Actions to prevent sexual violence against adolescents: an integrative literature review

an integrative literature review of five databases, Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs, Bdenf, Cinahl using the following descriptors “adolescent” “adolescence” “youth” “primary prevention” “prevention” “primary” “sexual violence”, plus the Boolean operators AND and OR, with a final sample of 24 articles; the evidence was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation

Results:

the review identifies different structures of the study object, classified in the categories “Interventions with programs created by authors” and “Interventions with standard programs”.

Conclusion:

there are actions to prevent sexual violence against adolescents; the participants’ knowledge was assessed immediately after the intervention, but the assessment of the participants’ acquisition of habits and behavioral changes was to a lesser extent; health prevention is crucial for society’s healthy development, which demonstrates that its applicability in the environment directly favors human health.

Descriptors:
Adolescent; Primary Prevention; Sex Offenses; Nursing; Health Education

Authors	Year	GRADE⁽¹¹11 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia. Diretrizes metodológicas: Sistema GRADE - manual de graduação da qualidade da evidência e força de recomendação para tomada de decisão em saúde [Internet]. Brasília; 2014 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/ct/PDF/diretriz_do_grade.pdf http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/ct/PDF/dir... ^-¹²12 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Atkins D, Brozek J, Vist G, et al. GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):395-400.⁾	Professional	Intervention type	Educational Action
Foshee A. et al., ⁽¹³13 Foshee A, Bauman K, Arriaga B, Helms W, Koch G, Fletcher G. An evaluation of safe dates an adolescent dating violence prevention program. Am J Public Health Res. 1998;88(1):45-50. doi: 10.2105/ajph.88.1.45 https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.1.45... ⁾	1998	Low	Teachers	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Program for the Prevention of Violence in Adolescents.
Fawole OI. et al., ⁽¹⁵15 Fawole OI, Ajuwon AJ, Osungbade KO, Faweya OC. Interventions for violence prevention among young female hawkers in motor parks in South-Western Nigeria: a review of effectiveness. Afr J Reprod Health. 2003;7(1):71-82. doi: 10.2307/3583347 https://doi.org/10.2307/3583347... ⁾	2003	Moderate	Social Educators	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Lectures, group exercises, presentations, questions and answers, stories, scenarios and songs. Interactive and participatory sessions with the public.
Runyan W. et al.,⁽¹⁶16 Runyan W, Gunther-Mohr C, Orton C, Umble S, Martin L, Coyne-Beasley T. Prevent a program of the national training initiative on injury and violence prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29(5):252-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08... ⁾	2005	High	Social Educators	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	PREVENT Model: Preventing Violence Through Education, Networking, and Technical Assistance
Borges, AM. et al.,⁽¹⁷17 Borges AM, Banyard VL, Moynihan MM. Clarifying consent: primary prevention of sexual assault on a college campus. J Prev Interv Community. 2008;36(1-2):75-88. doi: 10.1080/10852350802022324 https://doi.org/10.1080/1085235080202232... ⁾	2008	Moderate	Social Educators	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Educational programs of 10 to 15 minutes. A film with a single presentation and a longer one with presentation and activity.
Moynihan M. et al.,⁽¹⁸18 Moynihan M, Banyard V. Community responsibility for preventing sexual violence: a pilot study with campus geeks and intercollegiate athletes. J Prev Interv Community. 2008;36(1-2):23-38. doi: 10.1080/10852350802022274 https://doi.org/10.1080/1085235080202227... ⁾	2008	High	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	Bystander model modified with the use of a fraternity, sorority and sports groups of both sexes.
Vivolo M. et al.,⁽¹⁹19 Vivolo M, Holland A, Teten K, Holt A. Developing sexual violence prevention strategies by bridging spheres of public health. J Women Health. 2010;19(10):1811-14. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2311 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2311... ⁾	2010	Low	Teachers	"Interventions with standard programs"	Community programs and prevention of sexual abuse among college students.
Kraemer M. et al.,⁽²⁰20 Kraemer M, Bryan D. A sexual assoult primary prevention model with diverse urban youth. J Child Sex Abus. 2011;20(6):708-27. doi: 10.1080/10538712.2011.622355 https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.62... ⁾	2011	Moderate	Teachers	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Instruction of didactics, discussion, active behavior skills and role play, using the sociological prevention model.
Moor A. ⁽²¹21 Moor A. The efficacy of a high school rape prevention program in Israel. Violence Vict. 2011;26(3):283-95. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.26.3.283⁾	2011	High	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	Workshop of 2 hours, such as role-playing games, games, role-plays, film analysis and case studies.
Miller E. et al.,⁽²²22 Miller E, Tancredi D, McCauley L, Decker M, Virata MC, Anderson HA, et al. “Coaching Boys into Men”: a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a dating violence prevention-program. J Adolesc Health Care.2012; 51(5):431-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201... ⁾	2012	High	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	School-based athletic prevention program using the Bystander model.
Espelage L. et al.,⁽²³23 Espelage L, Low D, Polanin S, Brownd C. The impact of a middle school Program to reduce aggression, victimization, and sexual violence. J Adolesc Health Care. 2013;53(2):180-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201... ⁾	2013	Low	Teachers	"Interventions with standard programs"	Elementary school prevention program is based on the success of the student's second step.
Lundgren R. et al.,⁽²⁴24 Lundgren R, Amin A. Addressing intimate partner violence and sexual violence among adolescents: emerging evidence of effectiveness. J Adolesc Health Care. 2015;56(1):S42-S50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201... ⁾	2014	Moderate	Teachers	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Parental interventions for abused children and adolescents.
Sarnquist C. et al.,⁽²⁵25 Sarnquist C, Omondi B, Sinclair J, Gitau C, Paiva L, Mulinge M, et al. Rape prevention through empowerment of adolescent girls. Pediatrics. 2014;133(5):e1226-32. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3414 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3414... ⁾	2014	Low	Social Educators	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Training and self-defense.
