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Evidências do impacto da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes no crescimento de pré-escolares: revisão sistemática

Evidence of the impact of multiple micronutrient supplements on the growth of pre-school children: a systematic review

Resumos

Objetivos:

agregar evidências sobre o efeito da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares, com ênfase nos efeitos combinados ou isolados do zinco, ferro e vitamina A.

Métodos:

foi realizada uma busca por ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e artigos de revisão sistemática com metanálise na base de dados PubMed. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre 1995 e maio de 2013, considerando a combinação dos descritores (child, preschool OR infant) AND (growth) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A).

Resultados:

foram selecionados 33 artigos para a presente revisão, 29 do tipo ensaio clínico e quatro de revisão sistemática com metanálise. A administração de suplementos nutricionais contendo combinações de zinco, ferro e vitamina A pode aumentar o potencial de crescimento das crianças, sendo mais evidente o efeito quando comparada a suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs placebo ou dieta habitual, e com os esquemas de suplementação dupla e única. A combinação de zinco e vitamina A é a melhor opção de suplementação dupla. O efeito da suplementação tripla em relação às outras opções (placebo, única, dupla, múltipla), bem como os possíveis efeitos diferenciados da suplementação segundo a condição nutricional e/ou idade das crianças, ainda precisam de investigação mais aprofundada para orientar as estratégias de prevenção.

Conclusões:

a suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes tem efeitos positivos no crescimento linear que dependem do esquema de suplementação adotado.

Crescimento; Estatura; Micronutrientes; Zinco; Ferro; Vitamina A; Pré-escolar


Objectives:

to put together evidence of the effect of multiple micronutrient supplements on the growth of preschool children, with special emphasis on the effects in combination or in isolation of zinc, iron and vitamin A.

Methods:

the PubMed database was searched for randomized clinical trials and meta analytical systematic review articles. The selected articles were published between 1995 and May 2013, using a range of descriptors (child, preschool OR infant) AND (growth) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A).

Results:

thirty three articles were selected for the present review. Twenty nine were clinical trials and four meta analytical systematic reviews. The administration of nutritional supplements containing combinations of zinc, iron and vitamin A may increase the potential for growth in children and has a stronger effect than multiple supplements, a placebo or the child's habitual diet, or than single or dual supplements. The combination of zinc and vitamin A is the best dual supplement option. The effect of the three nutrient supplement compared with the other options (placebo, single, dual, or multiple supplements), as well as the various effects of supplementation according to the nutritional status and/or age of the children, still require more in depth investigation to provide a guide for prevention strategies.

Conclusions:

multiple micronutrient supplements have positive effects on linear growth the extent of which depend on the supplementation regimen adopted.

Growth; Body height; Micronutrients; Zinc; Iron; Vitamin A; Child; preschool


Introdução

Nas sociedades modernas, as crianças constituem um dos grupos populacionais mais vulneráveis em relação ao desenvolvimento de carências nutricionais.1Macêdo EMC. Efeitos da deficiência de cobre, zinco e magnésio sobre o sistema imune de crianças com desnutrição grave. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2010;28(3):329-36. Sabe-se que o potencial genético de crescimento pode ser ou não alcançado dependendo das condições de vida a que o indivíduo esteja exposto, desde a concepção até a idade adulta, tornando-se evidente a influência dos fatores extrínsecos no crescimento físico.2Orlonski S, Dellagrana RA, Rech CR, Araújo ED. Estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit de estatura em crianças atendidas por uma unidade de ensino básico de tempo integral. Rev Bras Crescimento Desenvolv Hum. 2009;19(1):54-62. O crescimento é, assim, influenciado pela interação das características genéticas e a disponibilidade de macro e micronutrientes.3Bueno AL, Czepielewski MA. Micronutrientes envolvidos no crescimento. Rev HCPA. 2007;27(3):47-56. O zinco (Zn), o ferro (Fe) e a vitamina A (vit. A) são os micronutrientes mais importantes no crescimento infantil, suas deficiências apresentam altas prevalências em países em desenvolvimento tendo como principal causa a redução de conteúdo e da biodisponibilidade na dieta.4Rivera Dommarco J, Hotz C, Gonzalez de Cossío T, Neufeld L, Garcia Guerra A. The effect of micronutrient deficiencies on child growth: a review of results from community-based supplementation trials. J Nutr. 2003; 133(11 Suppl. 2):4010-20.

O zinco influencia a regulação hormonal da divisão celular, especialmente via hormônio do crescimento (GH) e fator I do crescimento dependente de insulina (IGF-I), além de interferir em hormônios mitogênicos, atuando sobre a proliferação celular.5Sena KCM, Pedrosa LFC. Efeitos da suplementação com zinco sobre o crescimento, sistema imunológico e diabetes. Rev Nutr. 2005;18(2):251-9. O ferro é o oligo elemento mais abundante no organismo humano e participa de diferentes processos metabólicos, incluindo o transporte de elétrons, metabolismo de catecolaminas (co-fator da enzima tirosina hidroxilase) e síntese de DNA.6Silva LSV, Thiapó AP, Souza GG, Sauders C, Ramalho A. Micronutrientes na gestação e lactação. Rev Bras Sáude Matern Infant. 2007;7(3):237-44. Além disso, o ferro é componente de estruturas essenciais ao funcionamento fisiológico, a exemplo da hemoglobina na qual atua no transporte de oxigênio até os tecidos.3Bueno AL, Czepielewski MA. Micronutrientes envolvidos no crescimento. Rev HCPA. 2007;27(3):47-56. A vit. A atua na manutenção do tecido epitelial, síntese proteica, diferenciação de células ósseas, desenvolvimento do osso e secreção noturna do GH, bem como no adequado funcionamento do sistema imunológico.3Bueno AL, Czepielewski MA. Micronutrientes envolvidos no crescimento. Rev HCPA. 2007;27(3):47-56.,6Silva LSV, Thiapó AP, Souza GG, Sauders C, Ramalho A. Micronutrientes na gestação e lactação. Rev Bras Sáude Matern Infant. 2007;7(3):237-44.

