An annotated avian inventory of the Brazilian state of Alagoas, one of the world’s most threatened avifauna

Abstract

The northeast Brazilian state of Alagoas harbors a rather diverse, and one of the world’s most threatened, avifauna. However, the knowledge about its avifauna is currently scattered on several publications and the state’s birds have never been comprehensively assembled into a checklist. To fill this shortfall, we present here the first critical review of all available bird records for the state of Alagoas. We present a list of 520 bird species recorded in the state, of which 503 are supported by documentary evidence. We also comment on the distribution, migratory movements, taxonomy and conservation of the region’s avifauna and correct previous misidentified or invalid records for the state.

Keywords.
Aves; Endangered; Extinction; Murici; Pernambuco Center of Endemism

INTRODUCTION

Located in a biogeographically privileged part of northeastern Brazil, the state of Alagoas harbors a rather diverse avifauna. It encompasses a portion of the Atlantic Forest remarkable for its high degree of endemicity, the so-called Pernambuco Center of Endemism (PCE). This center of endemism - supported by distributional patterns from a varied array of organisms including birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates and plants - comprises the strip of Atlantic Forest north of the São Francisco River (Brown, 1982; Prance, 1982; Silva et al., 2004; DaSilva et al., 2015; França et al., 2020; Peres et al., 2020) and has one of the world’s most threatened avifauna (Teixeira, 1986; Collar et al., 1992; Brooks & Balmford, 1996; Lees & Pimm, 2015). The interior of the state, in contrast to the coast’s rainforest, forms part of the Caatinga, the largest continuous area of the seasonally dry tropical forest biome, which harbors several birds found nowhere else (Lima, 2021). In addition, the state is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where it is rich in seabirds (Olmos, 2002; Sousa et al., 2005; Ramos et al., 2017; Almeida et al., 2019) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
(A) Location of the state of Alagoas highlighted within Brazil. (B) Location of the Pernambuco Center of Endemism (PCE), comprising the Atlantic Forest north of the Sao Francisco River (blue line). The Caatinga is depicted in yellow, the Atlantic Forest in green, and savannas are in orange, adapted from Olson et al. (2001), Sagot-Martin et al. (2020) and Lima (2021). (C) Main sites within the state mentioned throughout the text (numbers as in Table 1).

Table 1
Localities in Alagoas mentioned in the text.

Number	Locality	Longitude	Latitude
1	Barra Grande	08°59′06″S	35°11′44″W
2	Barra de Santo Antônio	09°24′00″S	35°30′00″W
3	Engenho Coimbra	09°00′14″S	35°50′44″W
4	Engenho/Fazenda Riachão	09°20′00″S	36°24′00″W
5	Fazenda Canoas	09°30′00″S	35°45′00″W
6	Fazenda Pindoba	09°46′29″S	36°14′05″W
7	Fazenda Santa Justina	09°14′00″S	35°29′00″W
8	Fazenda Serra Nova	09°18′24″S	35°50′11″W
9	Gunga Beach	09°51′52″S	35°54′35″W
10	Lagoa do Mundaú	09°37′46″S	35°46′49″W
11	Marituba do Peixe Protected Area	10°17′42″S	36°22′49″W
12	Mata da Sela	09°22′00″S	35°43′00″W
13	Mata do Cedro	09°31′00″S	35°54′00″W
14	Murici Ecological Station	09°12′49″S	35°52′31″W
15	Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve	09°14′29″S	36°25′20″W
16	Piaçabuçu Protected Area	10°23′57″S	36°21′28″W
17	Pontal do Peba	10°21′15″S	36°18′15″W
18	Sítio Cajaíba	10°15′22″S	36°43′14″W
19	Usina Santo Antônio	09°13′18″S	35°31′37″W
20	Usina Sinimbu	09°55′00″S	36°08′00″W
21	Usina Sumaúma	09°46′00″S	36°00′06″W

The first available information on the state’s avifauna was gathered when the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave came to study the region’s fauna and flora in the then Dutch-controlled northeastern Brazil (Marcgrave, 1648; reviewed by Schneider, 1938; Pinto, 1946; Teixeira, 1992, 2009). After the publication of Marcgrave’s Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, the state went through almost three centuries without any new information regarding its avifauna. The British naturalist William Swainson crossed the state in 1817 on a journey across northeastern Brazil (Swainson, 1819), but he left neither information on his route nor precise localities for the 760 bird specimens he collected in the region (Pacheco, 2004). Later, a group of scientists from the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), in an expedition to study Brazil’s fauna and flora, spent one day (30 July 1865) in Alagoas (Agassiz, 1868; Dick, 1977). Unfortunately, the bird specimens they collected seem to have been mixed with specimens from the state of Bahia and then mislabeled (see the account of Pyrrhura cruentata in ^{Appendix 2}), so that none can be assigned with certainty to Alagoas. The Brazilian zoologist Rodolpho von Ihering also collected in the state in 1933, as suggested by three bird skins from Santa Luzia do Norte deposited at the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), in Chicago. These likely constitute the oldest state records for Nyctidromus hirundinaceus (FMNH 111862), Netta erythrophthalma (FMNH 111863; Hellmayr & Conover, 1948a) and Nothura boraquira (FMNH 111864). New information regarding the state’s avifauna appeared in the literature only when the former Department of Zoology of the Secretary of Agriculture (today the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo; MZUSP) carried out two expeditions to collect birds in Alagoas in 1951 and 1952 (Pinto, 1952, 1954). This same institution carried out another two expeditions in 1957 and 1958 in the state in partnership with the Los Angeles County Museum (LACM). The hundreds of specimens collected in these two latter expeditions were deposited in both the MZUSP and LACM bird collections. Pinto & Camargo (1961) reported on the specimens that were deposited at the MZUSP, but those that were deposited at the LACM have barely appeared in the literature (e.g.,Short & Parkes, 1979) and some noteworthy ones will be highlighted here for the first time (e.g., see the account of Synallaxis hypospodia). Specimens from these 1951-1958 expeditions yielded an unprecedented increase in the state’s bird list and revealed several new bird taxa endemic to the PCE (Pinto, 1952, 1954; Pinto & Camargo, 1961), starting a prolific period of ornithological surveying in the state. Between 1979 and 1988, the Brazilian ornithologist Dante Teixeira led several surveys in Alagoas, especially in areas near the municipality of Murici, which revealed four bird species new to science (Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983a, b, 1985; Teixeira, 1987) and several range extensions (Teixeira et al., 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993). The region of Murici then attracted the attention of many ornithologists and birdwatchers that carried out field work in the region in the 1990s and early 2000s and produced several remarkable records (e.g., see the accounts of Hypoedaleus guttatus, Corythopis delalandi and Campylorhynchus turdinus).

In the meantime, also noteworthy is the long-term work of the ornithologist Anita Studer at the Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve, who has produced valuable information about the avifauna from this important site in the state (e.g.,Studer & Vielliard, 1988; Studer, 2015; Studer et al., 2018). More recent bird collection expeditions carried out in the state include one in Olho d’Água do Casado, led by Galileu Coelho and Mário Ferreira da Silva in 1999, which produced a few hundred specimens now deposited at the FMNH and Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), in Recife; one at Engenho Coimbra (Usina Serra Grande), led by the ornithologists Sônia Roda, Marcelo Sousa and Jose Tello between 1999 and 2000, which also produced a few hundred specimens deposited at the FMNH and UFPE; another at the same site by the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) in June 2010, which produced about seventy specimens; and several expeditions to multiple forest fragments (e.g., Mata do Cedro, Fazenda Santa Justina, Usina Coruripe, Usina Santo Antônio, Usina Sumaúma and Usina Serra Grande) led by LFS between 1999 and 2020, which produced hundreds of specimens deposited at the MZUSP. Also, since 2010 researchers from the Laboratório de Bioecologia e Conservação de Aves Neotropicais (LABECAN) at the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL) have been monitoring birds in the largest forest fragment of the Murici Ecological Station, and birds collected therein have been deposited at the Museu de História Natural da UFAL (MHNAL), in Maceió. Results from these 1999-2020 expeditions have served as the basis for a number of studies (e.g.,Roda & Carlos, 2003; Silveira & Olmos, 2003; Silveira et al., 2003a, b; 2004; Dénes et al., 2011; Batalha-Filho et al., 2013, 2014; Lobo-Araújo et al., 2013; Pereira et al., 2014b, 2019a; Rêgo et al., 2014; Thom & Aleixo, 2015; Tonetti et al., 2017; Campos et al., 2018; Bolívar-Leguizamón et al., 2020; Harvey et al., 2020; Bocalini et al., 2021; Carvalho et al., 2021; Dickens et al., 2021; Francisco et al., 2021; Gonçalves & Efe, 2022). The number of ornithological surveys (e.g.,Cabral et al., 2006; Araujo & Rodrigues, 2011; Lyra-Neves et al., 2012; Portes et al., 2018); many notes on specific records for the state have also been published (e.g.,Silva e Silva, 1996; Olmos, 2002; Sousa et al., 2005; Mestre, 2007; Lobo-Araújo et al., 2008; Patrial et al., 2011; Pereira et al., 2012; Leal et al., 2013) and birdwatchers have also been producing many new records for the state (WikiAves, 2021).

All this knowledge about the avifauna of Alagoas is, however, currently scattered on several publications and the state’s birds have never been comprehensively assembled into a checklist. Thus, we present here the first critical review of all available bird records for the state of Alagoas, wherein we thoroughly consider each species’ occurrence to assemble an annotated checklist of the state’s avifauna and highlight noteworthy cases, including comments on the distribution (including new records for the state and range extensions for some species), migratory movements, taxonomy and conservation of the region’s avifauna. Such a review allows us not only to indicate how many and which bird species occur in the state, but also to synthesize the knowledge accumulated on such species - for instance, about regional patterns of geographic variation, regional extinctions, and pointing out subjects that need further research - and correct misidentified records published for the region, thus preventing their dissemination into the literature.

METHODS

We compiled bird records from the state’s mainland and offshore areas up to the edge of the continental shelf (ca. 40 km from the coast). Records came from various sources, including an exhaustive survey of the ornithological literature, searches on online archives such as WikiAves (WA; www.wikiaves.com.br), Macaulay Library (ML; www.macaulaylibrary.org), xeno-canto (XC; www.xeno-canto.org), Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV; www2.ib.unicamp.br/fnjv), Arquivo Sonoro Elias Coelho (ASEC), Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; www.gbif.org), VertNet (www.vertnet.org), Integrated Digitized Biocollections (iDigBio; www.idigbio.org) and Brazilian Biodiversity Information System (SiBBr; www.sibbr.gov.br), personal communication with researchers that conducted field work in the state, and our own unpublished records. We also examined hundreds of museum specimens collected in the state, many of which are cited below throughout the species accounts. By searching on GBIF, VertNet, iDigBio and SiBBr, and in the literature, we found bird specimens from Alagoas in the collections of the British Museum of Natural History at Tring (NHMUK), Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH), Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Los Angeles County Museum (LACM), Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science (LSUMZ), Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology (WFVZ), Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), Museu de História Natural da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (MHNAL), Coleção Ornitológica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Coleção Ornitológica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) and Coleção de Aves do Museu de Zoologia da UNICAMP (ZUEC). Every important or biogeographically unexpected record in these collections was carefully checked either physically or through photographs requested from the curatorial staff.

