Mycale (Aegogropila) kolletae sp. n. from the SE Atlantic, with comments on the species of Mycale Gray with raphidotoxas (Mycalidae, Demospongiae, Porifera)

Carballo, José Luis; Hajdu, Eduardo

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752001000500016

Abstract

A new species of Mycale Gray, 1867 bearing raphidotoxas is described from the Namibian coast (SE Atlantic). Mycale (Aegogropila) kolletae sp. n. is characterized by having raphidotoxas up to 590 µm long, three distinct categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, very small raphides, and most of all, by toxas serrated in an unusual pattern (on the inner parts of all three bends). Mycale magnirhaphidifera Van Soest, 1984 is redescribed from the Brazilian coast, based on a population from the northern São Paulo State coastline. The remaining two species with raphidotoxas, viz. Mycale rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912 and M. mannarensis Thomas, 1968 are revised. Levi's (1963) record of Carmia macilenta (Bowerbank, 1866) for the South African coast was reevaluated and found conspecific with M. kolletae sp. n. It has both raphidotoxas as well as toxas with bends which are serrated on their inner surfaces. An identification key for all the Mycale with raphidotoxas is given, and a discussion on possible phylogenetic interpretations for the occurrence of raphidotoxas is advanced.

Poecilosclerida; Mycalidae; Mycale; taxonomy; microscleres; raphidotoxas; subgeneric classification; phylogeny

Mycale (Aegogropila) kolletae sp. n. from the SE Atlantic, with comments on the species of Mycale Gray with raphidotoxas (Mycalidae, Demospongiae, Porifera)

José Luis Carballo^I; Eduardo Hajdu^II

^IInstituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico. Estación Mazatlán, Apartado Postal 811, Mazatlán 82000 México. E-mail: carballo@ola.icmyl.unam.mx

^IIDepartamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade do Brasil. Quinta da Boa Vista, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. E-mail: hajdu@acd.ufrj.br

ABSTRACT

A new species of Mycale Gray, 1867 bearing raphidotoxas is described from the Namibian coast (SE Atlantic). Mycale (Aegogropila) kolletae sp. n. is characterized by having raphidotoxas up to 590 µm long, three distinct categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, very small raphides, and most of all, by toxas serrated in an unusual pattern (on the inner parts of all three bends). Mycale magnirhaphidifera Van Soest, 1984 is redescribed from the Brazilian coast, based on a population from the northern São Paulo State coastline. The remaining two species with raphidotoxas, viz. Mycale rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912 and M. mannarensis Thomas, 1968 are revised. Levi's (1963) record of Carmia macilenta (Bowerbank, 1866) for the South African coast was reevaluated and found conspecific with M. kolletae sp. n. It has both raphidotoxas as well as toxas with bends which are serrated on their inner surfaces. An identification key for all the Mycale with raphidotoxas is given, and a discussion on possible phylogenetic interpretations for the occurrence of raphidotoxas is advanced.

Key words: Poecilosclerida, Mycalidae, Mycale, taxonomy, microscleres, raphidotoxas, subgeneric classification, phylogeny

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. JLC wishes to thank the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources of the Republic of Namibia for the facilities provided, as well as Miss B. Curry and K. Grobler from the Fisheries Centre of the Republic of Namibia for their help in the scientific expedition where the specimens of

M. kolletae

were collected. EH is thankful to R.W.M. van Soest and D. Platvoet (Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam) for the provision of SEM (JEOL JSM-35) facilities and technical help in SEM operation, respectively; and to A. Ribeiro and E. Mattos (Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo) for the provision of SEM (ZEISS DSM-940) facilities and technical help in SEM operation, respectively. CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPESP and FUJB (all from Brazil) provided financial support in the form of grants and/or fellowships, which is deeply acknowledged.

Recebido em 24.VIII.2000; aceito em 26.VI.2001.

