Debriefing methods and techniques used in nursing simulation

Nascimento, Juliana da Silva Garcia; Oliveira, Jordana Luiza Gouvêa de; Alves, Mateus Goulart; Braga, Fernanda Titareli Merizio Martins; Góes, Fernanda dos Santos Nogueira de; Dalri, Maria Celia Barcellos

doi:10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190182

Juliana da Silva Garcia Nascimento

Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1118-2738

Jordana Luiza Gouvêa de Oliveira

Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-8993

Mateus Goulart Alves

Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais(UEMG). Passos, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-6817

Fernanda Titareli Merizio Martins Braga

Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-788X

Fernanda dos Santos Nogueira de Góes

Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-916X

Maria Celia Barcellos Dalri

Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8173-8642

Corresponding author:
Juliana da Silva Garcia Nascimento E-mail: mestradounesp28@yahoo.com.br

Associate editors:

Juliana Petri Tavares

Graziella Badin Aliti

Editor-in-chief:

Maria da Graça Oliveira Crossetti

Data analysis	Strategy
PubMed/MEDLINE®	Debriefing AND (Nursing OR Nursings) AND (“Education, Nursing” OR “Nursing Education” OR “Educations, Nursing” OR “Nursing Educations”)
SCOPUS	Debriefing AND (Nursing OR Nursings) AND “Education, Nursing” OR “Nursing Education” OR “Educations, Nursing” OR “Nursing Educations”
CINAHL	Debriefing AND Nursing AND “Education, Nursing”
LILACS	Debriefing AND (Nursing OR Enfermagem OR Enfermería) AND (“Education, Nursing” OR “Educação em Enfermagem” OR “Educación, Enfermería”)
Web of Science	Debriefing AND (Nursing OR Nursings) AND (“Education, Nursing” OR “Nursing Education” OR “Educations, Nursing” OR “Nursing Educations”)

Authors	Country	Level of evidence
Kang et al.11. Kang K, Yu M. Comparison of student self-debriefing versus instructor debriefing in nursing simulation: a quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;2:67-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.02.030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.02.0...	South Korea	III
Reed1212. Reed SJ. Written debriefing: evaluating the impact of the addition of a written component when debriefing simulations. Nurse Educ Pract. 2015;15(6):543-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.07.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.07.0...	USA	II
Dreifuerst2222. Dreifuerst KT. Getting started with debriefing for meaningful learning using debriefing for meaningful learning to foster development of clinical reasoning in simulation. J Nurs Educ . 2012;51(6):326-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20120409-02 https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-2012040...	USA	III
Johnston et al.2323. Johnston S, Coyer F, Nash R. Simulation debriefing based on principles of transfer of learning: a pilot study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2017;26:102-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.0...	Australia	II
Kuiper et al.2424. Kuiper RN, Heinrichy C, Matthias A, Graham MJ, Bell-Kotwallyy L. Debriefing with the OPT model of clinical reasoning during high fidelity patient simulation. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2008;5:Article 17. doi: https://doi.org/10.2202/1548-923X.1466 https://doi.org/10.2202/1548-923X.1466...	USA	VI
Poore et al.2525. Poore JA, Dawson JC, Dunbar DM, Parrish K. Debriefing interprofessionally: a tool for recognition and reflection. Nurse Educ. 2019;44(1):25-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000518 https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.000000000000...	USA	VI
Reierson et al.2626. Reierson IÅ, Haukedal TA, Hedeman H, Bjørk IT. Structured debriefing: what difference does it make? Nurse Educ Pract. 2017;25:104-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.04.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.04.0...	Norway	V
Mariani et al.2727. Mariani B, Cantrell MA, Meakim C. Nurse educators' perceptions about structured debriefing in clinical simulation. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2014;35(5):330-1. doi: https://doi.org/10.5480/13-1190.1 https://doi.org/10.5480/13-1190.1...	USA	V
Mariani et al.2828. Mariani B, Cantrell MA, Meakim C, Prieto P, Dreifuerst KT. Structured debriefing and students' clinical judgment abilities in simulation. Clin Simul Nurs. 2013;9(5):e147-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2011.11.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2011.11.0...	USA	III
Grant et al.2929. Grant JS, Dawkins D, Molhook L, Keltner NL, Vance DE. Comparing the effectiveness of video-assisted oral debriefing and oral debriefing alone on behaviors by undergraduate nursing students during high-fidelity Simulation. Nurse Educ Pract. 2014;14(5):479-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.0...	USA	II
Ha3030. Ha EH. Attitudes toward Video-Assisted Debriefing after simulation in undergraduate nursing students: an application of Q methodology. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(6):978-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.01.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.01.0...	South Korea	VI
Henneman et al.3131. Henneman EA, Cunningham H, Fisher DL, Plotkin K, Nathanson BH, Roche JP, et al. Eye tracking as a debriefing mechanism in the simulated setting improves patient safety practices. Dimens Crit Care Nurse. 2014;33(3):129-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000041 https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...	USA	II
Maestre et al.3232. Rudolph J.W, Maestrea JM. Teorías y estilos de debriefing: el método con buen juicio como herramienta de evaluación formativa en salud. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2015;68(4):282-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.05.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.05...	Spain	V