Bennett S.1 et al.,⁽²⁶26 Bennett S, Banyard L. To act or not to act, that is the question? barriers and facilitators of by stander intervention. J Interpers Violence. 2014;29(3):476-96. doi: 10.1177/0886260513505210 https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505210... ⁾	2014	High	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	Bystander model with measurement of interpersonal variables and bystander variables.
McMahon S. et al.,⁽²⁷27 McMahon S, Allen CT, Postmus JL, McMahon SM, Peterson NA, Lowe Hoffman M. Measuring bystander attitudes and behavior to prevent sexual violence. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(1):58-66. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2013.849258 https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.84... ⁾	2014	High	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	Bystander model. Bystander Attitude Scale (BAS-R) and Behavior Scale (BBS-R).
Daigneault I. et al.,⁽²⁸28 Daigneault I, Martine H, McDuff P, Michaud F, Vézina-Gagnon P, Henry A, et al. Effectiveness of a sexual assault awareness and prevention workshop for youth: a 3-month follow-up pragmatic cluster randomization study. Can J Hum Sex. 2015;24(1):19-30. doi: 10.3138/cjhs.2626 https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2626... ⁾	2015	Moderate	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	Entertaining group discussions. 75 minute workshops.
Sumner A. et al.,⁽²⁹29 Sumner A, Mercy A, Dahlberg L, Hillis D, Klevens S, Houry D. Violence in the United States: status, challenges, and opportunities. JAMA. 2015;314(5):478-88. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8371 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8371... ⁾	2015	Moderate	Parents and teachers	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Five-Step Viewer Model: Observe the event, identify the situation with the appropriate intervention, take responsibility for the intervention.
Mathews C. et al.,⁽³⁰30 Mathews C, Eggers M, Townsend S, Aaro LE, De Vries PJ, Mason-Jones AJ, et al. Effects of PREPARE, a multi-component, school-based HIV and intimate partner violence (IPV) prevention programme on adolescent sexual risk behaviour and IPV: cluster randomised controlled trial. AIDS Behavior. 2016;20(9):1821-40. doi: 10.1007/s10461-016-1410-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1410-... ⁾	2016	Low	Researchers	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Intervention with the educational program, school safety and the school health service.
Salazar L. et al.,⁽³¹31 Laura FS, Alana VK, Kira McGK. Formative research with college men to inform content and messages for a web-based sexual violence prevention program. Health Communic. 2017;32(9):1133-41. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1214219 https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.12... ⁾	2017	Moderate	Teachers	"Interventions with standard programs"	The proposed program, based on theoretical and empirical risk and protective factors related to sexual violence and perpetration, was performed in six 30-minute modules.
Coker AL. et al., ⁽³²32 Coker AL, Bush HM, Cook-Craig P, DeGue SA, Clear ER, Brancato CJ, et al. RCT testing bystander effectiveness to reduce violence. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(5):566-78. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01... ⁾	2017	High	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	Green Dot Bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence and related forms of interpersonal violence in 26 secondary schools over 5 years.
Reidy DE. et al., ⁽³³33 Reidy DE, Holland KM, Cortina K, Barbara B, Barri R. Evaluation of the expect respect support group program: a violence prevention strategy for youth exposed to violence. Prev Med 2017;100:235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.... ⁾	2017	Low	Teachers	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	Prevention program for young people with previous exposure to sexual violence.
Jessica S., Kathleen K. ⁽³⁴34 Jessica S, Kathleen K. Schools must include faculty and staff in sexual violence prevention efforts. J Am College Health. 2017;65(8):585-87. doi:10.1080/07448481.2017.1349133 https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.13... ⁾	2017	Low	Teachers	"Interventions with programs created by authors"	A multi-level prevention strategy enacts scheduling for students, teachers, and staff.
Ehrensaft M. et al.,⁽³⁵35 Ehrensaft M, Westfall H, Niolon PH, Lopez T, Kamboukos D, Huang KY, et al. Can a parenting intervention to prevent early conduct problems interrupt girls’ risk for intimate partner violence 10 years later? Prev Sci. 2018;19(4):449-58. doi: 10.1007/s11121-017-0831-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0831-... ⁾	2018	High	Teachers	"Interventions with standard programs"	Prevention program, an adaptation of the incredible years series. (Webster-Stratton). The program included 22 weekly 2-hour group sessions for parents and preschoolers, 10 biweekly home visits, and up to six additional family visits over 6-8 month.
Andrade E. L. et al.,⁽³⁶36 Andrade EL, Evans WD, Barrett ND, Cleary SD, Edberg MC, Alvayero RD, et al. Development of the place-based Adelante social marketing campaign for prevention of substance use, sexual risk and violence among Latino immigrant youth. Health Education Research. 2018;33(2):125-44. doi: 10.1093/her/cyx076 https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyx076... ⁾	2018	Low	Social Educators	"Interventions with standard programs"	An integral part of the intervention was testing innovative engagement strategies using digital media.

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[1] Corresponding author: Edna Johana Mondragón Sánchez. E-mail: ejmondragon@uniquindio.edu.co

MEDLINE/ PUBMED	("adolescent" [MeSH Terms] ("adolescent" AND "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" AND "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention AND (English [lang] OR Portuguese [lang] OR Spanish [lang])
SCOPUS	(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("adolescent" AND "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" AND "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention)
LILACS e BDENF	(tw: ("adolescent" AND "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" AND "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention") AND (db: ("LILACS" OR "BDENF").
CINAHL	("adolescent" AND "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" AND "sexual violence" OR "primary prevention", "adolescent" OR "sexual violence" AND "primary prevention)