Diferenças entre sistemas gerenciais de empreendedores e operadores de pequenos negócios

Filion, Louis Jacques

doi:10.1590/S0034-75901999000400002

Resumos

A partir de um estudo empírico sobre o sistema gerencial de 116 gerentesproprietários de pequenos negócios, eles foram divididos em dois grupos. Um total de 74 foi classificado como empreendedores, e os 42 restantes, como operadores. Os sistemas gerenciais de todos os gerentes-proprietários foram analisados do ponto de vista dos elementos planejamento, organização, comando e controle (POCC) de Fayol. Cada um dos dois grupos tem seu próprio sistema de atividades. Para os empreendedores, as atividades no sistema foram visão, projeto, animação, monitoração e aprendizagem; enquanto, para os operadores, as atividades foram seleção, desempenho, atribuição, alocação, monitoração e ajuste.

Empreendedores; empreendedorismo; pequenos negócios; gerenciamento de pequenos negócios; tipologia do empreendedor

Based on an empirical study of the managerial systems of 116 small business owner-managers, the subjects were divided into two groups. A total of 74 were classified as entrepreneurs, and the remaining 42 as operators. The managerial systems of all the sample ownermanagers were analyzed from the point of view of Fayol's POCC elements (planning, organizing, commanding and controlling). Each of the two groups had an activity system of its own. For the entrepreneurs, the activities in the system were visioning, designing, animating, monitoring and learning, while for the operators they were selecting, performing, assigning, allocating, monitoring and adjusting.

Entrepreneurs; entrepreneurship; small business; small business management; entrepreneur typology

ORGANIZAÇÃO, RECURSOS HUMANOS E PLANEJAMENTO

Diferenças entre sistemas gerenciais de empreendedores e operadores de pequenos negócios

Louis Jacques Filion

Mestre em Relações Internacionais pela Universidade de Ottawa, MBA pela HEC (the University of Montreal Business School), Ph.D. em Entrepreneurship pela Universidade de Lancaster e Professor responsável pela cadeira de Entrepreneurship Maclean Hunter da HEC

RESUMO

A partir de um estudo empírico sobre o sistema gerencial de 116 gerentesproprietários de pequenos negócios, eles foram divididos em dois grupos. Um total de 74 foi classificado como empreendedores, e os 42 restantes, como operadores. Os sistemas gerenciais de todos os gerentes-proprietários foram analisados do ponto de vista dos elementos planejamento, organização, comando e controle (POCC) de Fayol. Cada um dos dois grupos tem seu próprio sistema de atividades. Para os empreendedores, as atividades no sistema foram visão, projeto, animação, monitoração e aprendizagem; enquanto, para os operadores, as atividades foram seleção, desempenho, atribuição, alocação, monitoração e ajuste.

Palavras-chave: Empreendedores, empreendedorismo, pequenos negócios, gerenciamento de pequenos negócios, tipologia do empreendedor.

ABSTRACT

Based on an empirical study of the managerial systems of 116 small business owner-managers, the subjects were divided into two groups. A total of 74 were classified as entrepreneurs, and the remaining 42 as operators. The managerial systems of all the sample ownermanagers were analyzed from the point of view of Fayol's POCC elements (planning, organizing, commanding and controlling). Each of the two groups had an activity system of its own. For the entrepreneurs, the activities in the system were visioning, designing, animating, monitoring and learning, while for the operators they were selecting, performing, assigning, allocating, monitoring and adjusting.

Key words: Entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, small business, small business management, entrepreneur typology.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

NOTAS

1. Para uma revisão mais completa da literatura, ver Filion (1988 e 1991a).

2. A discussão sobre a literatura a respeito do conceito de visão foi bastante limitada aqui. Para uma abordagem mais completa, ver Filion (1991b) e D'Amboise e Nkongolo (1992).

