Analysis of Scales and Measures of Moral Virtues: A Systematic Review

Ames, Maria Clara F. Dalla Costa; Serafim, Mauricio C.; Martins, Felipe Flôres

doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac2022190379.en

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Brasil

Revista de Administração Contemporânea

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Theoretical-empirical Article • Rev. adm. contemp. 26 (06) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2022190379.en copy

Analysis of Scales and Measures of Moral Virtues: A Systematic Review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to investigate how scales for the concept of moral virtues are constructed and measured, in studies associated with business ethics and the tradition of virtue ethics.

Methods:

a systematic literature review was conducted to select empirical articles on moral virtues that design or apply scales. Based on search, selection, and analysis criteria, five databases were consulted, and 37 papers were selected, with subsequent analysis of the scales development and measurement procedure (items, sample, factor analysis) and emerging factors.

Results:

the study gathers scales of multiple moral virtues (19) and of specific virtues (18), showing limitations in the generation of items, and in the item-sample proportion in some scales, as well as theoretical contributions in leadership and relationship strengthening, making a theoretical and methodological discussion in the light of the assumptions of virtue ethics in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition.

Conclusions:

the article intends to contribute to a better understanding of moral virtues in management, by discussing the scales from the unity of virtues and the phronesis-moral virtues connection, with implications for human behavior and business ethics. Procedures are recommended for future qualitative and quantitative studies in new research contexts.

Keywords:
moral virtues; scale analysis; virtue ethics; business ethics

Form	Search query	Ebsco	Science Direct	Scopus	Web of Science	Wiley	Total
All content	1 “Scale development” AND “virtue ethic”	3	0	2	2	100	107
	2. “scale” AND “virtue ethic*”	11	1	16	14	-	42
	3. “scale” AND “moral virtues”*	-	116	5	34	-	155
	4. “scale development” AND “moral virtues”	12	1	-	8	65	86
	5. “measur” AND “moral virtues”*	-	-	22	7	-	29
Abstract	1. “Scale development” AND “virtue ethic”	-	-	4	1	1	6
	2. “scale” AND “virtue* ethic”	2	3	66	14	17ª	102
	3. “scale*” AND “moral virtues”	16ª	1	42	8	25ª	92
	4. “scale development” AND “moral virtues”	-	-	4	2	1	7
	5. “measur” AND “moral virtues”*	21ª	16ª	79	8	15	139
	Total	65	138	240	98	224	765

