Nutritive value of diets with different carbohydrates for adult Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Fontellas, Tânia Mara de Lima; Zucoloto, Fernando Sérgio

doi:10.1590/S0101-81751999000400023

Abstract

Adult Tephritidae, especially of the genus Anastrepha (Schiner, 1868), have been observed to feed on a wide variety of natural diets. The fruit on which they feed, in general, are rich in sugar content, chiefly glucose, frutose and sucrose, which are also the sugars that those insects utilise better. Neither the behavioural mechanisms, nor the physiological ones, that control food selection by insects, are well known. Because some of those aspects are not known for the species Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) either, and in order to understand their biology better, three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, it was checked whether there was a difference in metabolic profit by those insects, when fed the carbohydrates more frequently found in nature, as resulting in a bigger egg production and higher survival rate at the end of the experiment. In the second, it was checked whether A. obliqua can regulate diet ingestion according to carbohydrate content in dry as well as wet diets. In the third experiment, measurements were made to establish the lowest carbohydrate concentration flies are able to recognise in the diet. Analysis of the data showed that ingestion of carbohydrates which are commonly found in nature, in association with a protein source, is very well utilised by females of A. obliqua. It was also shown that .those insects are not probably able to compensate for the difference in carbohydrate content in dry diets, whereas they do so for wet diets. In relation to discrimination threshold, it seems that it is related to the higher occurrence of the carbohydrate in their normal diet, that is, they can recognise carbohydrates that are common in their natural diet better than the less frequent ones.

Diptera; Tephritidae; Anastrepha obliqua; carbohydrates; West Indian fruit fly

Nutritive value of diets with different carbohydrates for adult Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Tânia Mara de Lima Fontellas; Fernando Sérgio Zucoloto

Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Adult Tephritidae, especially of the genus Anastrepha (Schiner, 1868), have been observed to feed on a wide variety of natural diets. The fruit on which they feed, in general, are rich in sugar content, chiefly glucose, frutose and sucrose, which are also the sugars that those insects utilise better. Neither the behavioural mechanisms, nor the physiological ones, that control food selection by insects, are well known. Because some of those aspects are not known for the species Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) either, and in order to understand their biology better, three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, it was checked whether there was a difference in metabolic profit by those insects, when fed the carbohydrates more frequently found in nature, as resulting in a bigger egg production and higher survival rate at the end of the experiment. In the second, it was checked whether A. obliqua can regulate diet ingestion according to carbohydrate content in dry as well as wet diets. In the third experiment, measurements were made to establish the lowest carbohydrate concentration flies are able to recognise in the diet. Analysis of the data showed that ingestion of carbohydrates which are commonly found in nature, in association with a protein source, is very well utilised by females of A. obliqua. It was also shown that .those insects are not probably able to compensate for the difference in carbohydrate content in dry diets, whereas they do so for wet diets. In relation to discrimination threshold, it seems that it is related to the higher occurrence of the carbohydrate in their normal diet, that is, they can recognise carbohydrates that are common in their natural diet better than the less frequent ones.

Key words: Diptera, Tephritidae, Anastrepha obliqua, carbohydrates, West Indian fruit fly.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Recebido em 20.VIII.1998; aceito em 18.X.1999.

Aluja, M. 1994. Bionomics and management of Anastrepha. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39: 155-78.
Aluja, M. & A. Birke. 1993. Habitat use by adults of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera, Tephritidae) in a mixed mango and tropical plum orchard. Annu. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 86 (6): 799-812.
Auclair, J.L. 1963. Aphid feeding and nutrition. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 8:439-490.
Barker, R.J. & Y. Lehner. 1974. Acceptance and sustenance value of naturally occurring sugars fed to newly emerged adult workers of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie 187 (2): 277-285.
Bartlet, E.; D. Parsons; I.H. Williams & S.J. Clark. 1994. The influence of glucosinolates and sugars on feeding by the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 73: 77-83.
Bateman, M.A. 1972. The ecology of fruit flies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 17: 493-518.
Binder, B.F. 1996. Effect of carbohydrate on age-related feeding behaviors and longevity in adult Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Jour. Insect Behav. 9 (2): 215-222.
Braga, M.A.S. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1981. Estudos sobre a melhor concentração de amino-ácidos para moscas adultas de Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera, Tephritidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 41: 75-79.
Candy, D.J. 1985. Intermediary metabolism, p. 1-41. In: G.A. Kerkut & I.L. Gilbert (Eds). Comprehen. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.
Cangussu, J.A. & F.S. Zuculoto. 1992. Nutritional value and selection of different diets by adult Ceratitis capitata Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 38 (7): 485-491.
______. 1995. Self- Selection and Perception Threshold in Adult Females of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Jour. Insect. Physiol. 41 (3): 223-227.
Chapman, R.F. 1971. The Insects: structure and function. New York, American Elsevier Publishing Company Inc., 819p.
Christenson, L.D. &. R.H. Foote. 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 5: 171-192.
Dadd, R.H. 1985. Nutrition: Organisms, p. 313-389. In: G.A. Kerkut, G.A. & I.L. Gilbert (Eds). Comprehen. Insect Physiol., Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.
Fernandes-da-Silva, P.G. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1993. The influence of host nutritive value on the performance and food selection in Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 39 (10): 883-887.
Ferro, M.I.T. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1990. Effect of the quantity of dietary amino acids on egg production and layings by Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Brazilian Jour. Med. Biol. Res. 23: 525-531.
Foster, W.A. 1995. Mosquito sugar feeding and reproductive energetics. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40: 443-74.
Franco, G. 1982. Nutrição. Rio de Janeiro, Livraria Ateneu, 6ª ed., 227p.
Friend, W.G.; J.M. Schmidt; J.J.B. Smith & R.J. Tanner. 1988. The effect of sugar on ingestion and diet destination in Culiseta inornata. Jour. Insect Physiol. 34: 995-61.
Galun, R. & G. Fraenkel. 1957. Physiological effects of carbohydrates in the nutrition of a mosquito, Aedes aegypti and two flies, Sarcophaga bullata and Musca domestica. Jour. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 50 (1): 1-23.
Gothilf, S.; R. Galun & M. BarzeeV. 1971. Taste reception in Mediterranean fruit fly: electrophysiological and behavioural studies. Jour. Insect Physiol. 17: 1371-1384.
Hagen, K.S.; R.H. Dadd & J. Reese. 1984. The Food of Insects, p.79-112. In: Kerkut, G.A. & I.L. Gilbert (Ed). Comprehen. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.
Hendrichs, J.; B.S. Fletcher & R.J. Prokopy. 1993a. Feeding behavior of Rhagoletis pomonella flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Effect of initial food quantity and quality on food foraging, handling costs and bubbling. Jour. Insect Behav. 6(1): 43-64.
Hendrichs, J.; C.R. Lauzon; S.S. Cooley & R.J. Prokopy. 1993b. Contribution of natural food sources to adult longevity and fecundity of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 86 (3): 250-264.
Hollander, M. & D.A. Wolf. 1973. Nonparametric Statistical Methods. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 365p.
Hsiao, T.H. 1985. Feeding behavior, p. 471-512. In: G.A. Kerkut & I. L. Gilbert (Ed.). Comprehen. Insect Physiol., Biochem. and Pharmacol. IV+1176p.
Jacome, I.; M. Aluja; P. Liedo & D. Nestel. 1995, The influence of adult diet and age on lipid reserves in the tropical fruit fly Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera:Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 41: 1079-1086.
Lopez Jr., J.D; D.L. Bull & P.D. Lingren. 1996. Feeding of adult Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on dry sucrose. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 89 (1): 119-123.
Malacrida, A.R.; C.R. Guglielmino; P. D'Adamo; C. Torti; F. Marinoni & G. Gasperi. 1996. Allozyme divergence and phylogenetic relationships among species of tephritid flies. Heredity 76: 592-602.
Maurizio, A. 1975 How bees make honey, p.77-105. In: E. Crane (Ed.). A Comprehensive Survey Honey. London, Heinemann, 2^nd ed., 545p.
McEwen, P.K. & H. Liber. 1995. The effect of adult nutrition on the fecundity and longevity of the olive moth Prays oleae (Bern.). J. Appl. Ent. 119: 291-294.
Message, C.M. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1980. Valor nutritivo do levedo de cerveja para Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera, Tephritidae). Ciencia Cultura 32 (8): 1091-1094.
Mitchell, R. 1981. Insect behavior, resource explotation, and fitness. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26: 373-96.
Nayar, J.K. & D.M. Sauerman Jr. 1974. Long-Term regulation of sucrose intake by the female mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus. Jour. Insect Physiol. 20: 1203-1208.
Nestel, D.; R. Galun & S. Friedman. 1985. Long-Term regulation of sucrose intake by the adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Jour. Insect Physiol. 31 (7): 533-536.
Owen, W.B. & E. McClain. 1981. Hyperphagia and the control of ingestion in the female mosquito Culiseta inornata (Williston) (Diptera, Culicidae). Jour. Exp. Zool. 217: 179-83.
Prokopy, R.J. & B.D. Roitberg. 1984. Foraging behavior of the fruit flies. Amer. Scientist (72): 41-49.
Reinecke, J.P. 1985. Nutrition: Artificial Diets, p.391-419. In: G.A. Kerkut & I.L. Gilbert (Ed). Comprehen. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.
Sharp, J.L. & D.L. Chambers. 1984. Consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids by Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the laboratory. Environ. Entomol. 13: 768-773.
Simpson, S.J. & J.D. Abisgold. 1985. Compensation by locusts for changes in dietary nutrients: behavioral mechanisms. Physiol. Entomol. 10: 443-452.
Simpson, S.J.; D. Raubenheimer & P.G. Chambers. 1995. The mechanisms of nutritional homeoostasis, p.251-278. In: R.F. Chapman & G. Boer (Eds). Regulatory mechanisms in insect feeding. New York, Chapman & Hall, Vol. 9.
Simpson, S.J.; & C.L. Simpson. 1990. The mechanisms of nutritional compensation by phytophagous insects, p. 111-160. In: E.A. Bernays (Ed.). Insect-plant interactions. CRS Press, Vol. 2.
Tsiropoulos, G.J. 1980. Carbohydrate utilization by normal and γ-sterilized Dacus oleae. Jour. Insect Physiol. 26: 633-37.
Waldbauer, G.P. & S. Friedman. 1991. Self-selection, of optimal diets by insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 43-63.
Zucoloto, F.S. 1979. Utilization of carbohydrates by Nannotrigona (Scaptotrigona) postica. Jour. Apic. Revt. 18 (1): 36-39.
______. 1987. Feeding habits of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): can larvae recognize a nutritionally effective diet? Jour. Insect Physiol. 33 (5): 349-353.
______. 1991. Effects of flavour and nutritional value on diet selection by Ceratitis capitata larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 37 (1): 21-25.
______. 1992. Egg production by Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) fed with different carbohydrates. Revta bras. Ent. 36 (1): 235-240.
______. 1993. Nutritive value and selection of diets containing different carbohydrates by larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 53 (4): 611-618.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
19 June 2009
Date of issue
1999