Authors:	Outline	Debriefing method and lead authors
Johnston et al.2323. Johnston S, Coyer F, Nash R. Simulation debriefing based on principles of transfer of learning: a pilot study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2017;26:102-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.0...	Pilot study, randomized clinical, controlled with mixed approach, which tested debriefing using the principles of learning transfer theory	Debriefing based on principles of transfer of learning Lead author: Salomon et al.3434. Salomon G, Perkins DN. Rocky roads to transfer: rethinking mechanism of a neglected phenomenon. Educ Psychol. 2010;24(2):113-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2402_1 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2402_...
Kuiper et al.2424. Kuiper RN, Heinrichy C, Matthias A, Graham MJ, Bell-Kotwallyy L. Debriefing with the OPT model of clinical reasoning during high fidelity patient simulation. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2008;5:Article 17. doi: https://doi.org/10.2202/1548-923X.1466 https://doi.org/10.2202/1548-923X.1466...	Descriptive study reporting experiences with nursing students and comparing their ability to develop clinical reasoning supported by debriefing	Debriefing using the OPT model of clinical reasoning Lead author: Kuiper et al.2424. Kuiper RN, Heinrichy C, Matthias A, Graham MJ, Bell-Kotwallyy L. Debriefing with the OPT model of clinical reasoning during high fidelity patient simulation. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2008;5:Article 17. doi: https://doi.org/10.2202/1548-923X.1466 https://doi.org/10.2202/1548-923X.1466...
Poore et al.2525. Poore JA, Dawson JC, Dunbar DM, Parrish K. Debriefing interprofessionally: a tool for recognition and reflection. Nurse Educ. 2019;44(1):25-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000518 https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.000000000000...	Methodological study, validation and application of debriefing tool	Interprofessional debriefing (DIPRR) Lead author: Poore et al.2525. Poore JA, Dawson JC, Dunbar DM, Parrish K. Debriefing interprofessionally: a tool for recognition and reflection. Nurse Educ. 2019;44(1):25-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000518 https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.000000000000...
Reierson et al. ⁽2626. Reierson IÅ, Haukedal TA, Hedeman H, Bjørk IT. Structured debriefing: what difference does it make? Nurse Educ Pract. 2017;25:104-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.04.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.04.0...	Exploratory qualitative study conducted with nursing students, with traditional oral debriefing and structured debriefing associated with video recording	Structured debriefing Lead authors: Fanning et al.3535. Fanning RM, Gabba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007:2(2):115-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539 https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318031... and Phrampus et al.3636. Phrampus PE, O’Donnell JM. Healthcare simulation: from ‘best secret’ to ‘best practice’. In: Levine AI, DeMaria Jr S, Schwartz AD, Sim A. Comprehensive textbook of healthcare simulation. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 73-84.
Mariani et al.2727. Mariani B, Cantrell MA, Meakim C. Nurse educators' perceptions about structured debriefing in clinical simulation. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2014;35(5):330-1. doi: https://doi.org/10.5480/13-1190.1 https://doi.org/10.5480/13-1190.1...	A descriptive, qualitative pilot study on structured debriefing	Structured debriefing Lead authors: Fanning et al.3535. Fanning RM, Gabba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007:2(2):115-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539 https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318031... , Phrampus et al.3636. Phrampus PE, O’Donnell JM. Healthcare simulation: from ‘best secret’ to ‘best practice’. In: Levine AI, DeMaria Jr S, Schwartz AD, Sim A. Comprehensive textbook of healthcare simulation. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 73-84.
Mariani et al.2828. Mariani B, Cantrell MA, Meakim C, Prieto P, Dreifuerst KT. Structured debriefing and students' clinical judgment abilities in simulation. Clin Simul Nurs. 2013;9(5):e147-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2011.11.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2011.11.0...	Mixed method quasi-experimental study with structured debriefing	Structured debriefing Lead authors: Fanning et al.3535. Fanning RM, Gabba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007:2(2):115-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539 https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318031... and Phrampus et al.3636. Phrampus PE, O’Donnell JM. Healthcare simulation: from ‘best secret’ to ‘best practice’. In: Levine AI, DeMaria Jr S, Schwartz AD, Sim A. Comprehensive textbook of healthcare simulation. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 73-84.
Maestre and Rudolph3232. Rudolph J.W, Maestrea JM. Teorías y estilos de debriefing: el método con buen juicio como herramienta de evaluación formativa en salud. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2015;68(4):282-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.05.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.05...	Descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, on the principles of debriefing with good judgment	Debriefing with good judgment Lead author: Maestre et al.3232. Rudolph J.W, Maestrea JM. Teorías y estilos de debriefing: el método con buen juicio como herramienta de evaluación formativa en salud. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2015;68(4):282-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.05.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.05...
Dreifuerst3333. Dreifuerst KT. Getting started with debriefing for meaningful learning. Clin Simul Nurs. 2015;11(5):268-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2015.01.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2015.01.0...	Quasi-experimental study, with pre-test and post-test application to investigate the development of clinical reasoning in students through debriefing	Debriefing for Meaningful Learning© Lead author: Dreifuerst3333. Dreifuerst KT. Getting started with debriefing for meaningful learning. Clin Simul Nurs. 2015;11(5):268-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2015.01.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2015.01.0...