In order to facilitate comparisons among Brazilian state checklists, we follow the taxonomy of the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee (CBRO; Pacheco et al., 2021). In addition, we adopt their format by dividing the state’s checklist into three components to distinguish species according to the availability and validity of documentary evidence (see also Carlos et al., 2010). The primary list includes only species with at least one documented record in the state (i.e., an evidence-based record such as a specimen, photograph or sound recording), whereas the secondary list includes species with published records for the state, but whose documentary evidence either does not exist (e.g., sight records) or is unavailable. The primary and secondary lists form the state’s main checklist, with species of the secondary list presented within brackets to distinguish them from those supported by documented records (Appendix 1). Finally, a tertiary list includes species for which there are published records for the state, but whose evidence is either questionable or considered invalid herein (^{Appendix 2}). The latter is an effective way of cleaning up misidentifications and dubious records from the literature and, of course, species listed therein must not be considered part of the state’s avifauna.

Species in the primary list were assigned to one of five categories regarding their status in the state: resident (RE), seasonal visitor from the Northern Hemisphere (VN), seasonal visitor from the Southern Hemisphere (VS), vagrant (VA) or unknown (UN). Species known or assumed to be resident throughout their range were automatically treated as resident in the state unless there is evidence suggesting otherwise, whereas species known to undertake migratory movements (e.g.,Sick, 1983, 1997; Chesser, 1994; Somenzari et al., 2018) were analyzed on a case-by-case basis and then classified according to their status within the state. Species in the secondary list were not assigned to such categories because the very occurrence of some of them in the state is uncertain.

All localities mentioned in the species accounts and in the discussion are in Alagoas, unless otherwise stated. Coordinates for the localities in Alagoas are given in Fig. 1 and Table 1, while localities in other states are georeferenced in the main text when necessary.

RESULTS

We present a list of 520 bird species recorded in the state of Alagoas, of which 503 are on the primary list and 17 are on the secondary list (Appendix 1). Residents and seasonal visitors correspond to 87.1% (n = 438) and 8.8% (n = 44) of the primary list, respectively. Vagrants are represented by only four species in the primary list and 17 species have unknown status in the state. We also found 16 species allegedly recorded in the state, but whose records we have considered to be either questionable or invalid (noted as such in ^{Appendix 2}). Below we highlight noteworthy records for the state, including new records, range extensions, comments on single records, and notes substantiating the inclusion of every species on the secondary list.

Noteworthy species on the primary list

Crypturellus strigulosus

This Amazonian tinamou with an isolated population in the PCE was seemingly once common and abundant in the lowland rainforests of Pernambuco (Berla, 1946). Three collected at Usina Sinimbu in 1952 (MZUSP 37156-37158; Pinto, 1954), and another six in 1957 (MZUSP 38909-38911; LACM 26744-26746), suggest that it was also common in nearby Alagoas until the 1950s. More recent records range from 1990 to 2019 and are from Dois Irmãos State Park (XC 7951; G.A. Pereira) and Paulista (XC 124710; M. Braun), Pernambuco, and from Passo de Camaragibe (WA 1450011; J.F. Pacheco), Fazenda Pindoba (XC 568540; G.S.T. Lima), Usina Sumaúma (four birds singing in September 2019; LFS) and Usina Santo Antônio (Silveira et al., 2003a), Alagoas. The PCE isolated population is now extremely rare, local, vulnerable to hunting and on the verge of extinction. No captive population of this isolated population is known, and genetic information is not available.

Pauxi mitu

Described from a 17^th-century painting (Marcgrave, 1648; Linnaeus, 1766), rediscovered only in the 1950s (Pinto, 1952), and then extinct in the wild during the 1980s (Collar et al., 1992; Silveira et al., 2004), the Alagoas Curassow is now being reintroduced in the wild after a successful captive breeding program (Francisco et al., 2021). Information regarding its puzzling taxonomic history and conservation has been covered in detail elsewhere (Collar et al., 1992; Costa et al., 2017; Silveira et al., 2004, 2008).

Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis

Formerly known from several locations throughout the PCE and two rainforest enclaves in northern Ceará (Berla, 1946; Pinto & Camargo, 1961; Albano & Girão, 2008; Roda, 2003, 2008; Almeida & Teixeira, 2010), the critically endangered O. c. plumbeicollis has only two known surviving populations, one in Serra de Baturité, Ceará, and the other in the Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve, Alagoas (Studer, 2015).

Geotrygon violacea

One specimen collected at Usina Sinimbu on 18 February 1957 (MZUSP 38945; Pinto & Camargo, 1961; Fig. 2), an unspecified number of individuals observed in Murici in the 1980s (Teixeira et al., 1993), two birds observed at Fazenda Santa Justina in 2017 (LFS), and four birds mist-netted at the Murici Ecological Station between 2011 and 2019 are the only records of this rather rare dove in the PCE.

Figure 2
Violaceous Quail-Dove, MZUSP 38945, collected at Usina Sinimbu, Alagoas, on 18 February 1957 (© Rafael D. Lima).

Chaetura spinicaudus

Two specimens collected at Usina Sinimbu on 13 November 1952 (MZUSP 35984 and 35985; Pinto, 1954; Fig. 3), one collected at the Murici Ecological Station on 5 May 1984 (MNRJ 33826; Teixeira et al., 1986) and another four collected in Murici retrieved on GBIF (MNRJ 34935, 34936, MNA2637 and MNA2647) are the only documented records of this swift in the PCE. Sightings are reported from other sites, including Mata da Sela, Engenho Coimbra, and Usina Santo Antônio (Roda, 2003; Silveira et al., 2003a).

Figure 3
Band-rumped Swifts, MZUSP 35984 and 35985, collected at Usina Sinimbu, Alagoas, on 13 November 1952 (© Rafael D. Lima).

Gallinago undulata gigantea

The occurrence of this species in northeastern Brazil - where it is very local and usually syntopic with the much commoner G. paraguaiae - is often overlooked in reference works and field guides (e.g.,Erize et al., 2006; Van Gils et al., 2020). One specimen collected in São Miguel dos Campos (MNRJ 34436) is the only record of this species in Alagoas. Other records in the PCE include two specimens collected in Recife on 16 July 1943 (USNM 375743) and 15 September 1943 (USNM 375744; Lamm, 1948) and one collected in Igarassu on 4 February 1945 (MNRJ 24678; Berla, 1946), all in Pernambuco.

Chroicocephalus maculipennis

One specimen collected at Barra Grande on 22 September 1883 (NHMUK 1894.10.28.26; Fig. 4) is possibly the only record of this gull in northeastern Brazil (Saunders, 1896; Hellmayr & Conover, 1948b; Pinto, 1978; Sick, 1997). Another specimen collected at Pontal do Peba, identified as being of this species, was retrieved on GBIF (MNRJ 36035), but it was not possible to check it and confirm its identification.

Figure 4
Brown-hooded Gull, NHMUK 1894.10.28.26, collected at Barra Grande, Maragogi, Alagoas, on 22 September 1883 (© Mark Adams).

Spheniscus magellanicus

Dantas et al. (2013) suggested that the species has recently extended its winter range northward. However, they stated that the species had never been recorded before 2008 in Alagoas, when in fact it had been recorded in the state since the 1950s (Teixeira et al., 1988). It is not so clear whether the birds that arrive in Alagoas are just vagrants or birds that have extended their winter range, but Magellanic Penguins beached in the region are not uncommon and thus the latter option may be valid (as advocated by Dantas et al., 2013). For instance, a monitoring program found 53 individuals beached between Piaçabuçu, Alagoas, and Conde, Bahia, between 2010 and 2015 (Almeida et al., 2019).

Procellaria aequinoctialis

Previous northernmost records in Brazil are from the states of Bahia and Sergipe (Lima et al., 2004; Sousa et al., 2005; Somenzari et al., 2018). One carcass found at Gunga Beach on 6 July 2018 is the only record in Alagoas (Fig. 5).

Figure 5
White-chinned Petrel found at Gunga Beach, Roteiro, Alagoas, on 6 July 2018 (© Instituto Biota de Conservação).

Mycteria americana

Records in the state are restricted to October-April (WikiAves, 2021). With the exception of two records in June and July, records from the nearby states of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Sergipe on WikiAves are also restricted to October-April (WikiAves, 2021), suggesting that Wood Storks may be seasonal visitors in extreme northeastern Brazil. The species is known to undertake migratory movements according to local water levels, leaving breeding grounds when the water level is too high for tactile feeding (Del Lama et al., 2015); thus, the Caatinga may provide a suitable habitat during the region’s rainy season.

Elanoides forficatus

Records from extreme northeastern Brazil are few and sparse, and always involving single individuals. All records from the states of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco and Alagoas fall between October and April (Roda & Pereira, 2006; Pereira et al., 2014b; WikiAves, 2021; V. Leandro pers. comm.), but there are records in the nearby state of Piauí almost year-round (WikiAves, 2021). The only documented record for Alagoas is one individual photographed in Japaratinga on 19 October 2018 (WA 3332050; R. Oliveira). We tentatively assume that the subspecies in the state is E. f. yetapa, but it remains to be assessed whether birds that reach the region come from North America (E. f. forficatus) or from other regions (E. f. yetapa) and whether the species is a regular visitor in extreme northeastern Brazil.

Harpagus bidentatus

One specimen collected in Goiana, Pernambuco, in October 1945 (Lamm, 1948) and two photographs from the Murici Ecological Station in January 2008 (WA 57323; C. Albano) and November 2009 (WA 108070; F. Tavares) are the only documented records in the PCE.

Strix virgata

Seemingly uncommon and local in the PCE (Roda & Pereira, 2006; Sagot-Martin et al., 2020). Reference works, likely based only on records from the state of Maranhão and unaware of the species’ occurrence in the PCE, usually assign the populations throughout northeastern Brazil to the whitish-bellied Amazonian form S. v. superciliaris (König & Weick, 2008; Holt et al., 2020). However, birds in the PCE exhibit a brown belly (e.g., WA 2156248; S. Jones) and thus are best assigned to the Atlantic Forest form S. v. borelliana.

Trogon viridis

Formerly recorded in several sites in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas (Berla, 1946; Pinto, 1954; Farias et al., 2002; Roda, 2003; Silveira et al., 2003a; Minns et al., 2010; Pereira et al., 2019b), thus suggesting that the species was once common or at least more widespread in the region. However, it has not been recorded in the PCE for nearly a decade. In the Murici Ecological Station, three were observed between 4 and 5 March 2001, of which one was tape-recorded (ML 128023; C. Marantz pers. comm.), and another was tape-recorded on 11 October 2002 (XC 511851; D. Buzzetti). Despite several ornithologists and birdwatchers conducting field work at this site, Green-backed Trogons have not been recorded there anymore. The last record of this species in the PCE we are aware of is a male photographed in Passo de Camaragibe, Alagoas, on 23 March 2013 (WA 1423861; J. Nogueira).

Trogon collaris eytoni

One female collected in Murici on 11 May 1984 (Teixeira et al., 1986) is the only record of this species in the PCE. Despite dozens of ornithologists and hundreds of birdwatchers conducting field work in Murici in the last four decades, no new records of the species have been produced, suggesting it may be extinct in the PCE.

Chelidoptera tenebrosa

One specimen supposedly collected in Maceió in 1865 (MCZ 7237) cannot be assigned with certainty to Alagoas (see Introduction), and thus four collected at Usina Sinimbu in February-March 1957 (LACM 26813, 26814, MZUSP 38985 and 38986) are likely the only records of this species in Alagoas. In the PCE, it was also recorded in Mamanguape, Paraíba (Pinto & Camargo, 1961).

Monasa nigrifrons

The isolated population in the PCE is known from only four records. One specimen collected at Fazenda Santa Justina on 17 March 1987 (MNRJ 34915; Teixeira et al., 1988) and another tape-recorded in Pilar on 31 December 1990 (WA 1258860; J.F. Pacheco) are the only records of this species in Alagoas. In nearby Pernambuco, it was recorded at Usina Trapiche (08°32′00″S, 35°12′11″W) on 15 October 2007 (XC 205736; Pereira et al., 2008) and at Mata do Estado (07°37′11″S, 35°30′11″W) on 5 February 2012 (XC 322376; M. Braun). The absence of recent records in the region suggests that the species may be locally extinct.

Celeus flavus subflavus

The occurrence of this species in the PCE has sometimes been overlooked in reference works (e.g.,Short, 1982; Gorman, 2014). The collection of two individuals at Usina Sinimbu in 1952 (MZUSP 37301 and 37302; Pinto, 1954), another three at this same site in 1957 (MZUSP 38993, LACM 26799 and 26800), one in Coruripe (MNRJ 33860), and two at Fazenda Santa Justina (MNRJ 35716 and 35717), in the 1980s, suggest that this woodpecker was once common in the state’s coastal forests. We are not aware of any records in the PCE since the 1980s and the taxon may therefore be extinct in the PCE.

Amazona rhodocorytha

Three collected at Usina Sinimbu on 7 March 1957 (LACM 26764, MZUSP 38953 and 38954; Pinto & Camargo, 1961) and one collected from a flock of six in April 1984 (MNRJ 33807) are the only specimens of this threatened parrot in the PCE (Collar et al., 1992). We photographed and tape-recorded four individuals in a forest fragment at Usina Sumaúma, and this tiny population is being monitored since 2017. The species is on the verge of extinction in the PCE.

Myrmotherula snowi

Discovered in Murici (Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1985) and later recorded in three other localities in the state of Pernambuco, the species is currently recorded only in the Murici Ecological Station (Pereira et al., 2014a), wherein the population is estimated at less than 30 individuals (Gonçalves & Efe, 2022).

Thamnomanes caesius

Records in several localities, both in lowland and montane forests, in the states of Alagoas (Pinto, 1954; Teixeira, 1987; Roda, 2003; Minns et al., 2010), Pernambuco (Berla, 1946; Roda, 2003; Lyra-Neves et al., 2004) and Paraíba (eBird checklist S55209298 by F. Olmos & S. Roda), suggest that Cinereous Antshrike was once widespread in the PCE. The last known records in the region are tape-recordings from the Murici Ecological Station in 2004 (e.g., XC 521955; D. Buzzetti). Despite several ornithologists and birdwatchers conducting field work at most of these sites, particularly at the latter (e.g.,Gonçalves & Efe, 2022), no recent records are known. The species is likely extinct in the PCE.

Hypoedaleus guttatus

One individual tape-recorded at the Murici Ecological Station on 28 November 1993 (WA 1299779; Pacheco & Whitney, 1995) is the only record of this species in the PCE. This very vocal and easy-to-detect antshrike is likely extinct in the state.

Drymophila squamata

Unpublished genetic data suggest that the PCE population has diverged from populations south of the São Francisco River (Fazza, 2015). It is probably extinct in the neighboring state of Pernambuco, wherein the last documented record we are aware of is a male tape-recorded in 2008 (WA 1369365; C. Albano). The PCE population of the Scaled Antbird survives only in the Murici Ecological Station. Ornithologists that surveyed the region between the 1980s and early 2000s reported that the species was very common (Teixeira et al., 1986; eBird checklist S64422055 by T. Schulenberg; C. Marantz pers. comm.), but now it seems to be almost as scarce as Myrmotherula snowi, with only 22 birds captured during more than ten years of mist netting at the Murici Ecological Station (October 2010 - March 2021). The PCE population probably deserves conservation concern.

Chamaeza campanisona

Disjunctly distributed across much of South America (Ridgely & Tudor, 2009), the Short-tailed Antthrush has an isolated population in the Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve, where it is seemingly common (Teixeira et al., 1988; Studer, 2015; Studer et al., 2018).

Sclerurus macconnelli bahiae

One collected at Usina Sinimbu on 28 February 1957 (MZUSP 39040; Pinto & Camargo, 1961; Fig. 6) is the only documented record, and perhaps the only record at all, of this leaftosser in the PCE. Undocumented records in northern Pernambuco (Roda, 2002; Roda & Carlos, 2004; Pereira, 2009a, b) are only mentions on species lists and lack evidence to be credible.

Figure 6
Tawny-throated Leaftosser, MZUSP 39040, collected at Usina Sinimbu, Alagoas, on 28 February 1957 (© Rafael D. Lima).

Sclerurus caudacutus caligineus

Historically known from only two or three localities in the PCE, S. c. caligineus is on the brink of extinction (CEMAVE, 2018). Three specimens, including the holotype, were collected in 1952 (MZUSP 36415, 37367 and 37368; Pinto, 1954), and another three in 1957 (MZUSP 39041, LACM 26867 and 26868), at Usina Sinimbu. Another was collected in São Miguel dos Campos (MNRJ 32033) and three at the Murici Ecological Station (MNRJ 32034, 32035 and 34537) in the 1980s. The lowland forests of Usina Sinimbu and São Miguel dos Campos were entirely transformed into sugar cane plantations and S. c. caligineus has currently been recorded only at the Murici Ecological Station, where it is very rare; during more than ten years of mist netting, only one individual was captured there in January 2017.

Dendrocolaptes medius

Records from four different sites in the lowland rainforests of Pernambuco and Alagoas suggest that this woodcreeper was relatively more widespread in the PCE until the 1950s. One specimen was collected in Igarassu, Pernambuco, in 1945 (MNRJ 24788; Berla, 1946), two in São Miguel dos Campos in 1951 (MZUSP 37307 and 37308; Pinto, 1954), two in Rio Largo in 1951 (MZUSP 37309 and 37310; Pinto, 1954), and two at Usina Sinimbu in 1957 (MZUSP 38999 and LACM 26865). Once the region’s lowland forests have been virtually decimated, the species is currently known from only one site, the Murici Ecological Station, where it is seemingly very rare and may be close to extinction.

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris

The state of Alagoas seems to harbor (or has once harbored) two distinct forms of the Campylorhamphus trochilirostris complex, which, as currently delimited (Marantz et al., 2003), is polyphyletic (Portes, 2014; Harvey et al., 2020) and includes vocally distinct populations (RDL pers. obs.). A specimen collected at Fazenda Canoas on 12 October 1951 (MZUSP 37334) is morphologically much closer to birds from the lowland forests of eastern Bahia (C. t. trochilirostris) than to birds from the South American dry diagonal (C. t. major) and thus likely pertains to the nominate form (Pinto, 1954; Fig. 7). Another specimen, collected at Sítio Cajaíba on 22 November 2009 (MZUSP 84517), and all other records in the state (e.g., WA 1357337; P. Têia) are identical to birds from the South American dry diagonal and thus are best assigned to C. t. major. Interestingly, a specimen from Jaqueira, Pernambuco (FMNH 392474), grouped phylogenetically with birds from the South American dry diagonal (C. t. major) rather than with birds from eastern Bahia (C. t. trochilirostris) in an unpublished molecular phylogeny of the genus Campylorhamphus (Portes, 2014). This indicates that both forms occur in the PCE, being the nominate likely restricted to the lowlands and C. t. major a peripheral inhabitant of the interior forests. A specimen from Murici (MNRJ 34523) has never been examined and is of unknown identity.

Figure 7
From left to right: Campylorhamphus trochilirostris trochilirostris from Igrapiúna, Bahia (MZUSP 91432), Rio Jucurucu, Bahia (MZUSP 14183), and Fazenda Canoas, Alagoas (MZUSP 37334); and Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major from Pacoti, Ceará (MZUSP 33262), and Sítio Cajaíba, Alagoas (MZUSP 84517) (© Rafael D. Lima).

Synallaxis hypospodia

Although some reference works mention the species’ occurrence in Alagoas (e.g.,Sick, 1997), specific records from the state have never been reported in the primary literature. One specimen collected at Usina Sinimbu on 12 March 1957 (LACM 26877; Fig. 8) is the first state record, which has never been reported in the literature possibly because the specimen was confused in the field with another regionally commoner Synallaxis spinetail. The species was later tape-recorded at Fazenda Riachão on 22 April 1985 (FNJV 8568; J. Vielliard), 18 May 1988 (FNJV 9236; J. Vielliard) and 23 May 1988 (FNJV 10033; J. Vielliard), and at Fazenda Serra Nova on 13 October 1987 (ML 272328; T. Schulenberg), and collected at Fazenda Riachão (MNRJ 34974), Grota do Uruçú (MNRJ 34975), São Miguel dos Campos (MNRJ 34533) and Maceió (MNRJ 36347) in the 1980s. In the PCE, the species is also known from nearby Pernambuco (e.g.,Farias et al., 2002; WikiAves, 2021).

