Adsorption of terbium ion on Fc/dymethylacrylamide: application of Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract

The crosslinking of the Fc fragment (IgG antibody) on a polymer matrix about of dimethylacrylamide (DMA), melamide group (MG) and n-acryloxy succinimide (NAS) was analyzed through Monte Carlo simulation at 277.15K and pH 7, in where Gibs free energy and the dipole moment indicated the spontaneity of the reaction through van der Waals interactions. In addition, the QSAR properties determinated that both the surface area and the volume allow to carry out the physical adsorption of the Fc fragment that was verified through the electronic distribution of the electrostatic potential maps (MESP) where the nucleophilic zones (blue color) and electrophilic (red color) were observed, while the partition coefficient (Log P) indicated the solubility of the process. Subsequently, the analysis of the adsorption of the terbium ion (Tb⁺³) at 277.15K and a pH 7 in Fc/polymeric matrix was carried out, observing that the Fc fragment presented a flat-on optimization geometry attributed to the Tb⁺³ that generates electronic repulsions, as well as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds derived from the Cys aminoacids formed a polar structure and that was corroborated by the Log P negative. Finally, the surface area and volume determined that Tb⁺³ adsorption showed an increase in surface area and volume with temperature.

Keywords:
Fc; polymer; QSAR; Gibbs; Monte Carlo

1. Introduction

The development of contrast agents has produced an advance in the analysis of clinical images of biological processes in which the lanthanide elements are analyzed to obtain multimodal images, diagnosis and cancer therapies due to properties of density and magnetic susceptibility^[1]. In addition, the lanthanides exhibit a low toxicity attributed to the trivalent state that allows are bonded to ligands that present an oxygen donor, besides are excellent indicators of degenerative diseases due to the antioxidant properties^[1,2]. The lanthanide elements have become more important in the identification and treatment of cancer, where the terbium ion (Tb⁺³) is used in the recognition of protein structures to develop new cancer inhibitors^[3]. However, the weak adsorption of these ions is attributed to the coordination numbers, the polarity of the transitions f-f and the restriction of rotation.

Nevertheless using polymer matrices the adsorption of lanthanides is carried out and therefore, the design of the controlled release systems are efficient and have no toxicity in the release of peptides, proteins and genes^[4,5]. There is a diversity of polymers used in the adsorption of biological macromolecules such as polymethyl methacrylate used in the identification of antigen-antibody^[6], while N-isopropylacrylamide has been studied in the adsorption of immunoglobulin IgG^[7]. On the other hand, Polystyrene generates hydrophobic and electrostatic attractions during the immobilization of antibodies in immunoassays^[8]. Polyacrylamide is the polymer of greatest use in the synthesis of polymer matrices for the adsorption of biological macromolecules in delivery systems due to the characteristics of biocompatibility^[1,9].

On the other hand, antibodies represent the most important biomolecules in the study of immune systems in the human body for applications in nanobiotechnology and biomedicine^[10-12]. Antibodies are constituted by a series of aminoacids; however, performing the computational analysis of the interactions of these molecules with lanthanide elements represents important computational times^[10].

The IgG (Immunoglobulin Gamma) antibody is constituted by glycoproteins of approximately 150 kDa and consists of two heavy chains of 50 kDa and two light chains of 25 kDa, respectively, which are bonded by internal disulfide bonds that have the function of generating the formation of loop to compact the antibody structure^[12,13]. The IgG antibody is used in therapies against advanced cancers due to the efficiency of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and crystallizable fragment (Fc), which are bonded through a hinge zone that allows the movement of Fab fragments^[12]. The Fc fragment is composed of the CH2 and CH3 domains that interact with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) of the placenta, liver, mammary glands as well as the intestine in order to control homeostasis and the delivery of IgG to the fetus through of the placenta^[14-19].

Although there are different computational models for the analysis of antibodies, the force fields of molecular mechanics are more accurate in the calculation of molecular properties mainly in the local reorganization as well as the analysis of the Fc receptor, the CH2 and CH3 domains in addition to the disulfide bonds where the free energy shows information of the molecular interactions and the electronic densities indicate the binding affinity^[16,20].

Computational simulation allows the design and understanding of scaffolding behavior or determination of antibody from QSAR descriptors or properties (Quantitative structure-activity relationship) that allow obtaining information on physicochemical properties, molecular weight, electronic density, surface area, volume, mass and partition coefficient (Log P).