3. Do inglês CEO, Chief Executive Officer.

ANDERSON, R. L., DUNKELBERG, J. S. Managing small business Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Publishing, 1993.
BELLU, R. R. Entrepreneurs and managers: are they different? In: KIRCHOFF, B. A. et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research s.l.: Babson College, 1988. p.16-30.
BLAIS, R. A., TOULOUSE, J. M. Cultural values of entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. In: ANNUAL WORLD CONFERENCE, ICSB (INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SMALL BUSINESS), 36, June 1991, Vienna. BENSCH, D., MUGLER, J. (Eds.), Proceedings, v.1, 1991. p.144-57.
BROOM, H. H., LONGENECKER, J., MOORE, C. W. Small business management. 6. ed. Cincinnati: South Western Publishing, 1983.
CARLAND, J. W. et al. Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, v.9, n.2, p.354-9, 1984.
CLARAN, R., HOFER, C. W., MAHON, J. F. From entrepreneurial to professional management: a set of guidelines. Journal of Small Business Management, v.18, n.1, p.1-10, 1980.
CHECKLAND, P. Systems thinking, systems practice Chichester, NY: Wiley, 1981.
CHURCHILL, N. C., LEWIS, V. L. The five stages of small business growth. Harvard Business Review, p.30-50, May/June 1983a.
CURTIS, D. A. Strategic planning for smaller business Lexington, Mass., Toronto: Lexington Books, 1983.
D'AMBOISE, G., NKONGOLO, B. Vision stratégique: concept et signification empireque. (Document spécial 92-109), Faculté des Sciences de L'Administration, Université Laval, 1992.
DAVENPORT, T. H. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1993.
DAVIS, E. W., WHYBARK, D. C. Small business inventory management. Production and Inventory Management, v.17, n.3, p.83-95, 1976.
EMERSON, H. The twelve principles of efficiency New York: Engineering Magazine Co., 1912.
FAYOL, H. General and industrial management London: Pitman, 1949.
FILION, L. J. The strategy of successful entrepreneurs in small business: vision, relationships and anticipatory learning. Lancaster, 1988. 2v. Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Lancaster Great Britain. (UMI 8919064)
________. Le développement d'une vision: um outil stratégique à maitriser. Gestion: Revue internationale de gestion, v.14, n.3, p.24-34, Sept. 1989a.
________. The design of your entrepreneurial learning system: identify a vision and assess your relations system. In: CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL STUDIES, 3, 1989. McKIRD, J. G. M. (Ed.). Proceedings.. 1989b. p.77-90.
________. Vision and relations: elements for an entrepreneurial metamodel. In: ANNUAL BABSON ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH CONFERENCE, 10, Apr. 1990, Babson College, MA. CHURCHILL, Neil C. et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Babson College, 1990a. p.57-71.
________. Les entrepreneurs parlent Montreal, Qc: Éditions de l'entrepreneur, 1990b.
________. The nature of small business and its implications for managerial activities. In: SMALL BUSINESS, MARKETING AND SOCIETY CONFERENCE, Oct. 1991a. (Organized by the Institute of Sociology, USSR Academy of Science, Academy of Science of Georgia, Centre for Sociology at Tbilisy, Georgia, USSR).
________. Vision et relations: clefs du succés de l'enterpreneur. Montreal, Qc: Éditions de l'entrepreneur, 1991b.
________. The use of SSM as a metamodel elaboration and control approach. Systemist - The Publication of the United Kingdom System Society, v.13, n.4, p.172-8, Nov. 1991c.
________. Soft system methodology for an entrepreneurial metamodel. In: RODRIGUEZ-DELGADO, R., BANATHY B. (Eds.). International Systems Science Handbook. Madrid, Spain: Systemic Publications, 1993a. p.471-80.
________. Le développement d'activités de formation en entrepreneuriat: une approche intégrée. In: ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CCSBE (Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship), 10, Oct. 1993b, Moncton, N.B.
________. Ten steps to entrepreneurial teaching, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Canada, v.11, n.3, p.68- 78, Apr./June, 1994a.