O zinco, o ferro e a vit. A apresentam importantes interações, tanto em termos funcionais quanto de absorção.7Bhan MK, Sommerfelt H, Strand T. Micronutrient deficiency in children. Br J Nutr. 2001;85(2):199-03. A deficiência de tais nutrientes pode ocorrer de forma isolada ou concomitante, possuindo efeitos independentes ou em interação sobre a saúde e o crescimento do indivíduo.4Rivera Dommarco J, Hotz C, Gonzalez de Cossío T, Neufeld L, Garcia Guerra A. The effect of micronutrient deficiencies on child growth: a review of results from community-based supplementation trials. J Nutr. 2003; 133(11 Suppl. 2):4010-20.,8Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE. Concurrent micronutrient deficiencies in lactating mothers and their infants in Indonesia. Am J Cli Nutr. 2001;73:786-91. Discute-se se a suplementação com um único micronutriente teria efeito significativo nos casos da coexistência das deficiências de micronutrientes e se constituiria a estratégia mais custo-efetiva para problemas de crescimento associados a um micronutriente específico.4Rivera Dommarco J, Hotz C, Gonzalez de Cossío T, Neufeld L, Garcia Guerra A. The effect of micronutrient deficiencies on child growth: a review of results from community-based supplementation trials. J Nutr. 2003; 133(11 Suppl. 2):4010-20.,9Gibson RS, Hotz C. Nutritional causes of linear growth faltering in infants during the complementary feeding period. In: Martorell R, Haschke F, editors. Nutrition and Growth. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series Pediatric Program. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p.159-92. Vários estudos têm indicado que o efeito da suplementação com micronutrientes depende do estado nutricional prévio das crianças, dentre outras características como a idade, o estado de saúde/desenvolvimento de doenças infecciosas e diferenças ambientais.4Rivera Dommarco J, Hotz C, Gonzalez de Cossío T, Neufeld L, Garcia Guerra A. The effect of micronutrient deficiencies on child growth: a review of results from community-based supplementation trials. J Nutr. 2003; 133(11 Suppl. 2):4010-20.,1010 Hadi H, Stoltzfus RJ, Dibley MJ, Moulton LH, West KP Jr, Kjolhede CL, Sadjimin T. Vitamin A supplementation selectively improves the linear growth of Indonesian preschool children: results from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):507-13.,1111 Lindsay H. Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30.

A atenção quanto ao impacto das intervenções com micronutrientes decorre não somente da sua importância como medida preventiva, como também de preservação do bom estado nutricional, de saúde e da capacidade cognitiva da criança.1111 Lindsay H. Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30. O déficit de estatura está associado à ocorrência de doenças crônicas, prejuízos na oxidação de gorduras e intolerância à glicose, bem como contribui para a baixa estatura na idade adulta. Um adulto com déficit estatural pode apresentar limitações funcionais que podem reduzir sua capacidade de trabalho e, consequentemente, afetar a sua saúde e de seus dependentes. Mulheres com baixa estatura tendem a gerar uma criança com as mesmas condições, formando um ciclo vicioso de consequências negativas.1212 Branca F, Ferrari M. Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on growth: the Stunting Syndrome. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46(Suppl. 1):8-17.

Considerando a relevância do tema, o objetivo deste estudo foi agregar evidências sobre o efeito da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares, com ênfase nos efeitos combinados ou isolados do zinco, ferro e vit. A.

Métodos

Foi realizada uma busca sistemática por ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise que analisaram o impacto da suplementação com dois ou mais micronutrientes no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares. Foram incluídos estudos que envolveram a avaliação de intervenções com zinco, ferro e vit. A. A escolha desses delineamentos se deveu à escassez de estudos de sistematização do efeito da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes no crescimento linear, que tem contribuído para as incertezas que ainda persistem sobre o impacto da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes no crescimento; as importantes interações entre diferentes micronutrientes e às controvérsias relacionadas ao custo-efetividade da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes em relação a outras medidas de intervenção.

As buscas foram realizadas na base de dados PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD) em 23 de maio de 2013, considerando artigos publicados a partir de 01/01/1995. Como estratégia de busca na obtenção dos estudos foi utilizada a combinação dos descritores (child, preschool OR infant) AND (growth) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A). Para os ensaios clínicos aleatorizados, a busca limitou-se à opção clinical trial e para os estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise à opção review . Foram utilizadas as ferramentas próprias do PubMed de limites de pesquisa por intervalo temporal e tipo de delineamento de estudo.

Inicialmente procedeu-se a identificação e eliminação dos artigos duplicados decorrentes do uso das diferentes estratégias de busca e diversidade de descritores.

Realizou-se igualmente consulta às listas de referências dos estudos que obedeceram aos critérios de inclusão para a localização de artigos que não tivessem sido identificados na busca inicial.

O processo de seleção dos estudos envolveu duas etapas: a primeira compreendeu a leitura dos títulos e dos resumos e a seleção daqueles considerados adequados de acordo com critérios de inclusão, segundo o tipo de estudo (ensaios clínicos aleatorizados ou estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise) e participantes (crianças pré-escolares). Em seguida, realizou-se a leitura da seção metodologia dos estudos que na fase anterior foram considerados adequados, analisando-os segundo o tipo de intervenção e desfechos estudados (Tabela 1). Os artigos selecionados a partir das listas de referências foram igualmente selecionados com base nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão.

Tabela 1
Critérios para a inclusão e exclusão dos estudos controlados aleatorizados na revisão sobre o efeito da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares.

Os ensaios clínicos aleatorizados foram caracterizados considerando autor e ano de publicação, país de realização do estudo, grupos de estudo e duração da suplementação, características dos participantes e amostra, de estudo, medidas de efeito analisadas e principais resultados (efeitos da intervenção). Os artigos de revisão sistemática com metanálise foram caracterizados segundo autor e ano de publicação, número de estudos incluídos na revisão, estratégias de suplementação avaliadas e impacto observado.

Classificação dos estudos e análise do impacto da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes

Os ensaios clínicos aleatórios foram agrupados em seis categorias de estudo segundo o tipo de intervenção e grupos de comparação: a) suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs dieta habitual ou placebo; b) suplementação tripla ou dupla vs placebo; c) suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs suplementação tripla, dupla ou única; d) suplementação tripla vs suplementação dupla ou única; e) suplementação dupla vs suplementação única.

Considerou-se suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes aquela que incluía mais de cinco micronutrientes, entre os quais zinco, ferro e vit. A; suplementação tripla, a que incluía zinco, ferro e vit. A, acompanhada ou não por outro(s) nutriente(s) com os quais apresentam interação (vitamina C, ácido fólico, vitamina D, cálcio); suplementação dupla, a que continha zinco e ferro ou zinco e vit. A ou ferro e vit. A, acompanhada ou não por outro(s) nutriente(s) com os quais apresentam interação (vit. C, ácido fólico, vit. D, cálcio); e suplementação única, a que continha zinco ou ferro ou vit. A, acompanhada ou não por outro(s) nutriente(s) com o(s) qual(is) apresenta(m) interação (vit. C, ácido fólico, vit. D, cálcio).

Os efeitos da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes demonstrados nos ensaios clínicos aleatórios foram interpretados considerando-se o delineamento dos ensaios, as intervenções e as características dos participantes.

Os resultados dos estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise foram descritos e interpretados utilizando a mesma estratégia utilizada para a interpretação dos resultados dos ensaios clínicos aleatórios.

O impacto da suplementação múltipla foi analisado sobre três dimensões do crescimento: a) crescimento linear (ganho de estatura e ganho de Z-escores de estatura/idade); b) crescimento ponderal (ganho de peso e ganho de Z-escores de peso/estatura); c) crescimento global (ganho de Z-escores de peso/idade).

Resultados

Inicialmente foram identificados 110 ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e 74 estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise. Após análise dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram considerados elegíveis 26 artigos do tipo ensaio clínico e três de revisão sistemática com metanálise. A busca por artigos nas listas de referências dos estudos selecionados para a revisão possibilitou a identificação e inclusão de três ensaios clínicos e um artigo de revisão sistemática com metanálise. O fluxo relacionado à identificação, exclusão e inclusão dos estudos encontra-se na Tabela 2.

Tabela 2
Estudos identificados, excluídos e incluídos na revisão sobre o efeito da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares.

Ensaios clínicos aleatorizados

As características dos ensaios clínicos aleatórios incluídos na revisão1313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94.

14 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.

15 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.

16 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.

18 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.

19 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.

20 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.

21 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.

22 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.

23 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.

28 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.

29 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.

32 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.

33 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.

34 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.

35 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.

37 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.

38 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.

39 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. são apresentadas nas Tabelas 3 e 4. A intervenção por meio da fortificação de alimentos foi utilizada em oito estudos1313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94.

14 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.

15 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.

16 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.

18 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.

19 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.
-2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45. (Tabela 3) enquanto a suplementação medicamentosa foi utilizada em 21.2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.

22 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.

23 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.

28 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.

29 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.

32 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.

33 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.

34 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.

35 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.

37 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.

38 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.

39 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. (Tabela 4). Vários autores utilizaram algum critério de risco nutricional2525 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.,3434 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.

35 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.
-3636 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.,3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6. ou de vulnerabilidade geográfica1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,1717 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.

18 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.
-1919 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.,2222 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.,2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2626 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.,2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.,3131 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.,3434 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.,3636 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.

37 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.
-3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.,4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. para a seleção da população de estudo. Observou-se igualmente variações na duração da intervenção, sendo a suplementação por seis meses (18 estudos),1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.

16 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.
-1818 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.,2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.,2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2626 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.,2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.

32 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.
-3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.,3636 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.,3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. a mais frequente, seguida pela suplementação por 12 meses (cinco estudos).1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.,3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.,3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.,4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. Em quatro estudos1313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94.,1919 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.,3434 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.,3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6. a intervenção foi inferior a seis meses e em dois,2222 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.,2525 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34. superior a 12 meses.

Tabela 3
Ensaios clínicos aleatórios examinando o efeito da suplementação com alimentos fortificados no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares.
Tabela 4
Ensaios clínicos aleatórios examinando o efeito da suplementação medicamentosa com vários micronutrientes no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares

Do total de 29 artigos, o ganho de peso foi usado como medida de efeito em 22,1313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94.,1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1616 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.,1818 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.

19 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.

20 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.

21 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.

22 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.

23 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.
-2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2626 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.,2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.,3131 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.,3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.,3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.

37 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.

38 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.

39 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. o Z-escore de peso/estatura em 23,1313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94.

14 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.

15 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.

16 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.
-1818 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.,2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.

22 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.

23 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.
-2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2626 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.

28 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.
-2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.,3131 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.

32 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.

33 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.
-3434 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.,3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.

38 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.
-3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.,4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. o ganho de estatura em 221313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94.,1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1616 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.,1818 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.

19 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.

20 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.

21 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.

22 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.

23 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.
-2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2626 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.,2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.,3131 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.,3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.,3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.

37 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.

38 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.

39 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. e os Z-escore de estatura/idade e peso/idade em 27.1313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94.

14 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.

15 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.

16 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.
-1818 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.,2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.

22 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.

23 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.

28 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.

29 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.

32 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.

33 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.
-3434 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.,3636 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.

37 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.

38 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63.

39 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. De acordo com a classificação adotada, a suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs dieta habitual ou placebo foi investigada em 11 estudos,1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1616 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.

18 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.

19 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.
-2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.
-3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.,3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63. a suplementação tripla ou dupla vs placebo em 13 estudos,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.
-2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.,3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.
-3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. a suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs suplementação tripla, dupla ou única em sete estudos,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2222 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.
-3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45. a suplementação tripla vs suplementação dupla ou única em dois estudos2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12. e a suplementação dupla vs suplementação única em 14 estudos.1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.
-2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.

34 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.

35 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.
-3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.,4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. O esquema de suplementação testado por Samadpour et al. 1313 Samadpour K, Long KZ, Hayatbakhsh R, Marks GC. Randomised comparison of the effects of Sprinkles and Foodlets with the currently recommended supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status and growth in Iranian children. Eur J Clin Nut. 2011;65(12):1287-94. não se adequou a nenhuma das seis categorias de intervenção.

Os efeitos dos diferentes tipos de suplementação sobre o crescimento linear, ponderal e global verificados nos ensaios clínicos selecionados são apresentados a seguir.

I - Suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs dieta habitual ou placebo

De um total de 11 estudos identificados1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1616 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.

18 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.

19 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.
-2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.
-3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.,3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63., quatro1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1919 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.,3030 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.,3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63. mostraram efeito positivo sobre o crescimento linear , sendo três1919 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.,3030 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.,3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63. em crianças menores de 12 meses. Quanto aos efeitos sobre o crescimento ponderal, de um total de 10 estudos,1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1616 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.

18 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.

19 Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:391-404.
-2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.,3131 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.,3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.,3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63. somente um 14 mostrou efeito positivo. Nenhum dos dez estudos que analisaram os efeitos da suplementação múltipla sobre o crescimento global,1414 Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12167.,1616 Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, Zlotkin S, Briend A, Dewey KG. Randomized comparison of 3 types of micronutrient supplements for home fortification of complementary foods in Ghana: effects on growth and motor development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:412-20.

17 Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1032-9.
-1818 Oelofse A, Van Raaij JM, Benadé AJ, Dhansay MA, Tolboom JJ, Hautvast JG. The effect of a micronutrientfortified complementary food on micronutrient status, growth and development of 6- to 12-month-old disadvantaged urban South African infants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54(5):399-407.,2020 Simondon KB, Gartner A, Berger J, Cornu A, Massamba A, San Miguel JL, et al. Effect of early, short-term supplementation on weight and linear growth of 4-7-mo-old infants in developing countries: a four-country randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):537-45.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.
-3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45.,3838 Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Rosado JL, Brown KH. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:657-63. mostrou efeito positivo.

II- Suplementação tripla ou dupla vs placebo

De um total de 13 estudos,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.
-2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.,3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.
-3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. dois2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6. demostraram o efeito positivo da suplementação tripla com zinco + ferro + vit. A no crescimento linear de crianças com déficit de estatura, Um2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9. mostrou efeito positivo da suplementação com zinco + ferro em crianças com déficit de estatura e um4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. mostrou efeito positivo da suplementação com zinco + vit. A em crianças com deficiências de vit. A e de zinco. De um total de 12 estudos,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.,2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2626 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.
-2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.,3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.
-3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. que analisou o efeito dessa intervenção sobre o crescimento ponderal, dois3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.,4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. demonstraram o efeito positivo da suplementação com zinco + vit. A em crianças com déficit de estatura3535 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02. e em crianças com deficiências de vit. A e de zinco.4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. Com relação aos 12 estudos,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.

27 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.
-2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.,3636 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.,3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,3939 Thu B, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:80-6.

40 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.
-4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. que avaliaram o efeito dessa modalidade de suplementação no crescimento global, um4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. mostrou o efeito positivo da combinação de zinco + vit. A em crianças com deficiências desses nutrientes.

III- Suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs suplementação tripla, dupla ou única

Entre os sete estudos que avaliaram o efeito da suplementação com múltiplos nutrientes sobre o crescimento linear,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2222 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.
-3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45. um1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7. mostrou o maior efeito da suplementação com múltiplos micronutri entes do que a suplementação com ferro + vit. A e com relação à suplementação com vit. A, e um2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11. mostrou o maior efeito da suplementação com zinco + vit. A em relação à suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes. Entre seis estudos,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2222 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.,3131 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.,3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45. que avaliaram o efeito dessa intervenção sobre o crescimento ponderal, um1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7. verificou o maior efeito da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes quando comparada à combinação de ferro + vit. A e o maior efeito da suplementação com vit. A em relação à suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes, e um2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes do que com zinco + vit. A e do que com vit. A. De um total de sete estudos que analisaram o efeito da suplementação múltipla sobre o o crescimento global,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2222 Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1125-31.,2929 López de Romaña G, Cusirramos S, López de Romaña D, Gross R. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, growth, and morbidity of Peruvian infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):646S-52.

30 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.

