brasil, así como representar mejor el cuidado que se desarrolla, que puede ser mediante el uso de bomba extractora o extracción manual.

Con base en la RI, se verificó que el indicador Uso de apoyo de la comunidad (100125) reflejaría mejor el contexto actual si se cambiara por Uso de apoyo de la comunidad, medios sociales y servicios de salud. Una vez que actualmente las mujeres disponen de diversos recursos de apoyo, como grupos de lactancia materna, consultores y medios sociales, además de los servicios de salud pública(4545 Ikonen R, Liisa Aho A, Kaunonen M. Validity and reliability of breastfeeding advice and coping with breastfeeding instruments. Neonatal Netw. 2014 Nov-Dec;33(6):322-8. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.322.
https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.33.6.3...
,5555 Beattie-Fairchild C. Overcoming Barriers to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Older Adolescent Mothers. [Thesis] Minneapolis: Walden University; 2013. [cited May 24, 2018]. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED552537...
,5959 Isichei MN. A descriptive qualitative interview: Successful breastfeeding experience of teenage first-time mothers. [thesis]. Pomona: Western University of Health Sciences; 2015. [cited May 21, 2018]. Available from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/88cd5636ec8be50cf90ec624ba204eaa/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
https://search.proquest.com/openview/88c...
,6262 Merel SSC, Fátima CBC, Iopp MG, Silverio M, Bisognin P, Alende PL. Feelings and maternal experiences associated with the breastfeeding process. Rev Enferm UFPE on line. [Internet]. 2015 [cited Jun 2, 2018]; 9(8):9343-51. Available from: https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revistaenfermagem/article/viewFile/10739/11845.
https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revi...
).

Se sugieren aun modificaciones para tres indicadores del RE “Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: lactante” (1000). El primero de estos es la Alineación y agarre adecuados (100001), teniendo en cuenta que este indicador podría dividirse en dos: Alineación adecuada del recién nacido/lactante respecto al pecho y Agarre areolar adecuado. Esta propuesta se debe al hecho de que se pueden evaluar de forma independiente. Además de eso, se considera que el indicador que describe la alineación debería estar en el RE Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: madre (1001), porque la alineación del bebé depende más de la madre que de él mismo(2727 Carvalho M, Gomes CF. Amamentação: Bases Científicas. 4ed. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2016.

28 Wambach K, Riordan J. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 5ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015.
-2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.). A su vez, el indicador Deglución audible (100005) podría reemplazarse por Deglución perceptible o audible, una vez que la deglución tanto puede oírse como percibirse visualmente(2929 2Esterik VP. Core Curriculum For Lactation Consultant Practice. 3ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. 906 p.,4848 Sakalidis VS, Williams TM, Garbin CP, Hepworth AR, Hartmann PE, Paech MJ, et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):205-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334412452933.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412452933...
,5050 Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breast-feeding. Early Hum Dev. 2013 Sep;89(9):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
).

Las autoras del presente estudio sugieren que el indicador Interrumpe para posicionar el lactante para eructar en intervalos frecuentes (100015) debe ser retirado, una vez que no se trata de un evento fundamental para el Establecimiento de la lactancia materna, sobre todo como una habilidad del bebé. Así, no se desarrollaron las definiciones conceptual y operacional. Principalmente porque interrumpir el amamantamiento “en intervalos frecuentes” para ejecutar dicha maniobra no encuentra apoyo en la literatura como un indicador deseable en este contexto.

Se considera una limitación del estudio el nivel de evidencia de los trabajos identificados. Ninguno de estos contaba con nivel de evidencia I o II, sin embargo, los contenidos presentados fueron de extremada importancia para la construcción de las definiciones. Otra limitación fue la ausencia de estudios de validación de RE relacionados con el amamantamiento, lo que denota que urge desarrollar más investigaciones que evalúen la aplicación de la NOC.

Conclusión

El presente estudio posibilitó el desarrollo de las definiciones conceptuales y operacionales de los indicadores de los RE Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: lactante (1000) y Establecimiento de la lactancia materna: madre (1001), y hubo propuesta de cambios en la definición de ambos indicadores y en el título del primero. Para el primero, se sugirieron cambios en siete indicadores y la exclusión de un indicador, mientras que, para el segundo, se propusieron cambios en dos indicadores y la retirada de un indicador. El análisis de los RE en cuestión, en contraste con la literatura consultada, posibilitó la identificación de la necesidad de realizar ajustes en la versión en portugués.

El perfeccionamiento de la NOC en lo que se refiere al lenguaje estandarizado de enfermería demanda que los componentes de los RE describan de forma clara lo que el enfermero podrá encontrar en su práctica clínica, además de ofrecer apoyo para el desarrollo de investigaciones y para la enseñanza. Así, la construcción de definiciones conceptuales y operacionales es una contribución a este proceso de perfeccionamiento y también ayuda a evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones, cuando es acompañada de cambios del estado del paciente en un continuum. Además de eso, los RE deben someterse al análisis semántico por un comité de expertos, formado por enfermeros que tengan experiencia clínica y conocimiento científico, para refinar los hallazgos de la revisión de literatura. Lo que representará una próxima etapa para los RE aquí abordados.

Urge desarrollar estudios que validen RE relacionados con el amamantamiento en diferentes contextos, una vez que esto ayudará a refinar los indicadores utilizados por los enfermeros en la evaluación clínica de los bebés y sus madres. Se considera que la NOC es una clasificación con gran potencial de contribuir a la cualificación de los registros de evaluación del proceso de amamantamiento, así como también una herramienta para enseñanza e investigación.

  • *
    Artículo parte de la tesis de doctorado “Validação dos resultados de enfermagem propostos pela Nursing Outcomes Classification para o estabelecimento da amamentação”, presentada en la Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.

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Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    17 Abr 2020
  • Fecha del número
    2020

Histórico

  • Recibido
    16 Jul 2018
  • Acepto
    07 Ene 2020
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