Figure 8
Cinereous-breasted Spinetail, LACM 26877, collected at Usina Sinimbu, Alagoas, on 12 March 1957 (© Kimball L. Garrett).

Carpornis melanocephala

An isolated population in the PCE is known only from the Murici Ecological Station, where one specimen was collected in 1983 (MNRJ 33904; Teixeira et al., 1986) and many individuals have been photographed and tape-recorded until today. The size of this population, however, is unknown.

Procnias nudicollis

Records of this species in the states of Paraíba (Zenaide, 1953), Pernambuco (Berla, 1946) and Alagoas (Teixeira et al., 1986; Roda & Carlos, 2003) suggest that it was once widespread within the PCE. In Alagoas, three specimens were collected at the Murici Ecological Station in 1984 (MNRJ 33906-33908), where the species seemed to be common (Teixeira et al., 1986). No recent records are known in the PCE.

Tityra inquisitor

Two specimens collected at Engenho Coimbra on 15 July 2000 (UFPE 3218 and FMNH 427127, the former reported by Roda & Carlos, 2003) are the only records of this species in the PCE.

Oxyruncus cristatus

An isolated population in the PCE is known from only four sites: Murici Ecological Station (Teixeira et al., 1986), Engenho Coimbra (Roda, 2003), Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve (Pereira et al., 2008; Studer et al., 2015) and Mata de Maria Maior (Pereira et al., 2008), the latter in Pernambuco.

Piprites chloris

An isolated population in the PCE has previously been reported from the state of Pernambuco (Roda & Dantas, 2008; Pereira et al., 2012). Recent photographic records in Passo de Camaragibe (WA 1624207; J. Nogueira) and São Miguel dos Milagres (WA 2397244; E. Ramirez) and one specimen collected in Passo de Camaragibe (MZUSP 107491) are the first records for Alagoas, thus extending the known range of the PCE population.

Platyrinchus leucoryphus

This Atlantic Forest endemic is known to occur from Paraguay to southern Bahia, Brazil (Collar et al., 1992; Gabriel & Silva-Filho, 2011). One individual mist-netted and collected at the Murici Ecological Station on 10 October 2010 (MHNAL 356; Fig. 9) constitutes the northernmost record by approximately 840 km and the only one in the PCE. No species of the genus Platyrinchus is known to undertake migratory movements, therefore we assume that a population had gone unnoticed in the PCE until then. Because it has never been recorded again in the PCE, this single record may have been the first and the last of this putative PCE population (as with Hypoedaleus guttatus). The collected specimen was compared with the series housed at MZUSP and no clear plumage of morphometric differences were found.

Figure 9
Russet-winged Spadebill mist-netted at the Murici Ecological Station on 10 October 2010 (© LABECAN/UFAL).

Corythopis delalandi

This flycatcher was tape-recorded twice at the Murici Ecological Station, on 22 March 1998 and 29 January 2000 (Minns et al., 2010), and since then it has never been recorded again in the PCE. These records in Alagoas represent a considerable extension of the species’ range depicted in reference works (Ridgely & Tudor, 2009; Fitzpatrick, 2020). The species is often common where it occurs, thus its current absence in the PCE may suggest that it is extinct in the region.

Pseudocolopteryx sclateri

This marsh-dwelling flycatcher has a remarkable patchy distribution across much of South America (Ridgely & Tudor, 2009). In northeastern Brazil, it was known only from southeastern Bahia (Pinto, 1944; Sick, 1997). One recently photographed at the Marituba do Peixe Protected Area on 16 May 2020 (ML 236683251; E. Vieira) is the only record of the species in the PCE. Curiously, unpublished data had already suggested habitat suitability for this species precisely in the region of this record (Jordan, 2018).

Campylorhynchus turdinus

Two pairs tape-recorded at the Murici Ecological Station on 2 March 2001 (ML 128007 at 39-48 seconds), and one individual seen at the same site on 4 March 2001 (C. Marantz pers. comm.), are the only records in the PCE and are being reported for the first time here. No records have been produced since then, suggesting this conspicuous species may be extinct in the region.

Turdus fumigatus

Four specimens collected at Fazenda Santa Justina on 16 March 1987 (MNRJ 34926-34929; Teixeira et al., 1988) are the only documented records in Alagoas. The species was reported to be extremely sought by bird trappers in Murici and was often found in local markets in Maceió during the 1980 and early 1990s (Fernando Pinto pers. comm.). Undocumented records at Mata do Cedro (Campos et al., 2018) are possibly misidentifications.

Turdus albicollis

Usually considered to be sedentary, this species was not included in a recent review of migratory birds in Brazil (Somenzari et al., 2018). However, almost all records in the PCE fall between October and April (Berla, 1946; Pinto & Camargo, 1961; Roda, 2003; Silveira et al., 2003a; Minns et al., 2010; and several sound recordings on ASEC, FNJV, ML and XC), suggesting that the species is likely a migrant in the region. The only exception to this putative pattern of seasonality we are aware of is one specimen collected at Engenho Coimbra on 29 July 2000 (FMNH 427206). It has also been recorded at the Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve (Studer et al., 2015), but no date information is available.

Cacicus haemorrhous

The collection of seven red-rumped caciques between 1951 and 1952 (MZUSP 37684-37690; Pinto, 1954), and another eleven in 1957 (MZUSP 39265-39269; LACM 27141, 27142, 27164-27167), at the coastal forests of Alagoas suggest that the species was once common in the state. It was also collected in nearby Pernambuco in 1880 (NHMUK 1885.11.2.114 and 1885.11.2.115; W. Forbes), 1903 (NHMUK 1903.12.15.62 and 1903.12.15.63; A. Robert) and 1927 (AMNH 245727, 245728, 245748-245751; E. Kaempfer). Although the species was once common in the PCE (Teixeira, 1992), it has currently been recorded only in the vicinity of the Murici Ecological Station (e.g., WA 4222775; C. Almeida) and may be close to local extinction.

Anumara forbesi

The great morphological similarity of this species and the more widespread Chopi Blackbird Gnorimopsar chopi has been a source of confusion and misidentified records since its discovery (Short & Parkes, 1979; Studer & Vielliard, 1988; Collar et al., 1992). The Forbes’s Blackbird was long known only from the holotype in the British Museum at Tring, until Short & Parkes (1979) discovered several misidentified museum specimens of the species. They found that some specimens collected in Alagoas, in the expedition carried out by the MZUSP in partnership with the LACM between 1957 and 1958, had been misidentified as G. chopi.Short & Parkes (1979), however, examined only those specimens deposited at the LACM, and not those at MZUSP, which remained misidentified and had their identification corrected later by Collar et al. (1992). Thus, all specimens collected in Alagoas between 1951 and 1957 and formerly identified as G. chopi (Pinto, 1954: 92; Pinto & Camargo, 1961: 273) are in fact A. forbesi (MZUSP 37714, 39281-39290; LACM 27134-27140).

Habia rubica

Formerly known from at least ten sites in the PCE (Berla, 1946; Lamm, 1948; Pinto, 1954; Roda, 2003; Minns et al., 2010), the species was until recently regarded as extinct in the region due to the absence of records between 2007 and 2018. However, it has recently been rediscovered at the Murici Ecological Station, Alagoas (ML 133034621; A. Andrade), and at Fazenda Morim (08°52′04″S, 35°12′31″W), Pernambuco (WA 4563059; S. Jones).

Tersina viridis

A few hundred photographic records on WikiAves from the Brazilian states of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia fall between March and August (WikiAves, 2021), suggesting that the species is a seasonal visitor in northeastern Brazil. Literature records from this region are scarce, but generally corroborate this pattern (e.g.,Dantas et al., 2007; Pereira et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2012; Somenzari et al., 2018). The seemingly complex migratory movements of the Swallow Tanager are little known (Somenzari et al., 2018) and thus further study, especially with tracking technologies such as geolocators, is warranted.

Cissopis leverianus

One specimen collected at the Saltinho Biological Reserve, Pernambuco, on 19 September 1979 (UFPE 863) and three collected in Matriz de Camaragibe, Alagoas, in the 1980s (MNRJ 34562, 35118 and MNA695) are the only documented records of this species in the PCE. More recent records in the PCE are all undocumented and are more than ten years old (Farias et al., 2002; Roda, 2003; Lyra-Neves et al., 2004; Dantas et al., 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2007; Pereira, 2009c) thus suggesting that the species, as many others, may be regionally extinct. Interestingly, Teixeira et al. (1987) identified one specimen from Matriz de Camaragibe as being of the white-backed Amazonian subspecies C. l. leverianus. However, the specimen from the Saltinho Biological Reserve (examined only through photographs) seems to be of the black-backed subspecies (C. l. major). A comprehensive study is needed to assess the taxonomic validity and geographic distribution of C. l. leverianus and C. l. major.

Species on the secondary list

Crypturellus zabele

Recorded at the Piaçabuçu Protected Area (Roda, 2003; ICMBio, 2010). Despite the lack of documentary evidence, we consider this record to be valid because there are documented records less than 80 km away in the neighboring state of Sergipe (e.g., WA 3982455; L.D. Barros), and others north of the São Francisco River in the states of Paraíba (WA 1281651; M. Holderbaum) and Rio Grande do Norte (Sagot-Martin et al., 2020), suggesting that this species’ occurrence in the region is not unlikely.

Crax cf. fasciolata

Independent anecdotal evidence convincingly indicates that a curassow of the genus Crax occurred in the PCE until the 20^th century (Pinto, 1952; Teixeira et al., 1987; Teixeira, 1992; Lees & Pimm, 2015). The species was painted, supposedly based on birds from the PCE, during the 17^th century in the then Dutch-controlled northeastern Brazil (see Marcgrave, 1648: 195; Teixeira, 2009: 117; reviewed by Teixeira, 1992). Later, oral testimonies from multiple old hunters in coastal Alagoas also indicated the past occurrence of “a curassow other than Pauxi mitu” (Pinto, 1952) or “a yellow-billed curassow” (Teixeira, 1992) in the region. Thus, both paintings of birds putatively from the PCE and multiple oral testimonies from hunters suggest the historic existence of a curassow of the genus Crax in the PCE. As speculated by other authors (Pinto, 1946, 1952; Teixeira, 1992), it is possible that the PCE population of this curassow was related to C. f. pinima from eastern Amazonia. Such a distributional pattern makes sense from a biogeographical perspective because it matches the pattern of other bird lineages with an isolated population in the PCE and a sister population in eastern Amazonia, including Xenops minutus (Burney, 2009), Thamnophilus aethiops (Thom & Aleixo, 2015), Cercomacroides laeta and Dendrocolaptes medius.