Authors	Outline	Debriefing techniques and lead authors
Kang et al.11. Kang K, Yu M. Comparison of student self-debriefing versus instructor debriefing in nursing simulation: a quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;2:67-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.02.030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.02.0...	Quasi-experimental study comparing debriefing techniques	Auto-debriefing (self-debriefing) technique Unknown author Oral debriefing technique alone Lead author: Fanning et al.3535. Fanning RM, Gabba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007:2(2):115-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539 https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318031...
Reed1212. Reed SJ. Written debriefing: evaluating the impact of the addition of a written component when debriefing simulations. Nurse Educ Pract. 2015;15(6):543-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.07.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.07.0...	Experimental study comparing student experiences applying three debriefing techniques	Oral debriefing technique alone Lead author: Fanning et al.3535. Fanning RM, Gabba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007:2(2):115-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539 https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318031... Oral debriefing technique associated with written debriefing recorded in a blog or collaborative debriefing Lead author: Petranek3737. Petranek CF. Written debriefing: the next vital step in learning with simulations. Simul Gam. 2000;31(1):108-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/104687810003100111 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878100031001... Oral debriefing technique associated with written debriefing recorded in journal or journaling Lead author: Petranek3737. Petranek CF. Written debriefing: the next vital step in learning with simulations. Simul Gam. 2000;31(1):108-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/104687810003100111 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878100031001...
Grant et al.2929. Grant JS, Dawkins D, Molhook L, Keltner NL, Vance DE. Comparing the effectiveness of video-assisted oral debriefing and oral debriefing alone on behaviors by undergraduate nursing students during high-fidelity Simulation. Nurse Educ Pract. 2014;14(5):479-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.0...	Study based on the Q methodology, which integrated quantitative and qualitative methods to identify perception in relation to the applied debriefing technique	Video-assisted debriefing technique Lead author: Grant et al.2929. Grant JS, Dawkins D, Molhook L, Keltner NL, Vance DE. Comparing the effectiveness of video-assisted oral debriefing and oral debriefing alone on behaviors by undergraduate nursing students during high-fidelity Simulation. Nurse Educ Pract. 2014;14(5):479-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.0... Levett-Jones et al.3838. Levett-Jones T, Lapkin S. A systematic review of the effectiveness of simulation 372 debriefing in health professional education. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(6):e58-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.09.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.09....
Ha3030. Ha EH. Attitudes toward Video-Assisted Debriefing after simulation in undergraduate nursing students: an application of Q methodology. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(6):978-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.01.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.01.0...	Quasi-experimental study comparing the oral debriefing technique associated with oral debriefing video alone	Oral debriefing technique alone Lead author: Fanning et al.3535. Fanning RM, Gabba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007:2(2):115-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539 https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318031... Video-assisted debriefing technique Lead author: Grant et al.2929. Grant JS, Dawkins D, Molhook L, Keltner NL, Vance DE. Comparing the effectiveness of video-assisted oral debriefing and oral debriefing alone on behaviors by undergraduate nursing students during high-fidelity Simulation. Nurse Educ Pract. 2014;14(5):479-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.05.0...
Henneman et al.3131. Henneman EA, Cunningham H, Fisher DL, Plotkin K, Nathanson BH, Roche JP, et al. Eye tracking as a debriefing mechanism in the simulated setting improves patient safety practices. Dimens Crit Care Nurse. 2014;33(3):129-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000041 https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.000000000000...	Experimental study with pre-and post-test application to compare the efficacy of three debriefing techniques and determine the most effective	Oral debriefing techniques alone Lead author: Fanning et al.3535. Fanning RM, Gabba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007:2(2):115-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e3180315539 https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318031... Eye-tracking debriefing technique alone Lead author: Fisher et al.3939. Fisher DL, Wisher RA, Ranney T. Optimal static and dynamic training schedules: state models of skill acquisition. J Math Psychol. 1996;40(1):30-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmps.1996.0002 https://doi.org/10.1006/jmps.1996.0002... Oral debriefing technique combined with eye-tracking Lead author: Fisher et al.3939. Fisher DL, Wisher RA, Ranney T. Optimal static and dynamic training schedules: state models of skill acquisition. J Math Psychol. 1996;40(1):30-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmps.1996.0002 https://doi.org/10.1006/jmps.1996.0002...

[1] Corresponding author:
Juliana da Silva Garcia Nascimento E-mail: mestradounesp28@yahoo.com.br

Brasil

Brasil

Debriefing methods and techniques used in nursing simulation

Métodos y técnicas de debriefing utilizadas en la simulación de enfermería

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions: