Análise de Escalas e Medidas de Virtudes Morais: Uma Revisão Sistemática

Ames, Maria Clara F. Dalla Costa; Serafim, Mauricio C.; Martins, Felipe Flôres

doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac2022190379.por

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Brasil

Revista de Administração Contemporânea

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Brasil

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Sumário

Artigo Teórico-empírico • Rev. adm. contemp. 26 (06) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2022190379.por copiar

Análise de Escalas e Medidas de Virtudes Morais: Uma Revisão Sistemática

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Objetivo:

investigar como as escalas para o conceito de virtudes morais são construídas e mensuradas, em estudos associados à ética empresarial e à tradição da ética das virtudes.

Métodos:

realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura para selecionar artigos empíricos sobre virtudes morais que elaboram ou aplicam escalas. Com base em critérios de busca, seleção e análise, foram consultadas cinco bases de dados e selecionados 37 trabalhos, analisando-se o procedimento de desenvolvimento e mensuração de escalas (itens, amostra, análise fatorial) e fatores emergentes.

Resultados:

o estudo reúne escalas de múltiplas virtudes morais (19) e de virtudes específicas (18), evidenciando limitações na geração de itens e na proporção item-amostra em algumas escalas, como também contribuições teóricas em liderança e fortalecimento de relações, fazendo uma discussão teórico-metodológica, à luz dos pressupostos da ética das virtudes na tradição aristotélico-tomista.

Conclusões:

o artigo intenciona contribuir para uma melhor compreensão sobre as virtudes morais em administração, ao discutir as escalas a partir da unidade das virtudes e da conexão phronesis-virtudes morais, com implicações no comportamento humano e na ética empresarial. Recomendam-se procedimentos para estudos futuros qualitativos e quantitativos em novos contextos de pesquisa.

Palavras-chave:
virtudes morais; análise de escalas; ética das virtudes; ética empresarial

Forma	Query de busca	Ebsco	Science Direct	Scopus	Web of Science	Wiley	Total
Todo o conteúdo	1 “Scale development” AND “virtue ethic”	3	0	2	2	100	107
	2. “scale” AND “virtue ethic*”	11	1	16	14	-	42
	3. “scale” AND “moral virtues”*	-	116	5	34	-	155
	4. “scale development” AND “moral virtues”	12	1	-	8	65	86
	5. “measur” AND “moral virtues”*	-	-	22	7	-	29
Abstract	1. “Scale development” AND “virtue ethic”	-	-	4	1	1	6
	2. “scale” AND “virtue* ethic”	2	3	66	14	17ª	102
	3. “scale*” AND “moral virtues”	16ª	1	42	8	25ª	92
	4. “scale development” AND “moral virtues”	-	-	4	2	1	7
	5. “measur” AND “moral virtues”*	21ª	16ª	79	8	15	139
	Total	65	138	240	98	224	765

