Cooperative learning scale: validation among Portuguese and Brazilian university students

Silva, Helena Santos; Lopes, José; Estrada, Jose Antonio Cecchini; Fernandez-Rio, Javier; Leite, Ângela

doi:10.1590/S1413-24782024290014

Helena Santos Silva

Writing - original draft

Writing - review & editing

Conceptualization

Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. E-mail: helsilva@utad.pt https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-9634

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-9634

José Lopes

Writing - original draft

Writing - review & editing

Conceptualization

Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. E-mail: jlopes@utad.pt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6845-8371

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6845-8371

Jose Antonio Cecchini Estrada

Writing - original draft

Writing - review & editing

Conceptualization

Methodology

Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Espanha. E-mail: cecchini@uniovi.es https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4098-1029

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4098-1029

Javier Fernandez-Rio

Writing - original draft

Writing - review & editing

Conceptualization

Methodology

Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Espanha. E-mail: javier.rio@uniovi.es https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-3723

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-3723

Ângela Leite

Writing - original draft

Writing - review & editing

Conceptualization

Methodology

Formal Analysis

Data curation

Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. E-mail: angelamtleite@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-1756

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-1756

Conflicts of interest:

The authors declare they don’t have any commercial or associative interest that represents conflict of interests in relation to the manuscript.

HELENA SILVA has a doctorate in Education, Teaching Biology and Geology from the Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal). She is an associate professor at the same institution.

JOSÉ LOPES has a doctorate in Psychology from the Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal). Her is an associate professor at the same institution.

JOSE ANTONIO CECCHINI ESTRADA has a doctorate in Educational Sciences from the Universidad de Oviedo (Spain). He is a full professor at the same institution.

JAVIER FERNÁNDEZ-RIO has a doctorate in Pedagogy from the Universidad de Oviedo (Spain). He is a full professor at the same institution.

ÂNGELA LEITE has a doctorate in Psychology from the Universidade do Porto (Portugal). She is an Assistant Professor at the (Spain).

Sub-scales	Validated version for Spanish	Validated English version
Positive interdependence	0.72	0.78
Individual and group accountability	0.79	0.72
Face-to-face promotive interaction	0.76	0.75
Social skills	0.74	0.83
Group processing	0.75	0.84
Cooperative Learning Scale	0.89	0.90