________. Les systèmes de gestion des propriétaires-dirigeants, entrepreneurs et opérateurs de PME regardés à a partir de la métaphore mécanique. In: WORLD CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SMALL BUSINESS (ICSB), 30, 1994b, Strasbourg. OBRECHT, Jean Jacques (Ed.). Les PME/PMI et leur contribution au développement régional et international: proceedings.. p.107-18.
________. Entrepreneurs and managers: differences and complementarities in the innovation process. In: STIQE 94: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LINKING SYSTEMS THINKING, INNOVATION, QUALITY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 2, Dec. 7-9, 1994c, Maribor, Slovenia. In: REBERNIK, M., MULEJ, M. (Eds.). Proceedings, p.71-88.
________. Empresarios y gerentes: procesos diferentes pero complementarios (Entrepreneurship and management: differing but complementary processes). In: LATIN AMERICAN CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT, 8, Mar. 1995, Cali, Columbia. Centre d'études en administration internationale (CETAI), HEC, Working Paper, n.95-01.
FOWLER, D. Selling and marketing for small business. Business Guide Books, Self-Help Guide for Small Businessmen. London: Sphere Study Aids, 1984.
GAEDEK, R. M., TOOTELIAN, D. H. Small business management. 2. ed. Glenview, III: Scott, Foresman, 1985.
GASSE, Y. Characteristics, functions and performance of small firms: owner-managers in two industrial environments. Evanston, 1978. III. Dissertation (Ph.D.) - Northwestern University.
GULICK, L. H., URWICK, L. F. Papers on the Science of Administration New York: Columbia University Press, 1937.
HAMMER, M., CHAMKY, J. Reengineering the corporation: a manifesto for business revolution. New York: Harper-Collins, 1993.
HARTMANN, H. Managers and entrepreneurs: a useful distinction. Administrative Science Quarterly, v.3, n.3, p.429- 51, 1959.
HODGETTS, R. M. Effective small business management New York: Academy Press, 1982.
HOY, F., CARLAND, J. W. Differentiating between entrepreneurs and small business owners in new venture formation. In: HORNADAY et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research s.l.: Babson College: 1983. p.157-66.
JULIEN, P. A., MARCHESNAY, M. La petite entreprise Montreal: Vermette, Paris: Vuibert, 1987.
KOONTZ, H., O'DONNELL, C. Management, principes et méthodes de gestion Montreal, Paris: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
LEIBENSTEIN, H. General X-Efficiency Theory and economic development London: Oxford University Press, 1978.
MINER, J. B., SMITH, N. R., BROCKER, J. S. Defining the inventor-entrepreneur in the context of established typologies. Journal of Business Venturing, v.7, n.2, p.103-13, 1992.
MINTZBERG, H. The nature of managerial work Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
MORGAN, G. Imagens of organization Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1986.
NADLER, D. A., GERSTEIN, M. S., SHAW, R. B. Organizational architecture San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1992.
SCHOLLHAMMER, H., KURILOFF, A. H. Entrepreneurship and small business management. New York: Wiley, 1979.
SMITH, N. R. The entrepreneur and his firm: the relationship between type of men and type of company. Bureau of Business and Economic Research, East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University, 1967.
TATE JR., C. E. et al. Successful small business management 3. ed. Plano, Texas: Business Publications. Also Georgetown, Ont: Irwin-Dorsey, 1982.
TAYLOR, C. S., McRAE, C. B. Entrepreneurs, small business managers, and large business executives: a comparison of the perceived importance of current business issues. In: CHURCHILL, N. C. et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research s.l.: Babson College, 1990. p.25-6.
TIBBITS, G. E. Small business management: a normative approach M.S.V. Business Topics, v. 4, p.5-12, Autumn 1979.
VESPER, K. H. (Ed.). Entrepreneurship education. University of Washington, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Babson College, 1985.
________ (Ed.). Entrepreneurship education Los Angeles, C.A.: The Anderson School, University of California, 1993.
________. New venture experience Seattle: Vector Books, 1994.
WELCH, J. A., WHITE, J. F. A small business is not a little big business. Harvard Business Review, v. 59, n. 4, p.18-32, July/ Aug. 1981.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
23 Set 2011
Data do Fascículo
Dez 1999