31 Smuts CM, Dhnasay MA, Faber M, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder S, Gross R, Benadé AJ. Efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving anemia, micronutrient status, and growth in South African infants. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):653S-9.
-3232 Untoro J, Karyadi E, Wibowo L, Erhardt MW, Gross R. Multiple micronutrient supplements improve micronutrient status and anemia but not growth and morbidity of Indonesian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135(Suppl. 3):639S-45. um1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7. mostrou o maior efeito deste esquema em relação à suplementação com ferro + vit. A.

IV- Suplementação tripla vs suplementação dupla ou única

Um total de dois estudos avaliaram o impacto da suplementação tripla sobre o crescimento linear,2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12. dos quais um2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9. mostrou maior o efeito da suplementação com zinco + ferro + vit. A do que com o esquema com zinco em crianças com déficit de estatura. Dos dois estudos identificados que testaram o impacto da suplementação tripla sobre o crescimento ponderal,2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12. nenhum mostrou a superioridade desse esquema em relação aos grupos de comparação. Do mesmo modo, nenhum dos dois estudos que avaliaram o impacto desta suplementação no crescimento global,2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.,2828 Giovannini M, Sala D, Usuelli M, Livio L, Francescato G, Braga M, Radaelli G, Riva E. Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial comparing effects of supplementation with two different combinations of micronutrients delivered as sprinkles on growth, anemia, and iron deficiency in cambodian infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(3):306-12. demostraram o maior efeito dessa intervenção.

V- Suplementação dupla vs suplementação única

Entre os 14 ensaios que avaliaram os efeitos da suplementação dupla em relação à suplementação única,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.
-2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.

34 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.

35 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.
-3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.,4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. no crescimento linear, um2424 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com zinco + ferro quando comparado à suplementação com zinco em crianças com déficit de estatura, um4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com zinco + vit. A do que com zinco, em crianças com eficiências de vit. A e de zinco e um2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com zinco + vit. A do que com a vit. A. Quanto aos 14 estudos que avaliaram os efeitos deste esquema sobre o crescimento ponderal,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11.,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.
-2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.

34 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.

35 Yang YX, Han JH, Shao XP, He M, Bian LH, Wang Z, Wang GD, Men JH. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-02.

36 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.
-3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.,4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. um4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. verificou o maior efeito da suplementação com zinco + vit. A quando comparada a suplementação com zinco e à suplementação com vit. A, em crianças com deficiências de zinco e de vit. A, um2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54. demonstrou o maior efeito da suplementação com zinco do que a combinação de zinco + ferro, um2626 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com ferro do que com ferro + zinco, e um1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com vit. A do que com vit. A + ferro. Em relação aos 12 estudos que testaram o efeito da suplementação dupla sobre o crescimento global,1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7.,2323 Dijkhuizen MA, Winichagoon P, Wieringa FT, Wasantwisut E, Utomo B, Ninh NX, Hidayat A, Berger J. Zinc supplementation improved length growth only in anemic infants in a multi-country trial of iron and zinc supplementation in South-East Asia. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1969-75.

24 Fahmida U, Rumawas J, Utomo B, Patmonodewo S, Schultink W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):301-9.

25 Olney DK, Pollitt E, Kariger PK, Khalfan SS, Ali NS, Tielsch JM, Sazawal S, Black R, Allen LH, Stoltzfus RJ. Combined iron and folic acid supplementation with or without zinc reduces time to walking unassisted among Zanzibari infants 5- to 11-mo old. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2427-34.

26 Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, of apparently healthy, breast-fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2405-11.
-2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36.,3434 Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1075-80.,3636 Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):87-91.,3737 Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal S. Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Indonesian Infants on Micronutrient Status and Growth. J Nutr. 2001;131:2860-5.,4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22.,4141 Rosado JL, Lopez P, Muñoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:13-9. dois2727 Berger J, Ninh NX, Khan NC, Nhien NV, Lien DK, Trung NQ, Khoi HH. Efficacy of combined iron and zinc supplementation on micronutrient status and growth in Vietnamese infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):443-54.,3333 Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:729-36. mostraram o menor efeito da suplementação com zinco + ferro do que com zinco, um4040 Smith CJ, Makdani D, Hegar A, Rao D, Douglass LW. Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation of Preschool Children. J American Coll Nut. 1999; 18(3):213-22. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com zinco + vit. A do que a suplementação com zinco ou a suplementação com vit. A, em crianças com deficiências de vit. A e de zinco, e um1515 Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2008;54(6):440-7. mostrou maior efeito da suplementação com vit. A do que com a combinação de vit. A + ferro.

Estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise

Os estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise incluídos4242 De-Regil LM, Suchdev PS, Vist GE, Walleser S, Peña-Rosas JP. Home fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;Issue 9:CD008959.

43 Ramakrishnan U, Nguyen P, Martorell R. Effects of micronutrients on growth of children under 5 y of age: meta-analyses of single and multiple nutrient interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:191-03.

44 Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30.
-4545 Ramakrishnan U, Aburto N, McCabe G, Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 metaanalyses. J Nutr. 2004;134:2592-602. estão caracterizados na Tabela 5. Todos os quatro estudos investigaram o impacto da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs placebo sobre o crescimento de crianças. Três estudos4343 Ramakrishnan U, Nguyen P, Martorell R. Effects of micronutrients on growth of children under 5 y of age: meta-analyses of single and multiple nutrient interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:191-03.