Escala	Autores	Journal	Citações^a
Virtudes morais múltiplas
Virtue Scale (VS)	Cawley, Martin e Johnson (2000Cawley, M. J., Martin, J. E., & Johnson, J. A. (2000). A virtues approach to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(5), 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00207-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00... ) Stoeber e Yang (2016Stoeber, J., & Yang, H. F. (2016). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: Further investigations. Personality and Individual Differences, 88(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.0... )	PID PID	245 27
Virtue Ethics Scale (VES)	Shanahan e Hyman (2003Shanahan, K. J., & Hyman, M. R. (2003). The Development of a Virtue Ethics Scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659... ) Racelis (2013Racelis, A. D. (2013). Developing a virtue ethics scale: Exploratory survey of Philippine managers. Asian Journal of Business & Accounting, 6(1), 15-37. Retrieved from https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664 https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664... ) Racelis (2014Racelis, A. D. (2014). Examining the global financial crisis from a virtue theory lens. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 14(2), 23-38. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examining_the_Global_Financial_Crisis_from_a_Virtue_Theory_Lens https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examin... ) Dawson (2018Dawson, D. (2018). Measuring Individuals’ Virtues in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(4), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-... ) Donada, Mothe, Nogatchewsky e Ribeiro (2019Donada, C., Mothe, C., Nogatchewsky, G., & Ribeiro, G. C. de. (2019). The Respective effects of virtues and inter-organizational management control systems on relationship quality and performance: Virtues Win. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(1), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-... ) Shanahan e Hopkins (2019)	JBE AJBA APSSR JBE JBE JBE	152 18 3 8 15 7
VIA-Classification	Park e Peterson (2006Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the values in action inventory of strengths for youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 891-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.20... ) Song e Kim (2018Song, S. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Theory of Virtue ethics: Do consumers’ good traits predict their socially responsible consumption? Journal of Business Ethics, 152(4), 1159-1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-... ) Arthur, Earl, Thompson e Ward (2021Arthur, J., Earl, S. R., Thompson, A. P., & Ward, J. W. (2021). The value of character-based judgement in the professional domain. Journal of Business Ethics, 169, 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269... )	JA JBE JBE	775 27 3
Virtuous Leadership Scale (VLS)	Sarros, Cooper e Hartican (2006Sarros, J., Cooper, B. & Hartican, A. (2006). Leadership and Character. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(8), 682-699. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610709291 https://doi.org/10.1108/0143773061070929... ) Wang e Hackett (2016Wang, G., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Conceptualization and measurement of virtuous leadership: Doing well by doing good. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-... )	L&ODJ JBE	96 70
Measure of Auditor’s Virtue	Libby e Thorne (2007Libby, T., & Thorne, L. (2007). The development of a measure of auditors’ virtue. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-... )	JBE	65
Leadership Virtues Questionnaire (LVQ)	Riggio, Zhu, Reina e Maroosis (2010Riggio, R., Zhu, W., Reina, C., & Maroosis, J. (2010). Virtue-Based Measurement of Ethical Leadership: The Leadership Virtues Questionnaire. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(4), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286... )	CPJPR	256
Character Strengths Leadership Survey	Thun e Kelloway (2011Thun, B., & Kelloway, E. K. (2011). Virtuous leaders: Assessing character strengths in the workplace. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 28(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216... )	CJAS	63
Virtue Adjective Rating Scale (VARS)	Yang, Stoeber e Wang (2015Yang, H., Stoeber, J., Wang, Y. (2015). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: a preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.040 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.0... )	PID	32
Leadership Character Insight Assessment (LCIA)	Seijts, Gandz, Crossan e Reno (2015Seijts, G., Gandz, J., Crossan, M., & Reno, M. (2015). Character matters: character dimensions´ impact on leader performance and outcomes. Organizational Dynamics, 44(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11... )	OD	54
Ethical Tendencies Scale	Koçyiğit e Karadağ (2016Koçyiğit, M., & Karadağ, E. (2016). Developing an ethical tendencies scale based on the theories of ethics. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 9(2), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.0016 https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.001... )	TJBE	9
Virtuous Leadership Questionnaire (VLQ)	Wang e Hackett (2016Wang, G., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Conceptualization and measurement of virtuous leadership: Doing well by doing good. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-... )	JBE	70
Individual Business Virtues (IBE)	Dawson (2018Dawson, D. (2018). Measuring Individuals’ Virtues in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(4), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-... )	JBE	8
Virtudes morais específicas
Multidimensional Ethics Scale (MES)	Beekun, Westerman e Barghouti (2005Beekun, R. I., Westerman, J., & Barghouti, J. (2005). Utility of ethical frameworks in determining behavioral intention: A comparison of the US and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-... ) Manly, Leonard e Riemenschneider (2015Manly, T. S., Leonard, L. N. K., & Riemenschneider, C. K. (2015). Academic integrity in the information age: Virtues of respect and responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(3), 579-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2060-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2060-... )	JBE JBE	56 36