In addition the electrostatic potential maps (MESP) indicate the interactions present in the antibodies^[21]. Besides, computational simulation allows the design of Fc derivatives for treatments of cancer, viral and immune diseases because they are used as binding media for the selection of functional binders or the obtaining of new proteins for clinical use by calculating the QSAR properties of new biopharmaceuticals^[22].

QSAR properties is obtaining using two-stage computational simulations; firstly the polymeric matrix and the Fc fragment and subsequently the adsorption of the lanthanide ion^[10]. These simulations are developed using Monte Carlo modeling to calculate the van der Waals interactions on the surface of the material in order to determine the electrostatic forces when the fragments have strong dipole moments because they predict the orientation on the surface, for example, if there is the influence of the van der Waals forces so the resulting geometry will be flat-on, these characteristics are of vital importance. In the addition of lanthanides to the antibodies in order to increase the efficiency of medical treatment^[23-25].

Thus, the objective of the research was to use the Monte Carlo modeling to determine the structural properties, the electronic distribution and the Log P of the Tb⁺³ adsorption on the Fc fragment using a polyacrylamide/melaimide/N-acryloxy succinimide polymeric matrix at 277.15K and a pH of 7.

2. Materials and Methods

Optimization geometry was calculated using the Hyperchem 8v software on a DELL computer with i7 processor. AMBER force field (Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement) of molecular mechanics was used applying the conjugate gradient method with the Polak-Ribiere algorithm, 19,000 processing cycles, and an RMS (Root mean square) of 0.001 Kcal/(Å-mol) as convergence criteria in order to obtain the minimum of the potential energy surface (PES) according to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the Schrodinger equation^[26-29]. In the design of the polymeric matrix, the geometry was optimized using the model PM3 (Parameterized Model number 3) of quantum mechanics.

Table 1 shows the structural properties of DMA (Dimethylacrylamide), NAS (N acryloxy succinimide) and MG (Melaimide group) respectively, which were used for the design of the polymer matrix of 10 and 40 units. The negative Gibbs free energy shows the thermodynamic stability of the individual molecules^[27]. On the other hand, the positive Log P determined that the MG is hydrophobic while the negative Log P of the NAS and DMA is slightly hydrophilic, a characteristic that can be used in medical applications as a support in the synthesis of proteins and controlled release systems^[28]. The dipole moment indicates that there is a difference in electronegativities attributed to the carbonyl bonds.

Table 1
Structural properties of DMA, NAS and MG obtained through the AMBER/PM3 hybrid model.

Properties	DMA	NAS	MG
Gibbs free energy (kcal/mol)	- 27,362	- 52,401	- 29,268
Dipole moment (Debyes-D)	3.7310	2.5330	1.8280
Surface area (Å2)	142.50	147.16	305.08
Volume (Å3)	158.15	170.31	458.49
Mass (amu)	99.13	169.14	154.24
Log P	0.210	- 0.050	1.870

Figure 1 shows the mapping of the surface of the isoelectronic density, where the shape and size of the electronic density was appreciated, besides the red coloration represents the negative zone or electrophilic and blue-staining the nucleophilic or positive generated mixture of molecular orbitals^[27,29-32]. The sequence design of the Fc fragment was carried out by means the amino acid and nucleic acid database in the Hyperchem software^[27].

Figure 1
MESP of (a) DMA, (b) NAS and (c) MG obtained through the AMBER/PM3 hybrid model. Where, cyan color: carbon, red color: oxygen, white color: hydrogen and purple color: nitrogen, respectively.

Table 2 shows the structural properties of the Fc fragment of the IgG antibody, where the AMBER force field was first used at 298.15K and then the Monte Carlo simulation was used at 277.15K and a pH of 7. The results show an increase in Gibbs free energy due to a structural rearrangement caused by the covalent interactions of the CH2 domain that generate a loss of thermodynamic stability while the CH3 domain remains constant due to a homo-interaction^[19,23]. According to the dipole moment it was observed that at 298.15K it has a value of 1,729 D due to the electrostatic interactions while at 277.15K the dominant interactions are van der Waals that produces a null dipole. The negative partition coefficient demonstrates that the Fc fragment is soluble in water due to the amount of OH groups present in the structure.