44 Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30.
-4545 Ramakrishnan U, Aburto N, McCabe G, Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 metaanalyses. J Nutr. 2004;134:2592-602. evidenciaram o impacto positivo da suplementação múltipla no crescimento linear, enquanto que dois apresentaram resultado similar sobre o crescimento ponderal.4444 Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30.,4545 Ramakrishnan U, Aburto N, McCabe G, Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 metaanalyses. J Nutr. 2004;134:2592-602. Allen et al. 4444 Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30. constataram o maior efeito da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs suplementação dupla ou única no crescimento linear e ponderal, exceto o efeito no crescimento linear de múltiplos micronutrientes vs ferro + ácido fólico. Ramakrishnan et al .4343 Ramakrishnan U, Nguyen P, Martorell R. Effects of micronutrients on growth of children under 5 y of age: meta-analyses of single and multiple nutrient interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:191-03. analisando dez estudos que analisaram o efeito da suplementação dupla, de ferro + zinco ou vit. A + zinco, vs placebo, não indicaram qualquer efeito positivo sobre o crescimento linear ou ponderal. Em nenhum dos estudos os impactos indicados no crescimento linear4444 Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30.,4545 Ramakrishnan U, Aburto N, McCabe G, Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 metaanalyses. J Nutr. 2004;134:2592-602. e no crescimento ponderal4545 Ramakrishnan U, Aburto N, McCabe G, Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 metaanalyses. J Nutr. 2004;134:2592-602. estiveram condicionados ao estado nutricional das crianças.

Tabela 5
Estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise sobre o impacto da suplementação com vários micronutrientes no crescimento de crianças pré-escolares.

Discussão

Na maioria dos países em desenvolvimento e em alguns grupos populacionais de países desenvolvidos, a alimentação habitual é insuficiente para suprir 100% dos micronutrientes requeridos para as crianças, principalmente os minerais ferro, zinco e cálcio, e em menor proporção algumas vitaminas, incluindo a vit. A.4646 Allen LH, Gillespie SR. What works? A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of nutrition interventions. Manila, Philippines: ADB; 2001. Este dado alerta para a necessidade de, em algumas situações, se considerar a administração de suplementos nutricionais para aperfeiçoar o potencial genético de crescimento físico e prevenir o surgimento de doenças infecciosas, além de ações de estímulo ao aleitamento materno, melhoria das condições sanitárias e da qualidade da dieta alimentar.4646 Allen LH, Gillespie SR. What works? A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of nutrition interventions. Manila, Philippines: ADB; 2001.,4747 Imdad A, Sadig K, Bhutta ZA. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(3):276-85.

Entretanto, estudos de revisão sistemática têm fornecido evidências da ausência de efeito benéfico da suplementação isolada com ferro4848 Sachdev HPS, Gera T, Nestel P. Effect of iron supplementation on physical growth in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(7):904-20. ou com vit. A4545 Ramakrishnan U, Aburto N, McCabe G, Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 metaanalyses. J Nutr. 2004;134:2592-602. sobre o crescimento. Com relação ao zinco, as resultados dos estudos têm sido contraditórios, demonstrando tanto seu efeito positivo,4949 Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of preventive zinc supplementation on linear growth in children under 5 years of age in developing countries: a meta-analysis of studies for input to the lives saved tool. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(Suppl. 3):S22. quanto a ausência de impacto.4343 Ramakrishnan U, Nguyen P, Martorell R. Effects of micronutrients on growth of children under 5 y of age: meta-analyses of single and multiple nutrient interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:191-03. Como a condição nutricional pode influenciar a resposta a uma determinada intervenção,5050 Queiroz D, Paiva AA, Gama JSFA, Lima ZN, Figueroa Pedraza D. Índices antropométricos e retinolemia em crianças menores de cinco anos do estado da Paraíba. Rev Nut. 2013;26(5):563-70. além de fatores como a variabilidade das intervenções (inclusive o tempo de intervenção), seleção de grupos controle, faixa etária e características do local de estudo, a melhoria do estado nutricional da população de crianças, observada ao longo dos anos, pode ser uma possível explicação para tais resultados.4343 Ramakrishnan U, Nguyen P, Martorell R. Effects of micronutrients on growth of children under 5 y of age: meta-analyses of single and multiple nutrient interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:191-03. Assim, estratégias voltadas à melhoria e à prevenção dos problemas relacionados ao crescimento derivadas de políticas públicas seriam importantes, considerando-se que os benefícios da suplementação com micronutrientes isolados são pequenos. Nesse sentido, a suplementação com micronutrientes ainda é destacada por constituir uma medida custo-efetiva,4343 Ramakrishnan U, Nguyen P, Martorell R. Effects of micronutrients on growth of children under 5 y of age: meta-analyses of single and multiple nutrient interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:191-03.,4646 Allen LH, Gillespie SR. What works? A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of nutrition interventions. Manila, Philippines: ADB; 2001. tornando-se necessária a realização de mais estudos que investiguem o papel da suplementação com micronutrientes sobre o crescimento na população de crianças.

Nesta revisão, os resultados das análises dos ensaios clínicos controlados evidenciam que a administração de suplementos nutricionais contendo combinações de zinco, ferro e vit. A pode aumentar o potencial de crescimento das crianças. Apesar das análises mostrarem que esses efeitos são mais evidentes quando a suplementação é condicionada à vulnerabilidade biológica (menor idade) e/ou nutricional (deficiências de micronutrientes, déficit de estatura), não houve sinergismo desses achados com as conclusões obtidas nos estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise. Rivera Dommarco et al. ,4Rivera Dommarco J, Hotz C, Gonzalez de Cossío T, Neufeld L, Garcia Guerra A. The effect of micronutrient deficiencies on child growth: a review of results from community-based supplementation trials. J Nutr. 2003; 133(11 Suppl. 2):4010-20. através da revisão de cinco estudos que avaliaram múltiplos micronutrientes vs placebo concluíram, também, sobre o impacto positivo da suplementação no crescimento linear condicionado a crianças menores de 12 meses e a crianças com déficit de estatura. Para outras estratégias de intervenção, resultados similares foram apontados pelos pesquisadores.5151 Valle NJ, Santos IS, Gigante DP. Intervenções nutricionais e crescimento infantil em crianças de até dois anos de idade: uma revisão sistemática. Cad Saúde Pública. 2004;20(6):1458-67.