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ANDERSON, R. L., DUNKELBERG, J. S. Managing small business Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Publishing, 1993.

[2] BELLU, R. R. Entrepreneurs and managers: are they different? In: KIRCHOFF, B. A. et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research s.l.: Babson College, 1988. p.16-30.

[3] BLAIS, R. A., TOULOUSE, J. M. Cultural values of entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. In: ANNUAL WORLD CONFERENCE, ICSB (INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SMALL BUSINESS), 36, June 1991, Vienna. BENSCH, D., MUGLER, J. (Eds.), Proceedings, v.1, 1991. p.144-57.

[4] BROOM, H. H., LONGENECKER, J., MOORE, C. W. Small business management. 6. ed. Cincinnati: South Western Publishing, 1983.

[5] CARLAND, J. W. et al. Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, v.9, n.2, p.354-9, 1984.

[6] CLARAN, R., HOFER, C. W., MAHON, J. F. From entrepreneurial to professional management: a set of guidelines. Journal of Small Business Management, v.18, n.1, p.1-10, 1980.

[7] CHECKLAND, P. Systems thinking, systems practice Chichester, NY: Wiley, 1981.

[8] CHURCHILL, N. C., LEWIS, V. L. The five stages of small business growth. Harvard Business Review, p.30-50, May/June 1983a.

[9] CURTIS, D. A. Strategic planning for smaller business Lexington, Mass., Toronto: Lexington Books, 1983.

[10] D'AMBOISE, G., NKONGOLO, B. Vision stratégique: concept et signification empireque. (Document spécial 92-109), Faculté des Sciences de L'Administration, Université Laval, 1992.

[11] DAVENPORT, T. H. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1993.

[12] DAVIS, E. W., WHYBARK, D. C. Small business inventory management. Production and Inventory Management, v.17, n.3, p.83-95, 1976.

[13] EMERSON, H. The twelve principles of efficiency New York: Engineering Magazine Co., 1912.

[14] FAYOL, H. General and industrial management London: Pitman, 1949.

[15] FILION, L. J. The strategy of successful entrepreneurs in small business: vision, relationships and anticipatory learning. Lancaster, 1988. 2v. Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Lancaster Great Britain. (UMI 8919064)

[16] ________. Le développement d'une vision: um outil stratégique à maitriser. Gestion: Revue internationale de gestion, v.14, n.3, p.24-34, Sept. 1989a.

[17] ________. The design of your entrepreneurial learning system: identify a vision and assess your relations system. In: CANADIAN CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL STUDIES, 3, 1989. McKIRD, J. G. M. (Ed.). Proceedings.. 1989b. p.77-90.

[18] ________. Vision and relations: elements for an entrepreneurial metamodel. In: ANNUAL BABSON ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH CONFERENCE, 10, Apr. 1990, Babson College, MA. CHURCHILL, Neil C. et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Babson College, 1990a. p.57-71.

[19] ________. Les entrepreneurs parlent Montreal, Qc: Éditions de l'entrepreneur, 1990b.

[20] ________. The nature of small business and its implications for managerial activities. In: SMALL BUSINESS, MARKETING AND SOCIETY CONFERENCE, Oct. 1991a. (Organized by the Institute of Sociology, USSR Academy of Science, Academy of Science of Georgia, Centre for Sociology at Tbilisy, Georgia, USSR).

[21] ________. Vision et relations: clefs du succés de l'enterpreneur. Montreal, Qc: Éditions de l'entrepreneur, 1991b.

[22] ________. The use of SSM as a metamodel elaboration and control approach. Systemist - The Publication of the United Kingdom System Society, v.13, n.4, p.172-8, Nov. 1991c.

[23] ________. Soft system methodology for an entrepreneurial metamodel. In: RODRIGUEZ-DELGADO, R., BANATHY B. (Eds.). International Systems Science Handbook. Madrid, Spain: Systemic Publications, 1993a. p.471-80.

[24] ________. Le développement d'activités de formation en entrepreneuriat: une approche intégrée. In: ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CCSBE (Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship), 10, Oct. 1993b, Moncton, N.B.

[25] ________. Ten steps to entrepreneurial teaching, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Canada, v.11, n.3, p.68- 78, Apr./June, 1994a.

[26] ________. Les systèmes de gestion des propriétaires-dirigeants, entrepreneurs et opérateurs de PME regardés à a partir de la métaphore mécanique. In: WORLD CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SMALL BUSINESS (ICSB), 30, 1994b, Strasbourg. OBRECHT, Jean Jacques (Ed.). Les PME/PMI et leur contribution au développement régional et international: proceedings.. p.107-18.