Streptoprocne zonaris

Listed for the Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve without any details about specific records (Studer et al., 2015). It is worth mentioning the possibility of confusion with S. biscutata, but because both species are not unlikely to occur in the state, we tentatively accept the authors’ identification. Further records are needed to determine which (if any) Streptoprocne swift occurs in the state.

Heliactin bilophus

Mentioned for the state in some reference works without any reference to specific records (Sick, 1985, 1997; Schuchmann, 1999). Alagoas is the only state within the PCE that has no documented records for this species. There are records in nearby Pernambuco, less than 20 km distant from Alagoas, in habitats that are widely available in the state, so we consider that it may be just a matter of time for a record to be produced in the state.

Discosura longicaudus

Recorded at the Murici Ecological Station (Roda, 2003). Despite the lack of documentary evidence, we consider this record to be valid according to the species’ distributional pattern; it has several documented records in nearby Pernambuco, both in coastal (e.g.,Berla, 1946) and highland forests (e.g., WA 2528338; S. Jones).

Haematopus palliatus

One individual was observed at Lagoa do Mundaú on 26 April 1987 (Teixeira et al., 1988) and the species was later listed as a resident at the Piaçabuçu Protected Area (Cabral et al., 2006). These are the only records for the state of Alagoas.

Calidris canutus

Singles and small flocks in winter plumage have been recorded at the Piaçabuçu Protected Area (MAE pers. obs.), but no documentary evidence of these record was produced.

Stercorarius antarcticus

One individual banded as a nestling in King George Island on 17 January 1988 was recovered in Maceió on 6 November 1988 (Olmos, 2002). Because no documentary evidence of this record was produced, the species is included in our secondary list.

Sternula antillarum

One individual banded in Florida, USA, on 23 May 1970 and another banded in Massachusetts on 2 July 1988 were recovered in southern Alagoas on 10 January 1992 (Olmos, 2002). The species was also recorded at the Piaçabuçu Protected Area (Cabral et al., 2006). There is no documentary evidence for these records, however, and thus the species is on our secondary list.

Thalassarche melanophris

Among several banded as nestlings in the Falkland Islands between 1961 and 1963, one was recovered a few years later in Maceió (Sick, 1997; Olmos, 2002; Sousa et al., 2005).

Ardeola ralloides

One individual observed at Barra de Santo Antônio on 17 October 2017 (MAE pers. obs.) is the only state record. This record adds to the growing number of records of this Old World heron in mainland northeastern Brazil and suggests that it is colonizing the New World, as predicted by Davis (2010) and Whittaker et al. (2019). The species was first reported in South America on Fernando de Noronha Island in June 1986, when a single adult was seen (Teixeira et al., 1987). Between November and December 2004, several birds were recorded again on the island (Silva e Silva & Olmos, 2006) and now a self-sustaining population seems to have become established therein (Davis, 2010; Whittaker et al., 2019). Recently, it has also been recorded in several sites in mainland northeastern Brazil: Fortaleza in March 2018 (WA 2915623; J. Amaya) and Caucaia in August 2019 (WA 3479117; L. Soares), Ceará; Gurinhém in March 2020 (WA 3711727; G. Luz) and João Pessoa in January 2021 (WA 4182921. J. Abraão), Paraíba; Ipojuca in October 2021 (WA 4535114; S. Almeida) and February and March 2022 (e.g., WA 4777127; A. Wittmann), Pernambuco; and the abovementioned Alagoas record. These records suggest that we are witnessing a rapid and successful transatlantic colonization event.

Spizaetus ornatus

The putative historic occurrence of this hawk in the PCE is an enigma (reviewed by Carlos & Girão, 2006) that will probably never be solved due to the massive deforestation that the region has undergone. Here, we tentatively treat Marcgrave’s (1648) record - of a bird kept in captivity near the current municipality of Penedo - as valid for the state of Alagoas, but it is worth noting that deciding whether to put this species on our secondary or tertiary list is entirely a matter of speculation given the available evidence (see Carlos & Girão, 2006), so that both options would be equally reasonable.

Bubo virginianus

One individual observed at the Murici Ecological Station on 19 January 1986 (Teixeira et al., 1987) is the only record of this owl for the state. Given the documented presence of this species in extreme northeastern Brazil (Lima et al., 2018), its occurrence in Alagoas is not so unexpected.

Falco rufigularis

One individual observed in Porto de Pedras on 20 February 1986 (Teixeira et al., 1987) is the only record of this falcon both in the state and in the PCE (Roda & Pereira, 2006). Documented records in northern Bahia (e.g., WA 1118527; P.C. Lima) suggest that this species’ occurrence in Alagoas is not unlikely.

Pyrrhura griseipectus

Undocumented sightings from Murici are the only clues to the putative occurrence of this species in Alagoas (Teixeira et al., 1988; J.F. Pacheco pers. comm. in Olmos et al., 2005). Individuals were illegally captured in Murici and sold at local bird markets, but no photographs or specimens from Alagoas survived to date. The species has documented records from some rainforest enclaves and inselbergs in the states of Ceará and Pernambuco (Olmos et al., 2005; Girão et al., 2010) and was recently found in northern Bahia (e.g., WA 4175054, C. Brito), although the latter population seems to exhibit a slightly distinct color on the top of the head and may be of a different taxon. Regarding the putative records from the PCE (e.g.,Marcgrave, 1648; Zenaide, 1953; Teixeira et al., 1988) as valid makes sense from a biogeographic perspective because several other birds, such as Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis and Xiphorhynchus atlanticus, share the same distributional pattern.

Thectocercus acuticaudatus

Many flocks, identified as being of this species, were observed in the municipalities of Quebrangulo and Porto de Pedras between 1987 and 1988 (Teixeira et al., 1989). On the one hand, documented records in northern Bahia (e.g., WA 4346261; P.E. Matos) and records in Pernambuco (Sousa et al., 2012) suggest that this species’ occurrence in Alagoas is not unlikely and, therefore, that Teixeira et al.’s (1989) records may be valid. On the other hand, it is odd that many flocks were observed, and the species seemed to be common in Alagoas (Teixeira et al., 1989), but it has never been recorded again in the state despite extensive ornithological surveying and birdwatching in Quebrangulo (Studer, 2015; WikiAves, 2021), and thus there remains a possibility that Teixeira et al.’s (1989) records might be misidentifications of Diopsittaca nobilis, which is known from these sites. We tentatively treat the abovementioned undocumented records as valid considering that the species’ occurrence in Alagoas is not unlikely.

Philohydor lictor

Two collected in Mamanguape, Paraíba (MZUSP 40088 and 40089; Pinto & Camargo, 1961), establish this species’ occurrence in the PCE. The only other records in the region, all undocumented, were at the Murici Ecological Station (J.M. Barnett pers. comm. in Roda, 2003) and in a few localities in the state of Pernambuco (Farias et al., 2002).

DISCUSSION

The avifauna of the state of Alagoas is relatively well known compared with that of other states in northeastern Brazil (e.g.,Sagot-Martin et al., 2020). Marcgrave’s pioneering contribution along with that of some ornithologists who conducted important ornithological surveys in the state (Pinto, 1952, 1954; Pinto & Camargo, 1961; Teixeira et al., 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993; Roda, 2003; Silveira et al., 2003a; Studer, 2015) and, more recently, records produced by birdwatchers (approximately 39 species listed herein were first recorded for the state by birdwatchers who archived their records on WikiAves), have culminated in a list of 520 bird species recorded in the state, of which 503 have at least one record with associated documentary evidence. It is almost impossible, however, not to think about the probable richer avifauna the state harbored before the almost complete devastation of its rainforests. Single records such as those of Trogon collaris and Hypoedaleus guttatus, as well as evidence of the past occurrence of some species such as Crax cf. fasciolata (Lees & Pimm, 2015), are traces of this putative richer avifauna. Many other recent and ongoing extinctions in the region seem to be just the tip of the iceberg, given that we may have already reached a point of no return for many other birds, such as Trogon muriciensis, Sclerurus caudacutus caligineus and Myrmotherula snowi (but see a more optimistic view in Develey & Phalan, 2021). Many bird taxa endemic to the PCE and isolated populations from otherwise typical Amazonian taxa (e.g., Crypturellus strigulosus) are in the very verge of extinction.

The Atlantic Forest in Alagoas has been suffering from almost five centuries of massive deforestation to make way for sugarcane plantations and cattle ranching (Coimbra-Filho & Câmara, 1996; Silva & Tabarelli, 2000; Silveira et al., 2003a; Tabarelli et al., 2006). In addition, intense hunting and caging, along with forest devastation, have rendered many species either very scarce or extinct in the region (Teixeira, 1986; Collar et al., 1992; Silveira et al., 2003a, b, 2004). The state’s coastal forests, the most affected, were nearly decimated (Coimbra-Filho & Câmara, 1996) and the few remaining fragments continue to suffer from logging and illegal hunting, caging and trafficking - pervasive issues in northeastern Brazil (Fernandes-Ferreira et al., 2012; Bezerra et al., 2012; Alves et al., 2013a, b). The resulting impoverishment of the region’s avifauna is evidenced by some global extinctions, such as Philydor novaesi and Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti (Barnett & Buzzetti, 2014; Lees et al., 2014; Pereira et al., 2014a), and local extirpations commented herein on the species accounts. Because the PCE supported a Pleistocene forest refuge (Carnaval & Moritz, 2008) where several lineages evolved (e.g.,Maldonado‐Coelho et al., 2013; Bocalini et al., 2021), many of such populations that have probably gone extinct in the PCE (e.g., Crax cf. fasciolata, Thamnomanes caesius and Sclerurus macconnelli) had been isolated for thousands of years and may constitute separately evolving lineages that will never been properly known (Lees & Pimm, 2015). Bird taxa new to science continue to be discovered in the state’s last remaining forest fragments, often already on the brink of extinction, such as the newly described Trogon muriciensis and Megascops alagoensis (Dantas et al., 2021; Dickens et al., 2021), rendering the PCE home to the greatest concentration of extinct and critically endangered birds in the Neotropics (Pereira et al., 2014a) or even in the world (RDL et al., in prep.).