Scale	Authors	Journal	Citations^a
Multiple moral virtues
Virtue Scale (VS)	Cawley, Martin and Johnson (2000Cawley, M. J., Martin, J. E., & Johnson, J. A. (2000). A virtues approach to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(5), 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00207-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00... ) Stoeber and Yang (2016Stoeber, J., & Yang, H. F. (2016). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: Further investigations. Personality and Individual Differences, 88(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.0... )	PID PID	245 27
Virtue Ethics Scale (VES)	Shanahan and Hyman (2003Shanahan, K. J., & Hyman, M. R. (2003). The Development of a Virtue Ethics Scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659... ) Racelis (2013Racelis, A. D. (2013). Developing a virtue ethics scale: Exploratory survey of Philippine managers. Asian Journal of Business & Accounting, 6(1), 15-37. Retrieved from https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664 https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664... ) Racelis (2014Racelis, A. D. (2014). Examining the global financial crisis from a virtue theory lens. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 14(2), 23-38. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examining_the_Global_Financial_Crisis_from_a_Virtue_Theory_Lens https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examin... ) Dawson (2018Dawson, D. (2018). Measuring Individuals’ Virtues in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(4), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-... ) Donada, Mothe, Nogatchewsky and Ribeiro (2019Donada, C., Mothe, C., Nogatchewsky, G., & Ribeiro, G. C. de. (2019). The Respective effects of virtues and inter-organizational management control systems on relationship quality and performance: Virtues Win. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(1), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-... ) Shanahan and Hopkins (2019)	JBE AJBA APSSR JBE JBE JBE	152 18 3 8 15 7
VIA-Classification	Park and Peterson (2006Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the values in action inventory of strengths for youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 891-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.20... ) Song and Kim (2018Song, S. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Theory of Virtue ethics: Do consumers’ good traits predict their socially responsible consumption? Journal of Business Ethics, 152(4), 1159-1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-... ) Arthur, Earl, Thompson and Ward (2021Arthur, J., Earl, S. R., Thompson, A. P., & Ward, J. W. (2021). The value of character-based judgement in the professional domain. Journal of Business Ethics, 169, 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269... )	JA JBE JBE	775 27 3
Virtuous Leadership Scale (VLS)	Sarros, Cooper e Hartican (2006Sarros, J., Cooper, B. & Hartican, A. (2006). Leadership and Character. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(8), 682-699. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610709291 https://doi.org/10.1108/0143773061070929... ) Wang and Hackett (2016Wang, G., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Conceptualization and measurement of virtuous leadership: Doing well by doing good. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-... )	L&ODJ JBE	96 70
Measure of Auditor’s Virtue	Libby and Thorne (2007Libby, T., & Thorne, L. (2007). The development of a measure of auditors’ virtue. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-... )	JBE	65
Leadership Virtues Questionnaire (LVQ)	Riggio, Zhu, Reina and Maroosis (2010Riggio, R., Zhu, W., Reina, C., & Maroosis, J. (2010). Virtue-Based Measurement of Ethical Leadership: The Leadership Virtues Questionnaire. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(4), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286... )	CPJPR	256
Character Strengths Leadership Survey	Thun and Kelloway (2011Thun, B., & Kelloway, E. K. (2011). Virtuous leaders: Assessing character strengths in the workplace. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 28(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216... )	CJAS	63
Virtue Adjective Rating Scale (VARS)	Yang, Stoeber and Wang (2015Yang, H., Stoeber, J., Wang, Y. (2015). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: a preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.040 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.0... )	PID	32
Leadership Character Insight Assessment (LCIA)	Seijts, Gandz, Crossan and Reno (2015Seijts, G., Gandz, J., Crossan, M., & Reno, M. (2015). Character matters: character dimensions´ impact on leader performance and outcomes. Organizational Dynamics, 44(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11... )	OD	54
Ethical Tendencies Scale	Koçyiğit and Karadağ (2016Koçyiğit, M., & Karadağ, E. (2016). Developing an ethical tendencies scale based on the theories of ethics. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 9(2), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.0016 https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.001... )	TJBE	9
Virtuous Leadership Questionnaire (VLQ)	Wang and Hackett (2016Wang, G., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Conceptualization and measurement of virtuous leadership: Doing well by doing good. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-... )	JBE	70
Individual Business Virtues (IBE)	Dawson (2018Dawson, D. (2018). Measuring Individuals’ Virtues in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(4), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-... )	JBE	8
Specific moral virtues
Multidimensional Ethics Scale (MES)	Beekun, Westerman and Barghouti (2005Beekun, R. I., Westerman, J., & Barghouti, J. (2005). Utility of ethical frameworks in determining behavioral intention: A comparison of the US and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-... ) Manly, Leonard and Riemenschneider (2015Manly, T. S., Leonard, L. N. K., & Riemenschneider, C. K. (2015). Academic integrity in the information age: Virtues of respect and responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(3), 579-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2060-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2060-... )	JBE JBE	56 36