Com base nos dados dos ensaios clínicos controlados, constatou-se que a mais forte evidência do efeito positivo da suplementação múltipla sobre o crescimento proveio das comparações da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs placebo ou dieta habitual, principalmente em relação ao crescimento linear de crianças menores de 12 meses. Ao contrário, a comparação dos efeitos da suplementação tripla ou dupla vs placebo não mostrou o maior efeito dessa intervenção. Esses resultados convergem com as evidências fornecidas pelas revisões sistemáticas selecionadas neste estudo, em relação ao efeito da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs placebo, bem como em relação à à ausência de evidências do impacto positivo da suplementação dupla vs placebo. Esses resultados são importantes, pois além de fortalecerem as evidências sobre o efeito benéfico da estratégia de suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes indicam importantes semelhanças metodológicas na condução das pesquisas.

A análise dos ensaios que analisaram os efeitos da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes vs suplementação tripla, dupla ou única chamam a atenção para a necessidade de se conduzir mais estudos comparando o efeito dessas estratégias. Entretanto, o maior efeito desta suplementação em relação à suplementação dupla ou única (exceto para o ferro) ficou claramente evidenciada no estudo conduzido por Allen et al. 4444 Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30.

Em relação à suplementação dupla vs suplementação única, os resultados sugerem que o efeito da suplementação com um único micronutriente não parece ser significativo nas crianças com coexistência de deficiências de micronutrientes ou com déficit de estatura. Além disso, mostra que o efeito da suplementação com zinco e ferro ou com ferro e vit. A sobre o crescimento não parece ser maior entre as crianças eutróficas, ou seja, a suplementação com um único micronutriente parece ter maior efeito, enquanto que a suplementação com zinco e vit. A possui efeito positivo. Essas conclusões necessitam ser confirmadas ou refutadas em futuros estudos de revisão sistemática com metanálise. É importante destacar que a interpretação desses resultados levou em consideração as interações existentes entre os micronutrientes e o efeito negativo de alguns deles na absorção de outros. O ferro e o zinco apresentam mecanismos de absorção e transporte similares, podendo o ferro inibir a absorção ou biodisponibilidade de zinco e, portanto, o seu efeito no crescimento linear quando suplementados de forma simultânea.4949 Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of preventive zinc supplementation on linear growth in children under 5 years of age in developing countries: a meta-analysis of studies for input to the lives saved tool. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(Suppl. 3):S22. A vit. A, por sua vez, apresenta interação positiva na absorção e função do zinco.2121 Chen L, Liu YF, Gong M, Jiang W, Fan Z, Qu P, Chen J, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus zinc, and multiple micronutrients on anemia in preschool children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):3-11. Futuros estudos necessitam ser delineados de forma a considerar tais fatores, sobretudo em relação à combinação com ferro e vit. A.

Cabe ressaltar que as evidências dos efeitos benéficos da suplementação com micronutrientes se referem não apenas ao crescimento, mais igualmente proteção contra doenças infecciosas.4747 Imdad A, Sadig K, Bhutta ZA. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(3):276-85. Além disso, deve-se considerar as repercussões benéficas de longo prazo da suplementação múltipla com micronutrientes, uma vez que a prevenção do déficit de estatura no início da vida evita complicações futuras como o acúmulo de gordura corporal, obesidade e doenças crônicas associadas.5353 Santos CDL. Clemente APG, Martins PA, Sawaya AL. Influência do déficit de estatura nos desvios nutricionais em adolescentes e pré-adolescentes. Rev Nutr. 2009;22(2):187-94.

Adicionalmente, o efeito da idade, especialmente nos primeiros dois anos de vida, necessita ser um fator a ser considerado nas análises, uma vez que constitui um fator que influencia o crescimento independentemente do efeito da suplementação. Nessa fase da vida, existe maior vulnerabilidade a doenças infecciosas e desnutrição, maior chance de se obter efeitos positivos da suplementação, assim como maior chance de reversão de déficits de estatura e de danos decorrentes das deficiências de micronutrientes.3030 Hop le T, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005;135 (Suppl. 3): 660S-5.,5050 Queiroz D, Paiva AA, Gama JSFA, Lima ZN, Figueroa Pedraza D. Índices antropométricos e retinolemia em crianças menores de cinco anos do estado da Paraíba. Rev Nut. 2013;26(5):563-70.,5151 Valle NJ, Santos IS, Gigante DP. Intervenções nutricionais e crescimento infantil em crianças de até dois anos de idade: uma revisão sistemática. Cad Saúde Pública. 2004;20(6):1458-67.,5454 Victora C. Los mil días de oportunidad para intervenciones nutricionales. De la concepción a los dos años de vida. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2012;110(4):311-7.