The avifauna of Alagoas can be categorized into three major groups according to their biogeographical affinities: that of the seasonally dry forests of the state’s interior (Caatinga birds), that of the rainforests (Atlantic Forest birds), and that of the coastal and oceanic environments (shorebirds and seabirds). Despite its relatively small area, the state harbors eight out of the 13 bird taxa considered to be endemic or near-endemic to the Caatinga (Lima, 2021); and may harbor more since the state’s interior has been considerably less surveyed than its rainforests. Potential species from this group include Sakesphoroides cristatus and Megaxenops parnaguae, which are known to occur in nearby Pernambuco very close to the states’ boundary. Alagoas also harbors 42 out of the 223 bird species considered to be endemic to the Atlantic Forest (sensuVale et al., 2018). Remarkably, almost all bird taxa endemic to the PCE occur in the state, Glaucidium mooreorum being the only exception (Pereira et al., 2014a). Seabirds are probably the least known group and have been reported for the state in only a few studies (Olmos, 2002; Sousa et al., 2005; Almeida et al., 2019). Geolocation and isotope data show, however, that several pelagic seabird species cross the coast of northeastern Brazil (Zino et al., 2011; Ramírez et al., 2013; Pollet et al., 2014, 2019; Ramos et al., 2015, 2016, 2017; Zajková et al., 2017) and thus new records for the state may be expected from such birds. However, when accounting for some of these seabirds, it is important to distinguish core members of the state’s avifauna from those species represented only by vagrants (Remsen, 1994). Vagrants on our list include Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Saunders, 1896), Leucophaeus pipixcan (Leal et al., 2013), Pelecanus occidentalis (Patrial et al., 2011), and possibly Ardeola ralloides and Spheniscus magellanicus (but see their accounts). Although these species are not core members of the state’s avifauna, gathering and reporting such records remain essential to understanding their distributional and dispersal patterns.

We have presented here the first critical review of all available bird records for the state of Alagoas, wherein we have thoroughly considered each species’ occurrence and removed those records that proved or seemed to be invalid. We hope that our secondary list, highlighting species that do not have documentary evidence for their occurrence in the state, will serve as a basis for future directional searches.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We dedicate this article to Fernando Mendes Pinto who, for more than 40 years, fight for the conservation of birds and forest fragments in Alagoas. The creation of Private Natural Heritage Reserves, a project initiated by him in Alagoas, has resulted in the protection of thousands of hectares of what still remains of the Atlantic Forest in Alagoas. Fernando Pinto has dedicated much of his life to the protection of forests and their birds, playing an important role in the conservation of the Alagoas Curassow. Many people also made this article possible by sending us unpublished records, information and photos of museum specimens. We thank Curtis Marantz for sharing information about his records in Alagoas; Kimball L. Garrett (LACM), Mark Adams (NHMUK), Jeremiah Trimble (MCZ), Charles Dardia (Cornell University), Luciano Naka, Victor Leandro, Daniele Mariz Vieira (UFPE) and Renato Gaban-Lima (MHNAL) for providing photos of important museum specimens; Simone Dena (FNJV) and Luiz P. Gonzaga (ASEC) for sending sound recordings from Alagoas under their care; and Dione Seripierri (MZUSP) for sending copies of some references. Instituto Biota de Conservação kindly allowed us to use their records. We also wish to thank GBIF, VertNet, iDigBio and SiBBr for making museum specimen data so easy to access, as well as WikiAves, Macaulay Library and xeno-canto for providing accessible archives of avian records. Finally, we are grateful to dozens of collaborators and students who shared field work and records with our team. We thank specially Fernando Pinto, Alberto Fonseca, José da Silva Nogueira, Antônio Guimarães (Zu, in memoriam), Clodoaldo José Bakker, Bertholdino Apolônio Teixeira Júnior, José Fernando Pacheco, Fernando Straube, Adrian Long, Nigel Collar, Sônia Aline Roda, Glauco Pereira, Michelle Cardoso, Marco Freitas, Epitácio Correia de Farias Junior, Ana Cecília Pires de Azevedo Lopes, Wilson Lemos de Morais Neto, Murilo Sharp, and Bruno Ehlers for providing financial and logistical support, and granted access to some important localities for collecting specimens; and Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for issuing collecting grants. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on the manuscript.

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• FUNDING INFORMATION: We thank Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (project 0866-2001) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas for supporting our field work at the Murici Ecological Station, and the Neotropical Bird Club Conservation Awards for providing grants to Márcio Efe’s lab students. LFS receives grants from the São Paulo Research Foundation (#2017/23458-2 and 2018/20249-7) and the Brazilian Research Council (#308337/2019-0). RDL receives grants from the São Paulo Research Foundation (#2021/10339-1).
• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da USP".

APPENDIX 1

List of 520 bird species recorded in the state of Alagoas. Species of the secondary list (i.e., those lacking documentary evidence) are presented within brackets to distinguish them from those of the primary list. The status of each species in the state is coded as resident (RE), seasonal visitor from the Northern Hemisphere (VN), seasonal visitor from the Southern Hemisphere (VS), vagrant (VA) or unknown (UN). Literature: 1 = Saunders (1896); 2 = Pinto (1938); 3 = Pinto (1946); 4 = Hellmayr & Conover (1948a); 5 = Hellmayr & Conover (1948b); 6 = Pinto (1952); 7 = Pinto (1954); 8 = Novaes (1961); 9 = Pinto & Camargo (1961); 10 = Pinto (1978); 11 = Teixeira & Gonzaga (1983a); 12 = Teixeira & Gonzaga (1983b); 13 = Teixeira & Gonzaga (1985); 14 = Teixeira et al. (1986); 15 = Teixeira (1987); 16 = Teixeira et al. (1987); 17 = Studer e Vielliard (1988); 18 = Teixeira et al. (1988); 19 = Teixeira & Luigi (1989); 20 = Teixeira et al. (1989); 21 = Studer & Vielliard (1990); 22 = Collar et al. (1992); 23 = Teixeira (1992); 24 = Forrester (1993); 25 = Nardelli (1993); 26 = Teixeira et al. (1993); 27 = Pacheco & Whitney (1995); 28 = Silva e Silva (1996); 29 = Sick (1997); 30 = Teixeira & Almeida (1997); 31 = Raposo et al. (1998); 32 = Schuchmann (1999); 33 = Olmos (2002); 34 = Roda (2003); 35 = Roda & Carlos (2003); 36 = Roda et al. (2003); 37 = Silveira et al. (2003a); 38 = Silveira et al. (2003b); 39 = Amaral & Silveira (2004); 40 = Silveira et al. (2004); 41 = Olmos et al. (2005); 42 = Sousa et al. (2005); 43 = Cabral et al. (2006); 44 = Carlos & Girão (2006); 45 = Roda & Pereira (2006); 46 = Mestre (2007); 47 = Lobo-Araújo et al. (2008); 48 = Minns et al. (2010); 49 = Araujo & Rodrigues (2011); 50 = Patrial et al. (2011); 51 = Lyra-Neves et al. (2012); 52 = Pereira et al. (2012); 53 = Leal et al. (2013); 54 = Lobo-Araújo et al. (2013); 55 = Barnett & Buzzetti (2014); 56 = Lees et al. (2014); 57 = Pereira et al. (2014a); 58 = Pereira et al. (2014b); 59 = Rêgo et al. (2014); 60 = Studer et al. (2015); 61 = Campos et al. (2018); 62 = Portes et al. (2018); 63 = Lima et al. (2020); 64 = Dantas et al. (2021); 65 = Dickens et al. (2021).