Deontic Justice Scale	Beugré (2012Beugré, C. D. (2012). Development and validation of a deontic justice scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2163-2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00935.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012... )	JASP	38
Specific scales correlated with Engagement Beauty Scale (EBS)	Diessner, Iyer, Smith and Haidt (2013Diessner, R., Iyer, R., Smith, M. M., & Haidt, J. (2013). Who engages with moral beauty? Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 139-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.785941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.... )	JME	104
Self-regarding and other regarding virtues	Grappi, Romani and Bagozzi (2013Grappi, S., Romani, S., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2013). Consumer response to corporate irresponsible behavior: Moral emotions and virtues. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1814-1821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.0... )	JBR	287
Multicomponent Gratitude Measure (MCGM)	Morgan et al. (2017Morgan, B., Gulliford, L., & Kristjánsson, K. (2017). A new approach to measuring moral virtues: The Multi-Component Gratitude Measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 107(1), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.044 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.0... ) Gulliford, Morgan, Hemming and Abbott (2019Gulliford, L., Morgan, B., Hemming, E., & Abbott, J. (2019). Gratitude, self-monitoring and social intelligence: A prosocial relationship? Current Psychology, 38(4), 1021-1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00330-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00330... ) Hudecek, Blabst, Morgan and Lermer (2020Hudecek, M. F. C., Blabst, N., Morgan, B., & Lermer, E. (2020). Measuring gratitude in Germany: Validation study of the German version of the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6-G) and the Multi-Component Gratitude Measure (MCGM-G). Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590108 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.59010... )	PID CP FP	55 6 1
Moral Virtue Theory of Status Attainment (MVT)	Bai, Ho and Yan (2020Bai, F., Ho, G. C. C., & Yan, J. (2020). Does Virtue lead to status? Testing the moral virtue theory of status attainment. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 118(3), 501-531. http://doi.org/10.0.4.13/pspi0000192 http://doi.org/10.0.4.13/pspi0000192... )	JPSP	10
Consumer moral virtue of Integrity	Castro-González, Bande, Fernández-Ferrín and Kimura (2019Castro-González, S., Bande, B., Fernández-Ferrín, P., & Kimura, T. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and consumer advocacy behaviors: The importance of emotions and moral virtues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 846-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.0... )	JCP	29
Self-report Humility Scale	Qin, Liu, Brown, Zheng and Owens (2019Qin, X., Liu, X., Brown, J. A., Zheng, X., & Owens, B. P. (2019). Humility harmonized? Exploring whether and how leader and employee humility (in)congruence influences employee citizenship and deviance behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 170, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04250-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04250... )	JBE	6
Gratitude Questionnaire (G-20)	Bernabe-Valero, Blasco-Magraner and García-March (2020Bernabe-Valero, G., Blasco-Magraner, J. S., & García-March, M. R. (2020). Gratitude questionnaire-20 Items (G20): A cross-cultural, psychometric and crowdsourcing analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(December), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.626330 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.62633... )	FP	-
Intellectually Humble Scale	Colombo, Strangmann, Houkes, Kostadinova and Brandt (2021Colombo, M., Strangmann, K., Houkes, L., Kostadinova, Z., & Brandt, M. J. (2021). Intellectually Humble, but Prejudiced People. A Paradox of Intellectual Virtue. Review of Philosophy and Psychology,12, 353-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-020-00496-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-020-00496... )	RPP	-
Good and Evil Character Traits (GECT) Scale	Jiao, Yang, Guo, Xu, Zhang and Jiang (2020Jiao, L., Yang, Y., Guo, Z., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., & Jiang, J. (2020). Development and validation of the good and evil character traits (GECT) scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(2), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12696 https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12696... )	SJP	-
Resilient Measurement Scale (SPP-25)	Lasota, Tomaszek and Bosacki (2020Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., & Bosacki, S. (2020). How to become more grateful? The mediating role of resilience between empathy and gratitude. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01178-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01178... )	CP	-
Professional Moral Courage scale (PMC; Sekerka 2009, 2 items)	Mansur, Sobral and Islam (2020Mansur, J., Sobral, F., & Islam, G. (2020). Leading with moral courage: The interplay of guilt and courage on perceived ethical leadership and group organizational citizenship behaviors. Business Ethics: A European Review, 29(3), 587-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12270 https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12270... )	BEER	1
Temperance Scale	Shahab and Adil (2020Shahab, S. O., & Adil, A. (2020). Development and validation of Temperance Scale in Pakistan. PsyCh Journal, 9(6), 911-923. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.394 https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.394... )	PJ	-
Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory (ESFI)	Kim, Volk and Enright (2021Kim, J. J., Volk, F., & Enright, R. D. (2021). Validating the Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory (ESFI). Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01248-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01248... )	CP	-

