| Lopes and Rosso2929 Lopes SGB, Rosso S. Bio. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Saraiva; 2013.
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It was reported that the heart starts to pump more blood in trained individuals. However, this statement is dubious. The maximum cardiac output of a trained individual is higher when compared to the maximum cardiac output of a sedentary individual. The resting and submaximal cardiac output (same absolute intensity of exercise) of sedentary and trained individuals is the same, while the systolic volume changes (decreases) and the heart rate (increases). However, in the same text, it was correctly pointed out that the increase of exercise intensity should be gradual as is recommended by the principle of progressive overload. Moreover, it was correctly reported that physical exercise should be guided by a trained professional, otherwise physical exercise may be harmful rather than beneficial.
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| Mendonça3030 Mendonça VL. Biologia. 2nd ed. São Paulo: AJS; 2013.
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It was reported that “During intense physical activity, some groups of muscle cells begin to perform lactic fermentation,” implying that it is only during intense physical activity that the muscle cells provide lactic fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis). However, this is a misleading concept, since lactic fermentation occurs from rest (~1 mMol/L) to maximum exercise.
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It was reported that “The accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue is one of the factors that causes muscle fatigue.” However, the accumulation of hydrogen ions is responsible for fatigue, rather than lactic acid in muscle tissue. Furthermore, biochemically, lactic acid does not exist, what is produced by muscle fiber is lactate.
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It was reported that in order to maximize the benefits of physical activity, it is crucial to seek guidance from a physical education and physical therapy professional. However, in Brazil, the only professional that is legally qualified to prescribe physical exercise for recreational and sports purposes is the physical education professional.
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It was reported that “Stretching before and after physical activity is critical to avoiding lesions in the skeletal system.” However, it is important to note that there is no scientific consensus to date to confirm the author's claim.
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| Silva Junior, Sasson and Caldini Junior3131 Silva Junior C da, Sasson S, Caldini Junior N. Biologia. 11th ed. São Paulo: Saraiva; 2013.
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| Amabis and Martho3232 Amabis JM, Martho GR. Biologia em Contexto. Porto Alegre: Moderna; 2013.
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| Linhares and Gewandsznajder3333 Linhares S, Gewandsznajder F. Biologia Hoje. 2nd ed. Porto Alegre: Ática; 2013.
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It was reported that lactic acid is only produced during exercise. First, lactic acid does not exist, what is produced by muscle fiber is lactate. Furthermore, although in low concentration, lactate is also produced at rest.
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The phosphagen system was not reported to be predominantly used during extremely high intensity exercises with very short durations. In addition, the transfer of the phosphate group to ADP, catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase, was not mentioned.
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| Favaretto3434 Favaretto JA. Biologia: Unidade e Diversidade. São Paulo: Saraiva; 2013.
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| Bröckelmann3535 Bröckelmann RH. Conexões com a Biologia. Porto Alegre: Moderna; 2013.
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Regarding physical exercise and doping, the author addressed different substances that favor the athlete, such as erythropoietin, beta blockers, diuretics, and others.
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| Bizzo3636 Bizzo NM V. Novas Bases da Biologia. Porto Alegre: Ática; 2013.
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It was reported that “Prolonged muscle activity in an intense and long exercise may be accompanied by soreness in the following days, especially when too much effort is performed without prior preparation,” suggesting that soreness can only occur after intense and long exercise periods. However, muscle soreness is known to occur as a result of uncommon intense effort and is not necessarily related to the duration of the activity.
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| Takeuchi and Osorio3737 Takeuchi MR, Osório TC. Ser protagonista: Biologia. 2nd ed. São Paulo: SM; 2013.
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It was reported that “The increase in skeletal muscle related to physical exercise is due not to increasing the number of muscle cells, but mainly to the formation of new myofibers.” However, there is scientific evidence that states that muscle hypertrophy can occur due to the formation of new cells.
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