Table 2
Structural properties of Fc fragment by means AMBER force field.

Properties	Fc (298.15 K)	Fc (277.15K, pH 7)
Gibbs free energy (kcal/mol)	478.397	5,846.13
Dipole moment (Debyes-D)	1,7290	0
Surface area (Å2)	25,877.80	25,775.73
Volume (Å3)	40,016.99	40,074.38
Mass (amu)	24,483.99	24,594.85
Log P	- 130.790	- 166.650

Figure 2 shows the electronic distribution of the Fc fragment at 298.15 and 277.15K and a pH 7 where, the electrophilic zones are observed in red and the nucleophilic zones in blue.

Figure 2
MESP of Fc fragment using Monte Carlo modeling. Where, (a) 298.15 and (b) 277.15K, respectively.

It is also appreciated that the change in temperature increases the positive electronic distribution due to the molecular rearrangement caused by the hydrogen bonds and the van der Waals forces.

3. Results and Discussion

Table 3 shows the structural properties of the ratios 10/1:1 and 40/1:1 of the DMA/(NAS:MG) polymeric matrix calculated at 298K using the AMBER/PM3 hybrid model. It is appreciated that the free energy of Gibbs (ΔG) is spontaneous because the interactions between the molecules generate a rearrangement of charges caused by the heteroatoms, in addition to the difference of the ΔG that can be seen in Tables 1 and 3^[28,33]. The addition of the MG to the polymer generated the Michael reaction (nucleophilic) in the double bond of the structure of the melamide allows a reaction with the functional groups of DMA and NAS attributed to the electron loss of the carbonyls^[34].

Table 3
Structural properties of the polymer synthesized with DMA, NAS and MG.

Polymer (DAM)/(NAS-MG)	10/(1:1) units	40/(1:1) units
Gibbs free energy - ΔG(kcal/mol)	93.2824	341.116
Dipole moment (Debyes)	0	0
Surface area (Å2)	1,543.32	4,863.53
Volume (Å3)	3,250.29	10,918.87
Mass (amu)	1,271.64	4,245.63
Log P	- 0.390	- 7.870

Log P negative determined that the permeation of the hydroxyl group and the amount of carbonyl groups increased the solubility in the polymer chain, being observed in an electronic distribution in red color as shown in Figure 3^[35].

Figure 3
MESP where (a)10/(1:1) and (b) 40/(1:1) ratios of DMA/(NAS:MG) obtained by the AMBER/PM3 hybrid model.

Table 4 shows the structural properties of the crosslinking of the Fc with the 10 and 40 units of the polymeric matrix applying the Monte Carlo modeling at 277.15K and a pH of 7 were used to control the stability of the melaimide^[36]. Gibbs free energy indicated that there is a crosslinking process between Fc and polymer matrix attributed to the nucleophilic and polar character of the Cys (Cysteine) aminoacid that allows acting as a precursor in the formation of disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces present in the Fc fragment on the surface in the polymer matrix producing a molecular rearrangement of the nucleophilic zones first and then the electrophilic zones according to the Michael reaction of thiol groups and maleimides as well as an increase in the surface area that allowed the crosslinking^[37,38].

Table 4
Properties of crosslinking about of Fc/polymer matrix using Monte Carlo modeling.

Relation: Fc/DMA/(NAS:MG)	1/10/(1:1)		1/40/(1:1)
Properties/Temperature	298.15K	277.15K, pH7	298.15K	277.15K, pH7
Gibbs free energy (kcal/mol)	497.398	5,309.23	3,245.65	9,686.59
Dipole moment	1,923	0	2,771	0
(Debyes-D)
Surface area (Å2)	4,672.26	34,403.61	26,882.63	39,803.36
Volume (Å3)	10,627.59	36,775.80	36,838.94	39,085.50
Mass (amu)	4,342.780	25,965.62	28,826.77	28,948.71
Log P	- 5.42	- 201.53	- 253.04	- 298.48

On the other hand, the aminoacids on Fc are bonded to the polymer by means amino and carboxylic groups producing an amide bond called alpha-aminoacid^[39]. Finally, the sulfhydryl groups of the Cys aminoacids maintain the stability of the Fc fragment avoiding the oxidation process in addition to carrying out the bioconjugation reactions with the melaimide group of the polymer^[40,41].