Items	Portuguese version				Brazilian Version
Items	M (1-5)	SD	Sk	Kt	M (1-5)	SD	Sk	Kt
1. In class, we discuss each other’s ideas.	3.61	0.93	-0.81	0.21	2.29	1.62	0.77	-1.04
2. In class, we analyze our group’s strengths and weaknesses.	3.06	0.99	-0.34	-0.62	2.26	1.33	0.87	-0.25
3. In class, everyone in the group helps each other to carry out the activity.	3.53	1.09	-0.54	-0.64	2.42	1.56	0.71	-1.01
4. In class, we care about the success of everyone in the group.	3.77	1.02	-0.67	-0.17	2.53	1.64	0.53	-1.33
5. In class, each member of the group is responsible for doing their part for the common work.	4.02	0.85	-1.10	1.59	2.49	1.74	0.56	-1.45
6. In class, we ask each other for help.	3.94	0.88	-0.89	0.79	2.45	1.71	0.60	-1.38
7. In class, we evaluate both our own performance and that of our group mates.	3.45	0.98	-0.47	-0.30	2.28	1.53	0.78	-0.86
8. In class, we can’t finish an activity without input from our colleagues,	3.13	0.99	-0.07	-0.66	2.25	1.19	0.80	0.08
9. In class, we motivate each other during group activities.	3.60	0.97	-0.64	0.05	2.39	1.59	0.69	-1.08
10. In class, group work helps everyone learn better.	3.81	1.01	-0.89	0.39	2.57	1.69	0.46	-1.46
11. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s opinions and points of view.	3.96	0.80	-1.03	1.68	2.29	1.64	0.80	-1.05
12. In class, we find ways to improve the group’s performance.	3.70	0.90	-0.87	0.71	2.39	1.64	0.67	-1.19
13. In class, we share materials, information and knowledge when we carry out group activities.	4.07	0.78	-1.01	1.68	2.54	1.85	0.47	-1.67
14. In class, we show that we trust each other.	3.34	0.89	-0.36	0.15	2.17	1.31	0.85	-0.28
15. In class, each member of the group contributes even if they don’t like the activity.	3.43	1.00	-0.48	-0.42	2.14	1.39	1.01	-0.22
16. In class, we accept differences of opinion.	4.08	0.79	-1.17	2.45	2.46	1.72	0.58	-1.40
17. In class, at the end of an activity or task, we reflect on whether we have achieved our objectives.	3.50	0.99	-0.66	-0.16	2.31	1.42	0.75	-0.65
18. In class, everyone’s ideas are fundamental to the success of the group’s work.	4.17	0.76	-1.19	2.48	2.59	1.79	0.44	-1.62
19. In class, we sit opposite each other to communicate better.	3.06	1.18	-0.22	-0.88	2.24	1.21	0.79	-0.01
20. In class, each member takes responsibility for the success of the group.	3.65	0.95	-0.76	0.37	2.20	1.41	0.91	-0.43
21. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s ideas.	3.96	0.80	-1.01	1.52	2.54	1.62	0.49	-1.31
22. In class, we resolve conflicts in the group.	3.46	0.94	-0.50	0.01	2.25	1.33	0.81	-0.36
23. In class, we help each other to achieve the objectives of the work.	3.92	0.82	-0.86	0.99	2.35	1.68	0.69	-1.24
24. In class, we encourage each other to overcome difficulties.	3.74	0.88	-0.74	0.58	2.39	1.61	0.65	-1.16
25. In class, we make decisions by consensus within the group.	3.92	0.83	-0.89	1.15	2.30	1.66	0.77	-1.11
Total	3.68	0.55	0.59	0.59	2.36	0.92	1.03	0.51
α	0.922				0.921