History

Accepted
18 Oct 1999
Received
20 Aug 1998

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Aluja, M. 1994. Bionomics and management of Anastrepha. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39: 155-78.

[2] Aluja, M. & A. Birke. 1993. Habitat use by adults of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera, Tephritidae) in a mixed mango and tropical plum orchard. Annu. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 86 (6): 799-812.

[3] Auclair, J.L. 1963. Aphid feeding and nutrition. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 8:439-490.

[4] Barker, R.J. & Y. Lehner. 1974. Acceptance and sustenance value of naturally occurring sugars fed to newly emerged adult workers of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie 187 (2): 277-285.

[5] Bartlet, E.; D. Parsons; I.H. Williams & S.J. Clark. 1994. The influence of glucosinolates and sugars on feeding by the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 73: 77-83.

[6] Bateman, M.A. 1972. The ecology of fruit flies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 17: 493-518.

[7] Binder, B.F. 1996. Effect of carbohydrate on age-related feeding behaviors and longevity in adult Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Jour. Insect Behav. 9 (2): 215-222.

[8] Braga, M.A.S. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1981. Estudos sobre a melhor concentração de amino-ácidos para moscas adultas de Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera, Tephritidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 41: 75-79.

[9] Candy, D.J. 1985. Intermediary metabolism, p. 1-41. In: G.A. Kerkut & I.L. Gilbert (Eds). Comprehen. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.

[10] Cangussu, J.A. & F.S. Zuculoto. 1992. Nutritional value and selection of different diets by adult Ceratitis capitata Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 38 (7): 485-491.

[11] ______. 1995. Self- Selection and Perception Threshold in Adult Females of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Jour. Insect. Physiol. 41 (3): 223-227.

[12] Chapman, R.F. 1971. The Insects: structure and function. New York, American Elsevier Publishing Company Inc., 819p.

[13] Christenson, L.D. &. R.H. Foote. 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 5: 171-192.

[14] Dadd, R.H. 1985. Nutrition: Organisms, p. 313-389. In: G.A. Kerkut, G.A. & I.L. Gilbert (Eds). Comprehen. Insect Physiol., Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.

[15] Fernandes-da-Silva, P.G. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1993. The influence of host nutritive value on the performance and food selection in Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 39 (10): 883-887.

[16] Ferro, M.I.T. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1990. Effect of the quantity of dietary amino acids on egg production and layings by Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Brazilian Jour. Med. Biol. Res. 23: 525-531.

[17] Foster, W.A. 1995. Mosquito sugar feeding and reproductive energetics. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40: 443-74.

[18] Franco, G. 1982. Nutrição. Rio de Janeiro, Livraria Ateneu, 6ª ed., 227p.

[19] Friend, W.G.; J.M. Schmidt; J.J.B. Smith & R.J. Tanner. 1988. The effect of sugar on ingestion and diet destination in Culiseta inornata. Jour. Insect Physiol. 34: 995-61.

[20] Galun, R. & G. Fraenkel. 1957. Physiological effects of carbohydrates in the nutrition of a mosquito, Aedes aegypti and two flies, Sarcophaga bullata and Musca domestica. Jour. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 50 (1): 1-23.

[21] Gothilf, S.; R. Galun & M. BarzeeV. 1971. Taste reception in Mediterranean fruit fly: electrophysiological and behavioural studies. Jour. Insect Physiol. 17: 1371-1384.

[22] Hagen, K.S.; R.H. Dadd & J. Reese. 1984. The Food of Insects, p.79-112. In: Kerkut, G.A. & I.L. Gilbert (Ed). Comprehen. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.

[23] Hendrichs, J.; B.S. Fletcher & R.J. Prokopy. 1993a. Feeding behavior of Rhagoletis pomonella flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Effect of initial food quantity and quality on food foraging, handling costs and bubbling. Jour. Insect Behav. 6(1): 43-64.

[24] Hendrichs, J.; C.R. Lauzon; S.S. Cooley & R.J. Prokopy. 1993b. Contribution of natural food sources to adult longevity and fecundity of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 86 (3): 250-264.

[25] Hollander, M. & D.A. Wolf. 1973. Nonparametric Statistical Methods. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 365p.

[26] Hsiao, T.H. 1985. Feeding behavior, p. 471-512. In: G.A. Kerkut & I. L. Gilbert (Ed.). Comprehen. Insect Physiol., Biochem. and Pharmacol. IV+1176p.

[27] Jacome, I.; M. Aluja; P. Liedo & D. Nestel. 1995, The influence of adult diet and age on lipid reserves in the tropical fruit fly Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera:Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 41: 1079-1086.