Articles	Initial Items (A)	Sample (B)	Proportion (B/A)	Final Items	Statistical analyses	Country	Respondents’ profile
Multiple moral virtues
Cawley et al. (2000Cawley, M. J., Martin, J. E., & Johnson, J. A. (2000). A virtues approach to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(5), 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00207-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00... )	140	390(1), 181(2), 143(3)	2.8	48	EFA	US	Psychology students
Shanahan and Hyman (2003Shanahan, K. J., & Hyman, M. R. (2003). The Development of a Virtue Ethics Scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914218659... )	45	445	9.9	33	EFA	US	Marketing students
Park and Peterson (2006Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the values in action inventory of strengths for youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 891-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.20... )	198	250	1.3	24	EFA	US	Students (10-17 years old)
Sarros et al. (2006Sarros, J., Cooper, B. & Hartican, A. (2006). Leadership and Character. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(8), 682-699. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610709291 https://doi.org/10.1108/0143773061070929... )	7	238	34.0	7	ANOVA	Australia	Members of the Australian Institute of Management
Libby and Thorne (2007Libby, T., & Thorne, L. (2007). The development of a measure of auditors’ virtue. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9127-... )	55	376	6.8	29	EFA	Canada	CICA members
Riggio et al. (2010Riggio, R., Zhu, W., Reina, C., & Maroosis, J. (2010). Virtue-Based Measurement of Ethical Leadership: The Leadership Virtues Questionnaire. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(4), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022286... )	36	200	5.6	19	EFA, CFA	US	Administrators
Thun and Kelloway (2011Thun, B., & Kelloway, E. K. (2011). Virtuous leaders: Assessing character strengths in the workplace. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 28(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.216... )	27	327	12.1	14	EFA	Canada	University employees
Racelis (2013Racelis, A. D. (2013). Developing a virtue ethics scale: Exploratory survey of Philippine managers. Asian Journal of Business & Accounting, 6(1), 15-37. Retrieved from https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664 https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/2664... )	34	140	4.1	22	EFA	Philippines	University students
Racelis (2014Racelis, A. D. (2014). Examining the global financial crisis from a virtue theory lens. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 14(2), 23-38. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examining_the_Global_Financial_Crisis_from_a_Virtue_Theory_Lens https://www.academia.edu/10525406/Examin... )	34	141	4.1	22	EFA	Philippines	Students who are managers
Yang et al. (2015Yang, H., Stoeber, J., Wang, Y. (2015). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: a preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.040 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.0... )	90	348	3.9	90	EFA	China	Students
Seijts et al. (2015Seijts, G., Gandz, J., Crossan, M., & Reno, M. (2015). Character matters: character dimensions´ impact on leader performance and outcomes. Organizational Dynamics, 44(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.11... )	10	364	36.4	10	-	Canada and the US	Organizations’ leaders
Koçyiğit and Karadağ (2016Koçyiğit, M., & Karadağ, E. (2016). Developing an ethical tendencies scale based on the theories of ethics. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 9(2), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.0016 https://doi.org/10.12711/TJBE.2016.9.001... )	10	312	31.2	26	EFA, CFA	Turkey	Undergraduate students
Stoeber and Yang (2016Stoeber, J., & Yang, H. F. (2016). Moral perfectionism and moral values, virtues, and judgments: Further investigations. Personality and Individual Differences, 88(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.0... )	48	243	5.1	48		China	University students
Wang and Hacket (2016Wang, G., & Hackett, R. D. (2016). Conceptualization and measurement of virtuous leadership: Doing well by doing good. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2560-... )	89	348	3.9	18	EFA, CFA	North America	MBA students
Dawson (2018Dawson, D. (2018). Measuring Individuals’ Virtues in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(4), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-... )	45	137	3.0	13	EFA, CFA	UK	HR professionals
Song and Kim (2018Song, S. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2018). Theory of Virtue ethics: Do consumers’ good traits predict their socially responsible consumption? Journal of Business Ethics, 152(4), 1159-1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3331-... )	50	400	8	50	CFA	US	Adults
Arthur et al. (2021Arthur, J., Earl, S. R., Thompson, A. P., & Ward, J. W. (2021). The value of character-based judgement in the professional domain. Journal of Business Ethics, 169, 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04269... )	24	2.340	97.5	24	ANOVA, CFA	US	Professionals in five different areas
Donada et al. (2019Donada, C., Mothe, C., Nogatchewsky, G., & Ribeiro, G. C. de. (2019). The Respective effects of virtues and inter-organizational management control systems on relationship quality and performance: Virtues Win. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(1), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-... )	14	201	14.4	14	-	France	CEOs
Shanahan and Hopkins (2019Shanahan, K. J., & Hopkins, C. D. (2019). Level of Agreement Between Sales Managers and Salespeople on the Need for Internal Virtue Ethics and a Direct Path from Satisfaction with Manager to Turnover Intent. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(3), 837-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3813-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3813-... )	3	129	43	3	CFA	US	Managers and salespeople
Specific moral virtues
Beekun et al. (2005Beekun, R. I., Westerman, J., & Barghouti, J. (2005). Utility of ethical frameworks in determining behavioral intention: A comparison of the US and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-... )	14	165	11.8	14	EFA	US and Russia	MBA students
Beugré (2012Beugré, C. D. (2012). Development and validation of a deontic justice scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2163-2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00935.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012... )	36	124(1) 101(2)	3.4 2.8	18	-	US	Employees of an electronics retail chain
Diessner et al. (2013Diessner, R., Iyer, R., Smith, M. M., & Haidt, J. (2013). Who engages with moral beauty? Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 139-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.785941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.... )	18	5.380 (1) 542(2)	298.9	18	SEM	US (Idaho)	University students
Grappi et al. (2013Grappi, S., Romani, S., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2013). Consumer response to corporate irresponsible behavior: Moral emotions and virtues. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1814-1821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.0... )	5	280	56.0	5	CFA	Italy	Consumers
Manly et al. (2015Manly, T. S., Leonard, L. N. K., & Riemenschneider, C. K. (2015). Academic integrity in the information age: Virtues of respect and responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(3), 579-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2060-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2060-... )	12	86	7.2	12	-	US	IT business students
Morgan et al. (2017Morgan, B., Gulliford, L., & Kristjánsson, K. (2017). A new approach to measuring moral virtues: The Multi-Component Gratitude Measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 107(1), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.044 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.0... )	119	477(1) 1.599(2)	4.0 55.1	29	EFA, CFA, ANOVA, MANOVA	UK	Online respondent
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