[27] ________. Entrepreneurs and managers: differences and complementarities in the innovation process. In: STIQE 94: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LINKING SYSTEMS THINKING, INNOVATION, QUALITY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 2, Dec. 7-9, 1994c, Maribor, Slovenia. In: REBERNIK, M., MULEJ, M. (Eds.). Proceedings, p.71-88.

[28] ________. Empresarios y gerentes: procesos diferentes pero complementarios (Entrepreneurship and management: differing but complementary processes). In: LATIN AMERICAN CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT, 8, Mar. 1995, Cali, Columbia. Centre d'études en administration internationale (CETAI), HEC, Working Paper, n.95-01.

[29] FOWLER, D. Selling and marketing for small business. Business Guide Books, Self-Help Guide for Small Businessmen. London: Sphere Study Aids, 1984.

[30] GAEDEK, R. M., TOOTELIAN, D. H. Small business management. 2. ed. Glenview, III: Scott, Foresman, 1985.

[31] GASSE, Y. Characteristics, functions and performance of small firms: owner-managers in two industrial environments. Evanston, 1978. III. Dissertation (Ph.D.) - Northwestern University.

[32] GULICK, L. H., URWICK, L. F. Papers on the Science of Administration New York: Columbia University Press, 1937.

[33] HAMMER, M., CHAMKY, J. Reengineering the corporation: a manifesto for business revolution. New York: Harper-Collins, 1993.

[34] HARTMANN, H. Managers and entrepreneurs: a useful distinction. Administrative Science Quarterly, v.3, n.3, p.429- 51, 1959.

[35] HODGETTS, R. M. Effective small business management New York: Academy Press, 1982.

[36] HOY, F., CARLAND, J. W. Differentiating between entrepreneurs and small business owners in new venture formation. In: HORNADAY et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research s.l.: Babson College: 1983. p.157-66.

[37] JULIEN, P. A., MARCHESNAY, M. La petite entreprise Montreal: Vermette, Paris: Vuibert, 1987.

[38] KOONTZ, H., O'DONNELL, C. Management, principes et méthodes de gestion Montreal, Paris: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

[39] LEIBENSTEIN, H. General X-Efficiency Theory and economic development London: Oxford University Press, 1978.

[40] MINER, J. B., SMITH, N. R., BROCKER, J. S. Defining the inventor-entrepreneur in the context of established typologies. Journal of Business Venturing, v.7, n.2, p.103-13, 1992.

[41] MINTZBERG, H. The nature of managerial work Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

[42] MORGAN, G. Imagens of organization Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1986.

[43] NADLER, D. A., GERSTEIN, M. S., SHAW, R. B. Organizational architecture San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1992.

[44] SCHOLLHAMMER, H., KURILOFF, A. H. Entrepreneurship and small business management. New York: Wiley, 1979.

[45] SMITH, N. R. The entrepreneur and his firm: the relationship between type of men and type of company. Bureau of Business and Economic Research, East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University, 1967.

[46] TATE JR., C. E. et al. Successful small business management 3. ed. Plano, Texas: Business Publications. Also Georgetown, Ont: Irwin-Dorsey, 1982.

[47] TAYLOR, C. S., McRAE, C. B. Entrepreneurs, small business managers, and large business executives: a comparison of the perceived importance of current business issues. In: CHURCHILL, N. C. et al. (Eds.). Frontiers of entrepreneurship research s.l.: Babson College, 1990. p.25-6.

[48] TIBBITS, G. E. Small business management: a normative approach M.S.V. Business Topics, v. 4, p.5-12, Autumn 1979.

[49] VESPER, K. H. (Ed.). Entrepreneurship education. University of Washington, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Babson College, 1985.

[50] ________ (Ed.). Entrepreneurship education Los Angeles, C.A.: The Anderson School, University of California, 1993.

[51] ________. New venture experience Seattle: Vector Books, 1994.

[52] WELCH, J. A., WHITE, J. F. A small business is not a little big business. Harvard Business Review, v. 59, n. 4, p.18-32, July/ Aug. 1981.

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Diferenças entre sistemas gerenciais de empreendedores e operadores de pequenos negócios

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