[28] Lopez Jr., J.D; D.L. Bull & P.D. Lingren. 1996. Feeding of adult Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on dry sucrose. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 89 (1): 119-123.

[29] Malacrida, A.R.; C.R. Guglielmino; P. D'Adamo; C. Torti; F. Marinoni & G. Gasperi. 1996. Allozyme divergence and phylogenetic relationships among species of tephritid flies. Heredity 76: 592-602.

[30] Maurizio, A. 1975 How bees make honey, p.77-105. In: E. Crane (Ed.). A Comprehensive Survey Honey. London, Heinemann, 2^nd ed., 545p.

[31] McEwen, P.K. & H. Liber. 1995. The effect of adult nutrition on the fecundity and longevity of the olive moth Prays oleae (Bern.). J. Appl. Ent. 119: 291-294.

[32] Message, C.M. & F.S. Zucoloto. 1980. Valor nutritivo do levedo de cerveja para Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera, Tephritidae). Ciencia Cultura 32 (8): 1091-1094.

[33] Mitchell, R. 1981. Insect behavior, resource explotation, and fitness. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26: 373-96.

[34] Nayar, J.K. & D.M. Sauerman Jr. 1974. Long-Term regulation of sucrose intake by the female mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus. Jour. Insect Physiol. 20: 1203-1208.

[35] Nestel, D.; R. Galun & S. Friedman. 1985. Long-Term regulation of sucrose intake by the adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Jour. Insect Physiol. 31 (7): 533-536.

[36] Owen, W.B. & E. McClain. 1981. Hyperphagia and the control of ingestion in the female mosquito Culiseta inornata (Williston) (Diptera, Culicidae). Jour. Exp. Zool. 217: 179-83.

[37] Prokopy, R.J. & B.D. Roitberg. 1984. Foraging behavior of the fruit flies. Amer. Scientist (72): 41-49.

[38] Reinecke, J.P. 1985. Nutrition: Artificial Diets, p.391-419. In: G.A. Kerkut & I.L. Gilbert (Ed). Comprehen. Insect Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. IV+1176p.

[39] Sharp, J.L. & D.L. Chambers. 1984. Consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids by Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the laboratory. Environ. Entomol. 13: 768-773.

[40] Simpson, S.J. & J.D. Abisgold. 1985. Compensation by locusts for changes in dietary nutrients: behavioral mechanisms. Physiol. Entomol. 10: 443-452.

[41] Simpson, S.J.; D. Raubenheimer & P.G. Chambers. 1995. The mechanisms of nutritional homeoostasis, p.251-278. In: R.F. Chapman & G. Boer (Eds). Regulatory mechanisms in insect feeding. New York, Chapman & Hall, Vol. 9.

[42] Simpson, S.J.; & C.L. Simpson. 1990. The mechanisms of nutritional compensation by phytophagous insects, p. 111-160. In: E.A. Bernays (Ed.). Insect-plant interactions. CRS Press, Vol. 2.

[43] Tsiropoulos, G.J. 1980. Carbohydrate utilization by normal and γ-sterilized Dacus oleae. Jour. Insect Physiol. 26: 633-37.

[44] Waldbauer, G.P. & S. Friedman. 1991. Self-selection, of optimal diets by insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 43-63.

[45] Zucoloto, F.S. 1979. Utilization of carbohydrates by Nannotrigona (Scaptotrigona) postica. Jour. Apic. Revt. 18 (1): 36-39.

[46] ______. 1987. Feeding habits of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): can larvae recognize a nutritionally effective diet? Jour. Insect Physiol. 33 (5): 349-353.

[47] ______. 1991. Effects of flavour and nutritional value on diet selection by Ceratitis capitata larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Jour. Insect Physiol. 37 (1): 21-25.

[48] ______. 1992. Egg production by Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) fed with different carbohydrates. Revta bras. Ent. 36 (1): 235-240.

[49] ______. 1993. Nutritive value and selection of diets containing different carbohydrates by larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 53 (4): 611-618.