¹
Bergquist, P.R. & P.J. Fromont. 1988. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4 (Poecilosclerida). N.Z. Oceanog. Inst. Mem. 96:1-197.
Buizer, D.A.G. & R.W.M. van Soest. 1977. Mycale micracanthoxea nov. spec. (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) from The Netherlands. Neth. Jour. Sea Res. 11(3/4):297-304.
Carballo, J.L. & E. Hajdu. 1998. Micromorphology in Mycale taxonomy (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae), with the description of two new micracanthoxea-bearing species. Contr. Zool., Amsterdam, 67(3):187-195.
Carballo, J.L. & J.C. Garcia Gómez. 1994. The Northeastern Atlantic species Mycale micracanthoxea Buizer & Van Soest, 1977 (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) in the Strait of Gibraltar (southern Spain). Beaufortia 44(2):11-16.
Dendy, A. 1921. The tetraxonid sponge spicule: a study in evolution. Acta Zool. 5(2):95-152.
Doumenc, D. & C. Lévi. 1987. Anisochelae analysis and taxonomy of the genus Mycale Gray (Demospongiae), p. 73-92. In: J. Vacelet & N. Boury-Esnault (Eds). Taxonomy of Porifera from the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 333p.
Farris, J.S. & N.I Platnick. 1989. Lord of the flies: the systematist as a study animal. Cladistics 5:295-310.
Hajdu, E. 1995. Macroevolutionary patterns within the demosponge Order Poecilosclerida. Phylogeny of the marine cosmopolitan genus Mycale, and an integrated approach to biogeography of the seas. Amsterdam, Univ. Amsterdam, 173p.
______. 1999. Toward a phylogenetic classification of Mycalids with anisochelae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), and comments on the status of Naviculina Gray, 1867. Mem. Queens. Museum 44:225-238.
Hajdu, E. & K. Rützler. 1998. Sponges, genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera), from a Caribbean mangrove and comments on subgeneric classification. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 111:737-773.
Hajdu, E. & R. Desqueyroux-Faúndez. 1994. A synopsis of South American Mycale (Mycale) (Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae), with the description of three new species and a preliminary cladistic analysis of Mycalidae. Rev. Suisse Zool. 101:563-600.
Hajdu, E. & R.W.M. van Soest. 1996. Choosing among Poriferan morphological characters within the cladistic paradigm. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. nat. Belgtque, Biol. 66(Suppl):81-88.
Hajdu, E.; R.W.M. van Soest & J.N.A. Hooper. 1994. Proposal of a phylogenetic subordinal classification of poecilosclerid sponges, p. 125-139. In: R.W.M. van Soest; T.M.G. van Kempen & J.C. Braekman (Eds). Sponges in Time and Space. Balkema, Rotterdam, XVIII+515p.
Hajdu, E.; S. Zea; M. Kielman & S. Peixinho. 1995. Mycale escarlatei n. sp. and Mycale unguifera n. sp. (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from the tropical western Atlantic. Beaufortia 45:1-16.
Hentschel, E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwämme der Aru und Kei-Inseln. Abhandl. senckenb. naturf. Ges. 34(3):293-448.
______. 1913. Über einen Fall von Orthogenese bei den Spongien. Zool. Anz. 42:255-267.
Hooper, J.N.A. 1996. Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with the description of australian species. Mem. Queens. Mus. 40:1-626.
Lévi, C. 1963. Spongiaires d'Afrique du sud. I. Poecilosclerides. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 37(1):1-72.
Nelson, G. 1994. Homology: and Sistematics, p. 101-149. In: B.K. Hall (Ed.). Homology: The hierarchical basis of Comparative Biology. San Diego, Academic Press, 483p.
Reiswig, H.M. & H. Kaiser. 1989. Description of Mycale bamfieldense n. sp. (Porifera, Demospongiae. Poecilosclerida) from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can. Jour. Zool. 67:674-677.
Rützler, K. 1978. Sponges in coral reefs, p. 299-313. In: D.R. Stoddart & R.E. Johannes (Ed.). Coral reefs: research methods. Monographs on oceanographic methodology 5. Paris, Unesco, 581p.
Sluys, R. 1989. Rampant parallelism: an appraisal of the use of nonuniversal derived character states in phylogenetic reconstruction. Syst. Zool. 38:350-370.
Soest, R.W.M. van. 1984. Marine sponges from Curaçao and other Caribbean localities. Part 3. Poecilosclerida. Stud. Fauna Curaçao Caribbean Islands 66(199):1-167.
Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on indian sponges III. Two species of silicious sponges of the family Ophlitaspongiidae de Laubenfels (Class: Demospongiae Sollas, Order: Poecilosclerida Topsent). Jour. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 10(2):255-259.
Throckmorton, L.H. 1965. Similarity versus relationship in Drosophila. Syst Zool. 14:221-236.
Topsent, E. 1924. Révision des Mycale de l'Europe occidentale. Ann. Inst. océanogr., Monaco, 1(3):77-118.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
30 Apr 2009
Date of issue
July 2001

History

Accepted
26 June 2001
Received
24 Aug 2000

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ¹
Bergquist, P.R. & P.J. Fromont. 1988. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4 (Poecilosclerida). N.Z. Oceanog. Inst. Mem. 96:1-197.

[2] Buizer, D.A.G. & R.W.M. van Soest. 1977. Mycale micracanthoxea nov. spec. (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) from The Netherlands. Neth. Jour. Sea Res. 11(3/4):297-304.