Deontic Justice Scale	Beugré (2012Beugré, C. D. (2012). Development and validation of a deontic justice scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2163-2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00935.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012... )	JASP	38
Escalas específicas correlacionadas com Engagement Beauty Scale (EBS)	Diessner, Iyer, Smith e Haidt (2013Diessner, R., Iyer, R., Smith, M. M., & Haidt, J. (2013). Who engages with moral beauty? Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 139-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.785941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.... )	JME	104
Self-regarding and other regarding virtues	Grappi, Romani e Bagozzi (2013Grappi, S., Romani, S., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2013). Consumer response to corporate irresponsible behavior: Moral emotions and virtues. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1814-1821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.0... )	JBR	287
Multicomponent Gratitude Measure (MCGM)	Morgan et al. (2017Morgan, B., Gulliford, L., & Kristjánsson, K. (2017). A new approach to measuring moral virtues: The Multi-Component Gratitude Measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 107(1), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.044 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.0... ) Gulliford, Morgan, Hemming e Abbott (2019Gulliford, L., Morgan, B., Hemming, E., & Abbott, J. (2019). Gratitude, self-monitoring and social intelligence: A prosocial relationship? Current Psychology, 38(4), 1021-1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00330-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00330... ) Hudecek, Blabst, Morgan e Lermer (2020Hudecek, M. F. C., Blabst, N., Morgan, B., & Lermer, E. (2020). Measuring gratitude in Germany: Validation study of the German version of the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6-G) and the Multi-Component Gratitude Measure (MCGM-G). Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590108 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.59010... )	PID CP FP	55 6 1
Moral Virtue Theory of Status Attainment (MVT)	Bai, Ho e Yan (2020Bai, F., Ho, G. C. C., & Yan, J. (2020). Does Virtue lead to status? Testing the moral virtue theory of status attainment. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 118(3), 501-531. http://doi.org/10.0.4.13/pspi0000192 http://doi.org/10.0.4.13/pspi0000192... )	JPSP	10
Consumer moral virtue of Integrity	Castro-González, Bande, Fernández-Ferrín e Kimura (2019Castro-González, S., Bande, B., Fernández-Ferrín, P., & Kimura, T. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and consumer advocacy behaviors: The importance of emotions and moral virtues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 846-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.0... )	JCP	29
Self-report Humility Scale	Qin, Liu, Brown, Zheng e Owens (2019Qin, X., Liu, X., Brown, J. A., Zheng, X., & Owens, B. P. (2019). Humility harmonized? Exploring whether and how leader and employee humility (in)congruence influences employee citizenship and deviance behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 170, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04250-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04250... )	JBE	6
Gratitude Questionnaire (G-20)	Bernabe-Valero, Blasco-Magraner e García-March (2020Bernabe-Valero, G., Blasco-Magraner, J. S., & García-March, M. R. (2020). Gratitude questionnaire-20 Items (G20): A cross-cultural, psychometric and crowdsourcing analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(December), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.626330 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.62633... )	FP	-
Intellectually Humble Scale	Colombo, Strangmann, Houkes, Kostadinova e Brandt (2021Colombo, M., Strangmann, K., Houkes, L., Kostadinova, Z., & Brandt, M. J. (2021). Intellectually Humble, but Prejudiced People. A Paradox of Intellectual Virtue. Review of Philosophy and Psychology,12, 353-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-020-00496-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-020-00496... )	RPP	-
Good and Evil Character Traits (GECT) Scale	Jiao, Yang, Guo, Xu, Zhang e Jiang (2020Jiao, L., Yang, Y., Guo, Z., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., & Jiang, J. (2020). Development and validation of the good and evil character traits (GECT) scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(2), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12696 https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12696... )	SJP	-
Resilient Measurement Scale (SPP-25)	Lasota, Tomaszek e Bosacki (2020Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., & Bosacki, S. (2020). How to become more grateful? The mediating role of resilience between empathy and gratitude. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01178-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01178... )	CP	-
Professional Moral Courage scale (PMC; Sekerka 2009, 2 items)	Mansur, Sobral e Islam (2020Mansur, J., Sobral, F., & Islam, G. (2020). Leading with moral courage: The interplay of guilt and courage on perceived ethical leadership and group organizational citizenship behaviors. Business Ethics: A European Review, 29(3), 587-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12270 https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12270... )	BEER	1
Temperance Scale	Shahab e Adil (2020Shahab, S. O., & Adil, A. (2020). Development and validation of Temperance Scale in Pakistan. PsyCh Journal, 9(6), 911-923. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.394 https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.394... )	PJ	-
Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory (ESFI)	Kim, Volk e Enright (2021Kim, J. J., Volk, F., & Enright, R. D. (2021). Validating the Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory (ESFI). Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01248-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01248... )	CP	-