No contexto da saúde pública cabe reforçar que as intervenções focadas na alimentação (fortificação, diversificação alimentar, educação alimentar e nutricional) apresentam vantagens relacionadas à adição de nutrientes na forma em que é consumido, o que facilita sua integração à dieta habitual e oferece a possibilidade de ser fonte adicional de energia e proteína de alta qualidade com efeitos diretos no sistema hormonal ligado ao crescimento.4Rivera Dommarco J, Hotz C, Gonzalez de Cossío T, Neufeld L, Garcia Guerra A. The effect of micronutrient deficiencies on child growth: a review of results from community-based supplementation trials. J Nutr. 2003; 133(11 Suppl. 2):4010-20. Nesse sentido, esta estratégia de prevenção pode se apresentar mais vantajosa do que a suplementação com micronutrientes, em termos de custo-efetividade,5555 Valencia-Mendoza A, Danese-dlSantos LG, Sosa-Rubí SG, Aracena-Genao B. Costo-efectividad de prácticas en salud pública: revisión bibliográfica de las intervenciones de la Iniciativa Mesoamericana de Salud. Salud Publica Mex. 2011;53(Supl. 3):S375-85. reconhecendo, ainda, a importância de sistemas alimentares sustentáveis para assegurar a segurança alimentar.5656 Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Una población sana depende de sistemas alimentarios saludables: Día Mundial de la Alimentación 16 de octubre de 2013. Roma: FAO; 2013. No entanto, cabe ressaltar que a opção por essa estratégia não reduz o importante papel da suplementação, sobretudo em determinados grupos, como as crianças com deficiências, nas quais a fortificação universal não oferece o aporte de micronutrientes adequados às suas necessidades desse grupo populacional.5555 Valencia-Mendoza A, Danese-dlSantos LG, Sosa-Rubí SG, Aracena-Genao B. Costo-efectividad de prácticas en salud pública: revisión bibliográfica de las intervenciones de la Iniciativa Mesoamericana de Salud. Salud Publica Mex. 2011;53(Supl. 3):S375-85.

A aplicação das evidências científicas na definição de políticas e programas (governamentais e não governamentais) de alimentação e nutrição direcionados às crianças pré-escolares é importante para aumentar a sua efetividade. Esses programas devem englobar ações de promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses de idade, das boas práticas de alimentação complementar, a suplementação alimentar, além de ações voltadas às melhorias das condições de abastecimento de água, saneamento e higiene e a suplementação com micronutrientes, para a prevenção de doenças infecciosas e de problemas no crescimento linear.4747 Imdad A, Sadig K, Bhutta ZA. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(3):276-85.,5151 Valle NJ, Santos IS, Gigante DP. Intervenções nutricionais e crescimento infantil em crianças de até dois anos de idade: uma revisão sistemática. Cad Saúde Pública. 2004;20(6):1458-67. As experiências de países, como o México e o Brasil, podem servir de exemplo de ações direcionadas à prevenção de deficiências de micronutrientes para outros países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. No México, o programa nacional de fortificação com zinco e outros micronutrientes realiza adição desses nutrientes às farinhas de trigo e milho, que são usadas na preparação do pão e tortilhas, os dois principais alimentos no país.5757 International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group. Fortificação com zinco. Resumo Técnico n. 4; 2007. No Brasil, destacam-se o Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Ferro, que preconiza a suplementação com ferro às gestantes e crianças até 18 meses de vida, o Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Vitamina A, que prevê a suplementação com essa vitamina a crianças com até cinco anos e puérperas residentes em regiões de vulnerabilidade, e o programa de fortificação das farinhas com ferro e ácido fólico.5858 Jaime PC, Silva ACF, Lima AMC, Bortolini GA. Ações de alimentação e nutrição na atenção básica: a experiência de organização no Governo Brasileiro. Rev Nutr. 2011;24(6):809-24.,5959 Araújo ACT, Campos JADB. Subsídios para a avaliação do estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes por meio de indicadores antropométricos. Alim Nutr. 2008;19(2):219-25. Entretanto, a recomendação da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes ainda é limitada.4444 Allen LH, Peerson JM, Olney DK. Provision of multiple rather than two or fewer micronutrients more effectively improves growth and other outcomes in micronutrient-deficient children and adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:1022-30. Desse modo, os resultados do presente trabalho tornam-se importantes no processo de tomada de decisão, na medida em que buscam fornecer evidências dos efeitos da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes.

No âmbito da definição das políticas, apesar de reconhecermos as limitações do índice peso/idade na identificação da natureza do agravo nutricional, considera-se seu uso importante por constituir uma medida sensível dos problemas nutricionais nos primeiros anos da vida, que tem sido utilizada mundialmente no acompanhamento individual do crescimento de crianças e na avaliação do impacto de intervenções nutricionais.5959 Araújo ACT, Campos JADB. Subsídios para a avaliação do estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes por meio de indicadores antropométricos. Alim Nutr. 2008;19(2):219-25.

Conclui-se que apesar de existirem fortes evidências dos efeitos benéficos do zinco, ferro e vit. A, bem como das estratégias de suplementação com esses micronutrientes na saúde e bem estar das crianças, mais estudos são necessários para uma melhor discriminação dos efeitos desses micronutrientes no crescimento. Conclui-se também que existem evidências sobre os efeitos positivos da suplementação com múltiplos micronutrientes sobre o crescimento linear, particularmente quando comparada à suplementação dupla ou única. Quanto à suplementação dupla, os resultados mostram que a combinação de zinco e vit. A constitui a melhor opção devido aos mecanismos absortivos positivos. As questões mais importantes para futuras pesquisas se referem ao efeito da suplementação tripla em relação às outras opções (placebo, única, dupla, múltipla) e à possível influencia da condição nutricional e/ou idade das crianças na análise dos efeitos da suplementação. O esclarecimento dessas questões da suplementação. O esclarecimento dessas questões são relevantes para orientar estratégias de prevenção tecnicamente factíveis e custo-efetivas.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Jan-Mar 2014

Histórico

  • Recebido
    08 Ago 2013
  • Revisado
    10 Dez 2013
  • Aceito
    06 Jan 2014
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