Taxon	Status	Museum collections	Archives	Literature
Tinamidae
Tinamus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, WA, XC	7, 10, 29, 37, 34, 39
Crypturellus soui albigularis (Brabourne & Chubb, 1914)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, WA, XC	7, 37, 54, 62
Crypturellus strigulosus (Temminck, 1815)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 10, 29, 37, 54
[Crypturellus zabele (Spix, 1825)]				34
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 61, 49, 62
Crypturellus tataupa lepidotus (Swainson, 1837)	RE		WA	37, 49
Rhynchotus rufescens rufescens (Temminck, 1815)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 10, 54, 61, 23
Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP	WA, XC	7, 49
Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg, 1932	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	WA	34
Anatidae
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816)	RE		ML, WA
Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 43
Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		ML, WA
Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		WA
Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering & Ihering, 1907	RE		ML, WA	51
Amazonetta brasiliensis brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 43, 60, 62
Anas bahamensis bahamensis Linnaeus, 1758	RE	MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 43
Netta erythrophthalma erythrophthalma (Wied, 1833)	RE	FMNH	ML, WA	4, 10, 29
Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE		WA	60
Cracidae
Penelope superciliaris alagoensis Nardelli, 1993	RE	LACM, MNRJ	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Penelope jacucaca Spix, 1825	RE	MNRJ	WA	29, 23
Ortalis araucuan (Spix, 1825)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	34, 37, 60, 62
[Crax cf. fasciolata Spix, 1825]				6, 23
Pauxi mitu (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, USNM, WFVZ		6, 7, 10, 22, 25, 29, 40, 57
Odontophoridae
Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis Cory, 1915	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	9, 10, 34, 37, 60
Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus dominicus brachyrhynchus (Chapman, 1899)	RE	MZUSP	ML, WA	34, 49, 60
Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson, 1842)	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA	60
Columbidae
Columba livia livia Gmelin, 1789	RE		ML, WA
Patagioenas speciosa (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 60, 61
Patagioenas picazuro marginalis (Naumburg, 1932)	RE		WA	49, 60
Patagioenas cayennensis sylvestris (Vieillot, 1818)	RE		WA	54, 60, 62
Geotrygon montana montana (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	34, 60, 61
Geotrygon violacea violacea (Temminck, 1809)	RE	MZUSP		9, 26, 29
Leptotila verreauxi approximans Cory, 1917	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 34, 49, 54, 60, 62
Leptotila rufaxilla bahiae Berlepsch, 1885	RE	FMNH, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	34, 48, 54, 60, 61
Zenaida auriculata noronha Sharpe, 1890	RE		WA	49, 60
Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 34
Columbina passerina griseola Spix, 1825	RE	MNRJ	WA	34, 43, 62
Columbina minuta minuta (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 60, 62
Columbina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck, 1810)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 43, 60, 61, 62
Columbina squammata squammata (Lesson, 1831)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 49, 54, 60, 62
Columbina picui strepitans Spix, 1825	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MNRJ, UFPE	ML, WA	49, 60
Cuculidae
Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 54, 60, 62
Crotophaga major Gmelin, 1788	RE		WA
Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 60, 61, 62
Tapera naevia naevia (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	9, 34, 37, 49, 60, 61, 62
Micrococcyx cinereus (Vieillot, 1817)	UN		WA
Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1863)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61, 62
Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot, 1817	UN	MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 37, 48, 49, 60
Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		WA
Coccyzus euleri Cabanis, 1873	UN	MNRJ	FNJV, WA
Nyctibiidae
Nyctibius griseus griseus (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	MZUSP	WA	7, 34, 37, 62
Caprimulgidae
Nyctiphrynus ocellatus ocellatus (Tschudi, 1844)	RE	FMNH		34, 37
Antrostomus rufus rufus (Boddaert, 1783)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 37, 54, 60, 62
Lurocalis semitorquatus nattereri (Temminck, 1822)	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA, XC	14, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Nyctidromus hirundinaceus cearae (Cory, 1917)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ	WA	49
Hydropsalis parvula (Gould, 1837)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	9, 60
Hydropsalis torquata torquata (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 34, 37
Nannochordeiles pusillus xerophilus (Dickerman, 1988)	RE	MNRJ	FNJV, WA	62
Podager nacunda nacunda (Vieillot, 1817)	RE		WA
Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis (Hermann, 1783)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, UFPE	WA	14, 62
Apodidae
Cypseloides senex (Temminck, 1826)	UN		WA
[Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw, 1796)]				60
Chaetura cinereiventris cinereiventris Sclater, 1862	RE	MNRJ	WA
Chaetura spinicaudus spinicaudus (Temminck, 1839)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP		7, 14, 29, 34, 37
Chaetura meridionalis Hellmayr, 1907	UN	MNRJ	WA, XC	34, 48
Tachornis squamata squamata (Cassin, 1853)	RE		ML, WA	60
Panyptila cayannensis cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	MNRJ	WA, XC	18, 29, 34, 37, 54, 60
Trochilidae
Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 54, 60
Glaucis hirsutus hirsutus (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	43, 60, 61
Anopetia gounellei (Boucard, 1891)	RE	MZUSP	WA	61
Phaethornis ruber pygmaeus (Spix, 1825)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Phaethornis pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MZUSP	ML, WA	9, 34, 54, 60, 61, 62
Phaethornis margarettae camargoi Grantsau, 1988	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA, XC	16, 29, 37, 35, 48
[Heliactin bilophus (Temminck, 1820)]				29, 32
Heliothryx auritus auriculatus (Nordmann, 1835)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	34, 37, 60
Polytmus guainumbi thaumantias (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	9, 34
Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 49, 54, 60, 61
Anthracothorax nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	ML, WA	16, 34, 37, 60, 61
[Discosura longicaudus (Gmelin, 1788)]				34
Lophornis magnificus (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MNRJ	ML	16, 29, 34, 60
Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1823)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	WA	49, 60
Calliphlox amethystina (Boddaert, 1783)	RE		WA	60
Chlorostilbon lucidus pucherani (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 60
Thalurania watertonii (Bourcier, 1847)	RE	FMNH, LACM, LSUMZ, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61, 62
Eupetomena macroura simoni Hellmayr, 1929	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE, WFVZ	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 60, 62
Aphantochroa cirrochloris (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, WA, XC	34, 37, 60
Chrysuronia versicolor versicolor (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	FNJV, ML, WA	16, 34, 37, 60, 62
Chrysuronia leucogaster bahiae (Hartert, 1899)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	ASEC, ML, WA	54, 62
Chionomesa fimbriata nigricauda (Elliot, 1878)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 60
Hylocharis sapphirina (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 37
Chlorestes cyanus cyanus (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	34, 37, 48, 60, 62
Chlorestes notata notata (Reich, 1793)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	34, 43, 61, 62
Aramidae
Aramus guarauna guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	9, 37, 60
Rallidae
Rallus longirostris crassirostris Lawrence, 1871	RE		WA
Porphyrio martinica (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 37, 43, 48, 49, 60, 62
Rufirallus viridis viridis (Statius Muller, 1776)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 60, 62
Laterallus flaviventer flaviventer (Boddaert, 1783)	RE	MNRJ	WA	58
Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 37, 48, 60, 62
Laterallus exilis (Temminck, 1831)	RE		WA	34, 60
Mustelirallus albicollis albicollis (Vieillot, 1819)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 60, 62
Neocrex erythrops olivascens Chubb, 1917	RE		FNJV, WA	60
Pardirallus maculatus maculatus (Boddaert, 1783)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	WA	9
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)	RE	LACM, MZUSP, ZUEC	FNJV, WA	7, 37, 48, 60
Amaurolimnas concolor castaneus (Pucheran, 1851)	RE	MNRJ	WA	14, 16, 34
Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot, 1819)	RE		WA
Aramides mangle (Spix, 1825)	RE	MNRJ	WA	20, 62
Aramides cajaneus cajaneus (Statius Muller, 1776)	RE	MHNAL, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 37, 54, 60, 62
Porphyriops melanops melanops (Vieillot, 1819)	RE		ML, WA	58
Gallinula galeata galeata (Lichtenstein, 1818)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 37, 60
Charadriidae
Pluvialis dominica (Statius Muller, 1776)	VN		WA
Pluvialis squatarola cynosurae (Thayer & Bangs, 1914)	VN	MHNAL, MNRJ	ML, WA	18, 43, 62
Vanellus cayanus (Latham, 1790)	RE		WA
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827)	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA	34, 49, 60, 61, 62
Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825	VN	MHNAL	ML, WA	18, 43, 62
Charadrius wilsonia crassirostris Spix, 1825	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	WA	43
Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	WA	34, 43
Haematopodidae
[Haematopus palliatus Temminck, 1820]				18, 43
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus mexicanus (Statius Muller, 1776)	RE		ML, WA	34
Scolopacidae
Numenius hudsonicus Latham, 1790	VN		WA	43
Limosa lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758)	VN		WA	58
Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus, 1766)	VN	MHNAL, MNRJ	ML, WA	43, 62
[Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758)]
Calidris alba rubida (Gmelin, 1789)	VN	MHNAL, MNRJ	ML, WA	18, 43, 62
Calidris minutilla (Vieillot, 1819)	VN		WA	62
Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819)	VN	MNRJ	WA
Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819)	VN		WA	18
Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766)	VN	MHNAL, MNRJ	WA	18, 43
Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin, 1789)	VN		WA	43
Gallinago undulata gigantea (Temminck, 1826)	RE	MNRJ
Gallinago paraguaiae paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	FNJV, WA	7, 34
Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766)	VN	MNRJ	ML, WA	43, 62
Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson, 1813	VN	LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 34
Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin, 1789)	VN		WA	43, 62
Tringa semipalmata (Gmelin, 1789)	VN		WA	43, 62
Tringa flavipes (Gmelin, 1789)	VN		WA
Jacanidae
Jacana jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 54, 60, 62
Stercorariidae
Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders, 1893	VS		ML	33, 42
[Stercorarius antarcticus (Lesson, 1831)]	VS			18, 33
Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815)	VN	MHNAL
Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	VN	MHNAL, MNRJ	ML, WA	29, 33, 42, 43
Laridae
Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823)	VA	MNRJ, NHMUK		1, 2, 5, 10, 29
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818)	RE		WA	53
Leucophaeus atricilla atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758)	VN		WA
Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831)	VA		WA	53
Larus dominicanus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823	UN		WA
Anous stolidus stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758)	UN	MHNAL	WA	42
Rynchops niger intercedens Saunders, 1895	UN		WA
Onychoprion fuscatus fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766)	UN	MHNAL	WA
[Sternula antillarum Lesson, 1847]				33, 43
Sternula superciliaris (Vieillot, 1819)	UN		ML, WA	43
Sterna hirundo hirundo Linnaeus, 1758	VN	MNRJ	WA	42, 43, 62
Sterna dougallii dougallii Montagu, 1813	VN		WA
Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763	VN		WA
Thalasseus acuflavidus (Cabot, 1847)	VN	MNRJ	WA	18, 33, 42, 43
Spheniscidae
Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781)	VA	MHNAL		18, 29
Diomedeidae
Thalassarche chlororhynchos (Gmelin, 1789)	VS	MNRJ		20, 42
[Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828)]				29, 33, 42
Procellariidae
Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1758	VS
Calonectris borealis (Cory, 1881)	VN	MHNAL, MNRJ, UFPE		33, 42, 43
Ardenna grisea (Gmelin, 1789)	VS	MHNAL		42
Ardenna gravis (O’Reilly, 1818)	VS	MHNAL, MNRJ, UFPE		42, 62
Puffinus puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764)	VN		ML, WA	42
Ciconiidae
Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758	VS		WA
Fregatidae
Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA	42, 43, 62
Sulidae
Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson, 1831	RE	MNRJ	WA
Sula sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE		ML
Anhingidae
Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE		WA	34
Phalacrocoracidae
Nannopterum brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	FMNH, UFPE	WA
Pelecanidae
Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin, 1789	VA		WA	50
Ardeidae
Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	MHNAL
Botaurus pinnatus pinnatus (Wagler, 1829)	RE		ML, WA
Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 34
Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot, 1823)	RE	MNRJ	WA
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin, 1789)	RE		WA	34
Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789)	RE		ML, WA