[3] Carballo, J.L. & E. Hajdu. 1998. Micromorphology in Mycale taxonomy (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae), with the description of two new micracanthoxea-bearing species. Contr. Zool., Amsterdam, 67(3):187-195.

[4] Carballo, J.L. & J.C. Garcia Gómez. 1994. The Northeastern Atlantic species Mycale micracanthoxea Buizer & Van Soest, 1977 (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) in the Strait of Gibraltar (southern Spain). Beaufortia 44(2):11-16.

[5] Dendy, A. 1921. The tetraxonid sponge spicule: a study in evolution. Acta Zool. 5(2):95-152.

[6] Doumenc, D. & C. Lévi. 1987. Anisochelae analysis and taxonomy of the genus Mycale Gray (Demospongiae), p. 73-92. In: J. Vacelet & N. Boury-Esnault (Eds). Taxonomy of Porifera from the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 333p.

[7] Farris, J.S. & N.I Platnick. 1989. Lord of the flies: the systematist as a study animal. Cladistics 5:295-310.

[8] Hajdu, E. 1995. Macroevolutionary patterns within the demosponge Order Poecilosclerida. Phylogeny of the marine cosmopolitan genus Mycale, and an integrated approach to biogeography of the seas. Amsterdam, Univ. Amsterdam, 173p.

[9] ______. 1999. Toward a phylogenetic classification of Mycalids with anisochelae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), and comments on the status of Naviculina Gray, 1867. Mem. Queens. Museum 44:225-238.

[10] Hajdu, E. & K. Rützler. 1998. Sponges, genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera), from a Caribbean mangrove and comments on subgeneric classification. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 111:737-773.

[11] Hajdu, E. & R. Desqueyroux-Faúndez. 1994. A synopsis of South American Mycale (Mycale) (Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae), with the description of three new species and a preliminary cladistic analysis of Mycalidae. Rev. Suisse Zool. 101:563-600.

[12] Hajdu, E. & R.W.M. van Soest. 1996. Choosing among Poriferan morphological characters within the cladistic paradigm. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. nat. Belgtque, Biol. 66(Suppl):81-88.

[13] Hajdu, E.; R.W.M. van Soest & J.N.A. Hooper. 1994. Proposal of a phylogenetic subordinal classification of poecilosclerid sponges, p. 125-139. In: R.W.M. van Soest; T.M.G. van Kempen & J.C. Braekman (Eds). Sponges in Time and Space. Balkema, Rotterdam, XVIII+515p.

[14] Hajdu, E.; S. Zea; M. Kielman & S. Peixinho. 1995. Mycale escarlatei n. sp. and Mycale unguifera n. sp. (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from the tropical western Atlantic. Beaufortia 45:1-16.

[15] Hentschel, E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwämme der Aru und Kei-Inseln. Abhandl. senckenb. naturf. Ges. 34(3):293-448.

[16] ______. 1913. Über einen Fall von Orthogenese bei den Spongien. Zool. Anz. 42:255-267.

[17] Hooper, J.N.A. 1996. Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with the description of australian species. Mem. Queens. Mus. 40:1-626.

[18] Lévi, C. 1963. Spongiaires d'Afrique du sud. I. Poecilosclerides. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 37(1):1-72.

[19] Nelson, G. 1994. Homology: and Sistematics, p. 101-149. In: B.K. Hall (Ed.). Homology: The hierarchical basis of Comparative Biology. San Diego, Academic Press, 483p.

[20] Reiswig, H.M. & H. Kaiser. 1989. Description of Mycale bamfieldense n. sp. (Porifera, Demospongiae. Poecilosclerida) from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can. Jour. Zool. 67:674-677.

[21] Rützler, K. 1978. Sponges in coral reefs, p. 299-313. In: D.R. Stoddart & R.E. Johannes (Ed.). Coral reefs: research methods. Monographs on oceanographic methodology 5. Paris, Unesco, 581p.

[22] Sluys, R. 1989. Rampant parallelism: an appraisal of the use of nonuniversal derived character states in phylogenetic reconstruction. Syst. Zool. 38:350-370.

[23] Soest, R.W.M. van. 1984. Marine sponges from Curaçao and other Caribbean localities. Part 3. Poecilosclerida. Stud. Fauna Curaçao Caribbean Islands 66(199):1-167.

[24] Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on indian sponges III. Two species of silicious sponges of the family Ophlitaspongiidae de Laubenfels (Class: Demospongiae Sollas, Order: Poecilosclerida Topsent). Jour. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 10(2):255-259.

[25] Throckmorton, L.H. 1965. Similarity versus relationship in Drosophila. Syst Zool. 14:221-236.

[26] Topsent, E. 1924. Révision des Mycale de l'Europe occidentale. Ann. Inst. océanogr., Monaco, 1(3):77-118.