	Portuguese version				Brazilian Version
	Average scale if item excluded	Scale variance if item excluded	Correlation total corrected item	Cronbach’s alpha if item excluded	Average scale if item excluded	Scale variance if item excluded	Correlation total corrected item	Cronbach’s alpha if item excluded
1. In class, we discuss each other’s ideas.	88.28	174.22	0.457	0.920	56.79	498.78	0.399	0.921
2. In class, we analyze our group’s strengths and weaknesses.	88.83	172.28	0.505	0.919	56.82	500.55	0.471	0.920
3. In class, everyone in the group helps each other to carry out the activity.	88.37	168.14	0.602	0.918	56.66	493.09	0.502	0.919
4. In class, we care about the success of everyone in the group.	88.13	168.26	0.642	0.917	56.55	486.15	0.573	0.918
5. In class, each member of the group is responsible for doing their part for the common work.	87.87	175.60	0.444	0.920	56.59	487.05	0.523	0.919
6. In class, we ask each other for help.	87.96	173.92	0.498	0.919	56.62	485.52	0.554	0.918
7. In class, we evaluate both our own performance and that of our group mates.	88.45	173.06	0.477	0.920	56.79	491.83	0.533	0.919
8. In class, we can’t finish an activity without input from our colleagues.	88.76	174.14	0.428	0.921	56.82	513.38	0.288	0.922
9. In class, we motivate each other during group activities.	88.30	170.98	0.569	0.918	56.69	487.30	0.577	0.918
10. In class, group work helps everyone learn better.	88.09	170.54	0.561	0.918	56.51	482.08	0.609	0.917
11. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s opinions and points of view.	87.94	172.94	0.602	0.918	56.79	484.19	0.602	0.917
12. In class, we find ways to improve the group’s performance.	88.20	169.49	0.684	0.916	56.69	479.85	0.666	0.916
13. In class, we share materials, information, and knowledge when we carry out group activities.	87.83	175.76	0.483	0.920	56.53	476.35	0.625	0.917
14. In class, we show that we trust each other.	88.55	172.07	0.573	0.918	56.91	502.59	0.441	0.920
15. In class, each member of the group contributes even if they don’t like the activity.	88.46	171.99	0.508	0.919	56.94	494.71	0.543	0.918
16. In class, we accept differences of opinion.	87.81	174.15	0.555	0.919	56.62	482.70	0.591	0.918
17. In class, at the end of an activity or task, we reflect on whether we have achieved our objectives.	88.39	170.92	0.556	0.918	56.77	497.06	0.493	0.919
18. In class, everyone’s ideas are fundamental to the success of the group’s work.	87.72	175.32	0.515	0.919	56.48	481.47	0.580	0.918
19. In class, we sit opposite each other to communicate better.	88.84	175.39	0.306	0.924	56.83	508.43	0.375	0.921
20. In class, each member takes responsibility for the success of the group.	88.25	170.83	0.584	0.918	56.88	495.23	0.525	0.919
21. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s ideas.	87.94	171.19	0.689	0.917	56.53	485.22	0.595	0.917
22. In class, we resolve conflicts in the group.	88.44	173.04	0.504	0.919	56.82	500.03	0.477	0.919
23. In class, we help each other achieve the work’s objectives.	87.98	170.17	0.720	0.916	56.72	476.86	0.688	0.916
24. In class, we encourage each other to overcome difficulties.	88.15	170.10	0.674	0.917	56.69	481.13	0.660	0.916
25. In class, we make decisions by consensus within the group.	87.98	172.26	0.616	0.918	56.78	485.55	0.575	0.918

Items	Portuguese Version	Brazilian Version
Items	CLS Total	CLS Total
1. In class, we discuss each other’s ideas.	0.510**	0.457**
2. In class, we analyze our group’s strengths and weaknesses.	0.558**	0.515**
3. In class, everyone in the group helps each other to carry out the activity.	0.652**	0.552**
4. In class, we care about the success of everyone in the group.	0.685**	0.620**
5. In class, each member of the group is responsible for doing their part for the common work.	0.493**	0.577**
6. In class, we ask each other for help.	0.546**	0.605**
7. In class, we evaluate both our own performance and that of our group mates.	0.532**	0.579**
8. In class, we can’t finish an activity without the input of our colleagues.	0.487**	0.335**
9. In class, we motivate each other during group activities.	0.616**	0.622**
10. In class, group work helps everyone learn better.	0.610**	0.654**
11. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s opinions and points of view.	0.639**	0.646**
12. In class, we find ways to improve the group’s performance.	0.719**	0.704**
13. In class, we share materials, information, and knowledge when we carry out group activities.	0.526**	0.673**
14. In class, we show that we trust each other.	0.617**	0.486**
15. In class, each member of the group contributes even if they don’t like the activity.	0.561**	0.585**
16. In class, we accept differences of opinion.	0.594**	0.639**
17. In class, at the end of an activity or task, we reflect on whether we have achieved our objectives.	0.605**	0.539**
18. In class, everyone’s ideas are fundamental to the success of the group’s work.	0.555**	0.630**
19. In class, we sit opposite each other to communicate better.	0.383**	0.419**
20. In class, each member takes responsibility for the success of the group.	0.629**	0.569**
21. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s ideas.	0.720**	0.640**
22. In class, we resolve conflicts in the group.	0.554**	0.521**
23. In class, we help each other achieve the work’s objectives.	0.748**	0.725**
24. In class, we encourage each other to overcome difficulties.	0.708**	0.698**
25. In class, we make decisions by consensus within the group.	0.653**	0.622**