Artigos	Itens iniciais (A)	Amostra (B)	Proporção (B/A)	Itens finais	Análises estatísticas	País	Respondentes
Virtudes morais múltiplas
Cawley et al. (2000Cawley, M. J., Martin, J. E., & Johnson, J. A. (2000). A virtues approach to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(5), 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00207-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00... )	140	390(1), 181(2), 143(3)	2,8	48	AFE	USA	Estudantes de psicologia
Shanahan e Hyman (2003Shanahan, K. J., & Hyman, M. R. (2003). The Development of a Virtue Ethics Scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659... )	45	445	9,9	33	AFE	USA	Estudantes de marketing
Park e Peterson (2006Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the values in action inventory of strengths for youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 891-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.20... )	198	250	1,3	24	AFE	USA	Estudantes (10-17 anos)
Sarros et al. (2006Sarros, J., Cooper, B. & Hartican, A. (2006). Leadership and Character. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(8), 682-699. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610709291 https://doi.org/10.1108/0143773061070929... )	7	238	34,0	7	ANOVA	Austrália	Membros de instituto de administração
Libby e Thorne (2007Libby, T., & Thorne, L. (2007). The development of a measure of auditors’ virtue. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-... )	55	376	6,8	29	AFE	Canadá	Membros CICA
Riggio et al. (2010Riggio, R., Zhu, W., Reina, C., & Maroosis, J. (2010). Virtue-Based Measurement of Ethical Leadership: The Leadership Virtues Questionnaire. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(4), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286... )	36	200	5,6	19	AFE, AFC	USA	Administradores
Thun e Kelloway (2011Thun, B., & Kelloway, E. K. (2011). Virtuous leaders: Assessing character strengths in the workplace. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 28(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216... )	27	327	12,1	14	AFE	Canadá	Empregados de universidade
Racelis (2013Racelis, A. D. (2013). Developing a virtue ethics scale: Exploratory survey of Philippine managers. Asian Journal of Business & Accounting, 6(1), 15-37. Retrieved from https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664 https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664... )	34	140	4,1	22	AFE	Filipinas	Universitários
Racelis (2014Racelis, A. D. (2014). Examining the global financial crisis from a virtue theory lens. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 14(2), 23-38. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examining_the_Global_Financial_Crisis_from_a_Virtue_Theory_Lens https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examin... )	34	141	4,1	22	AFE	Filipinas	Estudantes gestores
Yang et al. (2015Yang, H., Stoeber, J., Wang, Y. (2015). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: a preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.040 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.0... )	90	348	3,9	90	AFE	China	Estudantes
Seijts et al. (2015Seijts, G., Gandz, J., Crossan, M., & Reno, M. (2015). Character matters: character dimensions´ impact on leader performance and outcomes. Organizational Dynamics, 44(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11... )	10	364	36,4	10	-	Canadá; USA	Líderes de organizações
Koçyiğit e Karadağ (2016Koçyiğit, M., & Karadağ, E. (2016). Developing an ethical tendencies scale based on the theories of ethics. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 9(2), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.0016 https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.001... )	10	312	31,2	26	AFE, AFC	Turquia	Estudantes de graduação
Stoeber e Yang (2016Stoeber, J., & Yang, H. F. (2016). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: Further investigations. Personality and Individual Differences, 88(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.0... )	48	243	5,1	48		China	Estudantes universitários
Wang e Hacket (2016Wang, G., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Conceptualization and measurement of virtuous leadership: Doing well by doing good. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-... )	89	348	3,9	18	AFE, AFC	América do Norte	Estudantes de MBA
Dawson (2018Dawson, D. (2018). Measuring Individuals’ Virtues in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(4), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-... )	45	137	3,0	13	AFE, AFC	UK	Profissionais RH
Song e Kim (2018Song, S. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Theory of Virtue ethics: Do consumers’ good traits predict their socially responsible consumption? Journal of Business Ethics, 152(4), 1159-1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-... )	50	400	8	50	AFC	USA	Adultos
Arthur et al. (2021Arthur, J., Earl, S. R., Thompson, A. P., & Ward, J. W. (2021). The value of character-based judgement in the professional domain. Journal of Business Ethics, 169, 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269... )	24	2.340	97,5	24	ANOVA, AFC	USA	Profissionais de cinco áreas
Donada et al. (2019Donada, C., Mothe, C., Nogatchewsky, G., & Ribeiro, G. C. de. (2019). The Respective effects of virtues and inter-organizational management control systems on relationship quality and performance: Virtues Win. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(1), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-... )	14	201	14,4	14	-	França	CEOs
Shanahan e Hopkins (2019Shanahan, K. J., & Hopkins, C. D. (2019). Level of Agreement Between Sales Managers and Salespeople on the Need for Internal Virtue Ethics and a Direct Path from Satisfaction with Manager to Turnover Intent. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(3), 837-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3813-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3813-... )	3	129	43	3	AFC	USA	Gestores e vendedores
Virtudes morais específicas
Beekun et al. (2005Beekun, R. I., Westerman, J., & Barghouti, J. (2005). Utility of ethical frameworks in determining behavioral intention: A comparison of the US and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-... )	14	165	11,8	14	AFE	USA; Rússia	Estudantes de MBA
Beugré (2012Beugré, C. D. (2012). Development and validation of a deontic justice scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2163-2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00935.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012... )	36	124(1) 101(2)	3,4 2,8	18	-	USA	Trabalhadores de eletrônica
Diessner et al. (2013Diessner, R., Iyer, R., Smith, M. M., & Haidt, J. (2013). Who engages with moral beauty? Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 139-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.785941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.... )	18	5.380 (1) 542(2)	298,9	18	SEM	USA (Idaho)	Universitários
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