Figure 4 shows that the hydrogen bonding interactions were located in the CH2 domain, however it is appreciated that there is a decrease in the molecular distance that causes an increase in the dipole-dipole, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic interactions producing a change in the potential surface energy that generates the electrophilic zones in red coloration, while the nucleophilic zones in blue coloration^[42,43].

Figure 4
MESP of the Fc fragment using the Monte Carlo modeling where, (a) 10 and (b) 40 units of polymeric matrix (DMA/NAS:MG).

Table 5 shows that the adsorption of the terbium ion (Tb⁺³) at 277.15K and a pH of 7 presents a Gibbs free energy that indicates a rearrangement due to the change in surface area and volume, attributed to the transfer of intramolecular energy originated by the overlap of the resonance energy of the Tb⁺³ and the energy of the triplet of the aminoacids presents in the Fc fragment^[44,45].

Table 5
Structural properties of adsorption process of de Tb⁺³ using Monte Carlo modelling.

Properties	Fc/Tb+3
Gibbs free energy (kcal/mol)	7,643.43
Dipole moment (Debyes)	0
Surface area (Å2)	33,274.34
Volume (Å3)	40,080.84
Mass (amu)	28,974.39
Log P	- 1,047.15

In addition, the presence of covalent interactions corresponding to Cys aminoacids that allow crosslinking with Tb^+3[46] as well as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. On the other hand, the melaimide group in the polymeric matrix allows carrying out the adsorption of thiols by the Cys aminoacids due to the formation of a thioether bond^[47,48].

Log P indicates the hydrophilic character attributed to the Cys aminoacid due to the sulfhydryl group and the hydroxyls present in the side chain of polar aminoacids such as Tyr (Tyrosine), Trp (Tryptophan) and Gln (Glutamine)^[48-50]. The control of the temperature at 277.15K is carried out to avoid a total deployment of the CH2 domains that would generate a decrease in the adsorption of Tb⁺³ as well as a degradation of the polymeric matrix and conformational changes of the Fc fragment^[44,51,52].

Figure 5 shows that the interactions with the Tb⁺³ ion produce α-helix and β-sheet structure of the Fc fragment attributed to the increase in structural stability that maintains the conformation^[23,38]. In addition, the electron density distribution indicates the presence of an electronic repulsion due to the polarization effected of the Tb⁺³ ion obtaining a geometry of the Fc fragment of the flat-on type^[25,53]. On the other hand, the carbonyl groups form bonds with the Tb⁺³ due to the transfer of electrons to the amino groups attributed to the delocalized electrons^[54,55]. Furthermore, pH control at 7 is carried out because at acid levels the aminoacid chain are protonated, that is, an electrostatic repulsion is generated, thus producing the denaturation of Fc^[56].

Figure 5
MESP of the adsorption of the Tb⁺³ using the Monte Carlo modeling where (a) 10 and (b) 40 units of polymeric matrix (DMA/NAS:MG). Terbium ion is denoted in black color.

4. Conclusions

The Monte Carlo simulation allowed to analyze first the crosslinking between the polymer matrix and the crystallizable fragment (Fc) and then the adsorption of the terbium ion (Tb⁺³) at 277.15K and a pH of 7, observing that the Gibbs free energies indicated a spontaneous process of the adsorption of the terbium ion using the Cys aminoacid.

In addition, the partition coefficient (Log P) determined that there is solubility in the adsorption attributed to the sulfhydryl and hydroxyl groups present in the Fc and through the melaimide group it was established that there is greater adsorption of Fc in the polymeric matrix. Conformational surface changes were determined due to the van der Waals forces that originated a flat-on structure of the Fc as well as hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds that were verified by changes in the electronic distribution of the MESPs where the increase of the nucleophilic zones and subsequently the electrophilic zones is appreciated as established in the Michael reaction.

5. Acknowledgements

I would like to say, thanks so much at Dr. Edgar Arriaga from School of Chemistry-University of Minnesota (Twin Cities) for all the support during the stay.

• How to cite: Rangel Vázquez, N. A. (2020). Adsorption of terbium ion on Fc/dymethylacrylamide: application of Monte Carlo simulation. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 30(1), e2020006. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.08419

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  01 June 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  09 Jan 2020
• Reviewed
  27 Mar 2020
• Accepted
  14 Apr 2020