	M	DP	α	CR	AVE	1	2	3	4	5	6
1 CLS Total	3.71	0.56	0.883	0.956	0.595	0.771
2 CLS Social Skills	3.83	0.65	0.650	0.816	0.600	0.786**	0.903
3 CLS Group processing	3.42	0.75	0.688	0.828	0.617	0.812**	0.584**	0.785
4 CLS Positive Interdependence	3.92	0.65	0.739	0.777	0.537	0.806**	0.549**	0.537**	0.733
5 CLS Face-to-face promotive interaction	3.56	0.74	0.735	0.850	0.655	0.820**	0.570**	0.583**	0.565**	0.809
6 CLS Individual and group accountability	3.82	0.71	0.610	0.796	0.566	0.791**	0.485**	0.522**	0.621**	0.549**	0.752

	M	SD	α	CR	AVE	1	2	3	4	5	6
1 CLS Total	2.40	1.03	0.893	0.919	0.403	0.709
2 CLS Social Skills	2.43	1.27	0.581	0.780	0.544	0.828**	0.738
3 CLS Group processing	2.33	1.18	0.610	0.796	0.566	0.844**	0.678**	0.752
4 CLS Positive Interdependence	2.52	1.31	0.626	0.799	0.572	0.840**	0.669**	0.634**	0.756
5 CLS Face-to-face promotive interaction	2.43	1.26	0.678	0.824	0.609	0.844**	0.639**	0.628**	0.640**	0.780
6 CLS Individual and group accountability	2.40	1.21	0.614	0.797	0.567	0.830**	0.598**	0.605**	0.604**	0.655**	0.753

Validated version for Spanish	Validated English version	Validated version for Portugal	Validated version for Brazil
In class: 1. We work on dialog, listening skills, and/or debate. 2. We put them together so that the whole group knows what is being done. 3. The help of my colleagues to complete the tasks is important. 4. Group members relate and interact during tasks. 5. Each member of the group must participate in the group’s tasks. 6. Exposing and defending ideas, knowledge, and points of view to colleagues. 7. We make decisions by consensus among the group members. 8. We can’t finish an activity without the contributions of our colleagues. 9. Interaction between group members is necessary to complete the task. 10. Each component of the group must make an effort in the group’s activities. 11. We listen to the opinions and points of view of our colleagues. 12. We discuss ideas among group members. 13. It is important to share materials, information... to do the tasks. 14. We relate to each other to do the activities. 15. Every member of the group should try to take part, even if they don’t like the task. 16. We reach agreements in the face of different opinions or conflicts. 17. We reflect individually and together within the group. 18. The better each member of the group does their job, the better result the group gets. 19. We work directly with each other. 20. Each member of the group must do their part of the group’s work to complete the task.	In the classroom: 1. We work on discussing, debating, and listening to others. 2. We talk to each other to make sure that everyone in the group knows what is being done. 3. We cannot finish the tasks without the groupmates’ contributions. 4. Groupmates relate with each other and interact during the tasks. 5. Every group member has to participate in the group’s tasks. 6. We present and defend ideas and individual points of view in front of the groupmates. 7. We reach agreements within the group to make decisions. 8. It is important to share resources, and information to complete the tasks. 9. Interaction among groupmates is necessary to complete the tasks. 10. Every group member must strive to try hard in the group’s activities. 11. We listen to each other’s ideas, opinions, and points of view. 12. Groupmates debate ideas and opinions. 13. The better each group member completes his/her task, the better it is for the group. 14. We work face-to-face with our groupmates. 15. It is important for every group member to try to participate, even if he/she does not like the task.	In class: 1. We listen carefully to each other’s opinions and points of view. 2. We analyze our group’s strengths and weaknesses. 3. Everyone in the group helps each other to carry out the activity. 4. We motivate each other during group activities. 5. Each member of the group is responsible for doing their part in the common work. 6. We accept differences of opinion. 7. We find ways to improve the group’s performance. 8. We share materials, information, and knowledge when we carry out group activities. 9. We show that we have confidence in each other. 10. Group work helps everyone learn better. 11. We resolve conflicts in the group. 12. At the end of an activity or a task, we reflect on whether we have met the intended objectives. 13. Everyone’s ideas are fundamental to the success of the group’s work. 14. We encourage each other to overcome difficulties. 15. Each member takes responsibility for the success of the group.	In class: 1. Everyone in the group helps each other to carry out the activity. 2. We care about the success of everyone in the group. 3. Each member of the group is responsible for doing their part in the common work. 4. We motivate each other during group activities. 5. Group work helps everyone learn better. 6. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s opinions and points of view. 7. We find ways to improve the group’s performance. 8. We share materials, information, and knowledge when we carry out group activities. 9. Each member of the group contributes even if they don’t like the activity. 10. We accept differences of opinion. 11. At the end of an activity or a task, we reflect on whether we have met the intended objectives. 12. Everyone’s ideas are fundamental to the success of the group’s work. 13. We resolve conflicts in the group. 14. We encourage each other to overcome difficulties. 15. We make decisions by consensus in the group.
Social skills: 1, 6, 11, 16; Group processing: 2, 7, 12, 17; Positive interdependence: 3, 8, 13, 18; Face-to-face promotive interaction: 4, 9, 14, 19; Individual and group accountability: 5, 10, 15, 20	Social skills = items 1, 6, 11; group processing = items 2, 7, 12; positive interdependence = items 3, 8, 13; Face-to-face promotive interaction = items 4, 9, 14; individual and group accountability = items 5, 10, 15.	Social skills: items 1, 6, 11; Group processing: items 2, 7, 12; Positive interdependence: items 3, 8, 13; Face-to-face promotive interaction: items: 4; 9; 14; Individual and group accountability: Items: 5, 10; 15	Social skills: items 1,b, 11; Group processing: items 2, 7, 12; Positive interdependence: items 3, 8, 13; Face-to-face promotive interaction: items: 4; 9; 14; Individual and group accountability: Items: 5, 10; 15

	Portuguese version	Brazilian version
1. In class, we debate each other’s ideas.
2. In class, we analyze our group’s strengths and weaknesses.	X
3. In class, everyone in the group helps each other to carry out the activity.	X	X
4. In class, we care about the success of everyone in the group.		X
5. In class, each member of the group is responsible for doing their part for the common work.	X	X
6. In class, we ask each other for help.
7. In class, we evaluate both our own work and that of our group mates.
8. In class, we can’t finish an activity without input from our colleagues.
9. In class, we motivate each other during group activities.	X	X
10. In class, group work helps everyone learn better.	X	X
11. In class, we listen carefully to each other’s opinions and points of view.	X	X
12. In class, we find ways to improve the group’s performance.	X	X
13. In class, we share materials, information, and knowledge when we carry out group activities.	X	X
14. In class, we show that we trust each other.	X
15. In class, each member of the group contributes even if they don’t like the activity.		X
16. In class, we accept differences of opinion.	X	X
17. In class, at the end of an activity or task, we reflect on whether we have achieved our objectives.	X	X
18. In class, everyone’s ideas are fundamental to the success of the group’s work.	X	X
19. In class, we sit opposite each other to communicate better.
20. In class, each member takes responsibility for the success of the group.	X
21. In class, we celebrate our successes.
22. In class, we resolve conflicts in the group.	X	X
23. In class, we help each other achieve the work’s objectives.
24. In class, we encourage each other to overcome difficulties.	X	X
25. In class, we make decisions by consensus within the group.		X

[1] Conflicts of interest:

The authors declare they don’t have any commercial or associative interest that represents conflict of interests in relation to the manuscript.

Brasil

Brasil

Cooperative learning scale: validation among Portuguese and Brazilian university students

ABSTRACT