Butorides striata striata (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 49, 54, 60, 62
[Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769)]
Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA	16, 34, 43, 49, 60, 62
Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, 1766	RE		WA
Ardea alba egretta Gmelin, 1789	RE		WA	34, 43, 49, 60, 62
Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert, 1783)	RE		ML, WA	58
Egretta thula thula (Molina, 1782)	RE		FNJV, ML, WA	34, 43, 49, 62
Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		WA	52, 62
Threskiornithidae
Phimosus infuscatus nudifrons (Spix, 1825)	RE		WA
Platalea ajaja Linnaeus, 1758	UN		WA	58
Cathartidae
Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		WA
Coragyps atratus brasiliensis (Bonaparte, 1850)	RE	MNRJ	WA	34, 43, 49, 60, 61, 62
Cathartes aura ruficollis Spix, 1824	RE	MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 60, 61, 62
Cathartes burrovianus urubutinga Pelzeln, 1861	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA	14, 43, 49, 60, 61, 62
Pandionidae
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin, 1788)	VN		WA	29
Accipitridae
Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii Vigors, 1825	RE	FMNH, UFPE	ML, WA	60
Elanus leucurus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	LACM, MNRJ	ML, WA	34, 49, 60, 62
Chondrohierax uncinatus uncinatus (Temminck, 1822)	RE		WA
Leptodon forbesi (Swann, 1922)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	16, 37, 35, 45, 48, 57, 60, 61, 62
Elanoides forficatus yetapa (Vieillot, 1818)	UN		WA	45
Spizaetus tyrannus tyrannus (Wied, 1820)	RE	MNRJ	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	14, 35, 37, 44, 45
[Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800)]				3, 23, 44
Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	14, 34, 43
Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus (Latham, 1790)	RE		WA	34
Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin, 1788)	VS	MZUSP	WA	9, 34, 45
Accipiter striatus erythronemius (Kaup, 1850)	RE		WA	58
Accipiter bicolor pileatus (Temminck, 1823)	RE	MZUSP	ASEC, WA	7, 34, 45
Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminck, 1821)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	34, 45, 48, 60, 61, 62
Buteogallus anthracinus anthracinus (Deppe, 1830)	RE		FNJV, ML, WA	54, 62
Heterospizias meridionalis (Latham, 1790)	RE	MNRJ	WA
Urubitinga urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin, 1788)	RE		WA	60, 62
Rupornis magnirostris nattereri (Sclater & Salvin, 1869)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 60, 62
Parabuteo unicinctus unicinctus (Temminck, 1824)	RE		WA	52
Geranoaetus albicaudatus albicaudatus (Vieillot, 1816)	RE		ML, WA	43, 54, 60, 61
Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819)	RE		WA	18, 60
Pseudastur polionotus (Kaup, 1847)	RE		FNJV, WA, XC	10, 29, 34, 45, 48, 60
Buteo nitidus pallidus (Todd, 1915)	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA	34, 37, 45, 54, 60, 62
Buteo brachyurus brachyurus Vieillot, 1816	RE		ML, WA	34, 43, 45, 54, 60, 61, 62
Buteo albonotatus Kaup, 1847	RE		ASEC, ML, WA	16, 34, 45, 54, 60, 61, 62
Tytonidae
Tyto furcata tuidara (Gray, 1828)	RE	MHNAL	WA	34, 54, 60, 62
Strigidae
Megascops choliba decussatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, WA	34, 37, 45, 60, 62
Megascops alagoensis Dantas et al., 2021	RE	MPEG, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, XC, WA	34, 45, 64
Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicillata (Latham, 1790)	RE		ML, WA, XC	34, 37, 45, 48, 60
[Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788)]				16
Strix virgata borelliana (Bertoni, 1901)	RE		WA	34
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	34, 37, 45, 48, 54, 60, 62
Athene cunicularia grallaria (Temminck, 1822)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	ML, WA	43, 49, 60, 62
Aegolius harrisii iheringi (Sharpe, 1899)	RE		WA	29, 58
Asio clamator clamator (Vieillot, 1808)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	WA
Trogonidae
Trogon viridis viridis Linnaeus, 1766	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 34, 37, 48
Trogon curucui curucui Linnaeus, 1766	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	34, 37, 54, 62
Trogon muriciensis Dickens et al., 2021	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	14, 29, 34, 48, 65
Trogon collaris eytoni (Frazer, 1857)	RE	MNRJ		14
Momotidae
Momotus momota marcgravianus Pinto & Camargo, 1961	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 29, 34, 37, 48, 61, 62
Alcedinidae
Megaceryle torquata torquata (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA	34, 43, 54, 49, 60, 62
Chloroceryle amazona (Latham, 1790)	RE	MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 34, 43, 60, 62
Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 43, 49, 60, 62
Galbulidae
Galbula ruficauda rufoviridis Cabanis, 1851	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 61, 62
Bucconidae
Chelidoptera tenebrosa tenebrosa (Pallas, 1782)	RE	LACM, MZUSP		9, 10, 34
Monasa nigrifrons nigrifrons (Spix, 1824)	RE	MNRJ	WA	18
Nystalus maculatus (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 54, 49, 60, 62
Ramphastidae
Ramphastos vitellinus ariel Vigors, 1826	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 37, 48
Pteroglossus inscriptus inscriptus Swainson, 1822	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, ML, WA	27, 29, 34, 37, 54, 60
Pteroglossus aracari aracari (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 61
Picidae
Picumnus pernambucensis Zimmer, 1947	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 10, 29, 34, 37, 48, 54, 59, 60, 61
Picumnus limae Snethlage, 1924	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	29, 34, 36, 37, 43, 48, 60, 63
Melanerpes candidus (Otto, 1796)	RE		WA
Veniliornis affinis ruficeps (Spix, 1824)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61, 62
Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus (Reichenbach, 1854)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 43, 49, 60, 61
Campephilus melanoleucos cearae (Cory, 1915)	RE	MNRJ	WA	54, 60
Dryocopus lineatus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	9, 34, 37, 60, 62
Celeus flavus subflavus Sclater & Salvin, 1877	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP		7, 10, 29
Celeus ochraceus (Spix, 1824)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ML, WA	9, 9
Piculus flavigula erythropis (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48
Colaptes melanochloros nattereri (Malherbe, 1845)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	9, 49, 62
Colaptes campestris campestris (Vieillot, 1818)	RE		ML, WA
Cariamidae
Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	MZUSP	WA	49, 60
Falconidae
Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	34, 37, 45, 48, 49, 60, 61, 62
Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	LACM	ASEC, FNJV, ML	34, 37, 45, 61
Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)	RE		ML, WA, XC	34, 37, 45
Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)	RE		ASEC, ML, WA, XC	34, 37, 43, 60, 61, 62
Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot, 1816)	RE		ML, WA, XC	34, 37, 43, 49, 60, 61, 62
Falco sparverius cearae (Cory, 1915)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ	ML, WA	16, 34, 37, 43, 49, 60, 62
[Falco rufigularis Daudin, 1800]				16, 45
Falco femoralis femoralis Temminck, 1822	RE	LACM, MZUSP	WA	9, 60, 62
Falco peregrinus tundrius White, 1968	VN	MHNAL	ML, WA	16, 28, 46
Psittacidae
Touit surdus (Kuhl, 1820)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 22, 34, 36, 48, 57, 60, 62
Brotogeris tirica (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	ASEC, WA	14, 29, 34, 37, 62
Pionus maximiliani maximiliani (Kuhl, 1820)	RE	LACM, MNRJ	WA	29, 54
Pionus reichenowi Heine, 1844	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 34, 37, 48, 54
Amazona rhodocorytha (Salvadori, 1890)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP		9, 10, 22, 29
Amazona aestiva aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		WA
Amazona amazonica (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE		WA	52, 54, 62
Forpus xanthopterygius flavissimus Hellmayr, 1929	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	2, 7, 10, 34, 37, 43, 49, 60, 62
[Pyrrhura griseipectus Salvadori, 1900]				18, 29, 41
Eupsittula aurea (Gmelin, 1788)	RE		WA	34, 37, 54, 62
Eupsittula cactorum caixana (Spix, 1824)	RE		WA
Aratinga jandaya (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 48
Aratinga auricapillus auricapillus (Kuhl, 1820)	RE		WA
Primolius maracana (Vieillot, 1816)	RE		WA
[Thectocercus acuticaudatus (Vieillot, 1818)]				20
Diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	14, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61, 62
Thamnophilidae
Myrmorchilus strigilatus strigilatus (Wied, 1831)	RE	MZUSP	WA	7, 49
Terenura sicki Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	12, 18, 22, 29, 34, 36, 37, 48, 57, 60
Myrmotherula axillaris luctuosa Pelzeln, 1868	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 61, 62
Myrmotherula snowi Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1985	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	13, 22, 29, 34, 37, 48, 57
Formicivora grisea grisea (Boddaert, 1783)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61, 62
Formicivora melanogaster bahiae Hellmayr, 1909	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 10, 49
Formicivora rufa rufa (Wied, 1831)	RE		WA
Thamnomanes caesius caesius (Temminck, 1820)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 48
Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae Hellmayr, 1912	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61
Herpsilochmus frater Sclater & Salvin, 1880	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE, UFRN	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 10, 34, 37, 48, 54, 61
Herpsilochmus atricapillus Pelzeln, 1868	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	9, 34, 60, 62
Thamnophilus capistratus Lesson, 1840	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 34, 37, 49
Thamnophilus torquatus Swainson, 1825	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 8, 34, 37, 60, 62
Thamnophilus palliatus palliatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	9, 8, 34, 48, 60
Thamnophilus pelzelni Hellmayr, 1924	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 10, 34, 54, 62
Thamnophilus caerulescens pernambucensis Naumburg, 1937	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Thamnophilus aethiops distans Pinto, 1954	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 29, 34, 37, 48, 61
Taraba major stagurus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 43, 48, 54, 60, 62
Hypoedaleus guttatus leucogaster Pinto, 1932	RE		WA	27, 29
Radinopsyche sellowi Whitney & Pacheco, 2000	RE		WA	58
Myrmoderus ruficauda soror (Pinto, 1940)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 22, 34, 36, 37, 48, 57, 60, 61
Pyriglena pernambucensis Zimmer, 1931	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 29, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61, 62
Cercomacroides laeta sabinoi (Pinto, 1939)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 10, 29, 34, 35, 37, 48, 62
Drymophila squamata ssp. (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	14, 29, 34, 48
Conopophagidae
Conopophaga melanops nigrifrons Pinto, 1954	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 10, 37, 48, 54, 60
Conopophaga cearae Cory, 1916	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	9, 10, 48, 54, 60
Formicariidae
Formicarius colma ruficeps (Spix, 1824)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 34
Chamaeza campanisona campanisona (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	MNRJ	FNJV, WA	18, 48, 60
Scleruridae
Sclerurus macconnelli bahiae Chubb, 1919	RE	MZUSP		9, 29
Sclerurus caudacutus calligineus Pinto, 1954	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 29, 34, 37, 48
Dendrocolaptidae
Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri Hellmayr, 1917	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 34, 37, 54, 60, 62
Dendrocincla taunayi Pinto, 1939	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 29, 34, 37, 48, 54
Dendrocolaptes medius Todd, 1920	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 48
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris intermedius Berlepsch, 1883	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	48, 52, 60
Xiphorhynchus atlanticus (Cory, 1916)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 34, 48, 37, 60
Xiphorhynchus guttatus guttatus (Lichtenstein, 1820)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60
Dendroplex picus picus (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris trochilirostris (Lichtenstein, 1820)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 34
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major Ridgway, 1911
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 10, 49, 60
Xenopidae
Xenops minutus alagoanus Pinto, 1954	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60
Xenops rutilans rutilans Temminck, 1821	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	9, 34, 48, 60
Furnariidae
Furnarius figulus figulus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 21, 29, 34, 43, 48, 60
Furnarius leucopus assimilis Cabanis & Heine, 1859	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 49, 60
Furnarius rufus albogularis (Spix, 1824)	RE	MNRJ	WA	16
Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti Barnett & Buzzetti, 2014	RE	MNRJ	ML, XC	48, 55, 57
Philydor novaesi Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983	RE	MNRJ		11, 16, 22, 29, 34, 48, 55, 56, 57
Automolus lammi Zimmer, 1947	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 10, 34, 37, 48
Phacellodomus rufifrons specularis Hellmayr, 1925	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 34, 37, 49, 54
Cranioleuca semicinerea semicinerea (Reichenbach, 1853)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	18, 19, 29, 34
Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824)	RE	MNRJ, MPEG	ML, WA	49
Certhiaxis cinnamomeus cearensis (Cory, 1916)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 34, 37, 48
Synallaxis scutata scutata Sclater, 1859	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC	ASEC, FNJV, WA	7, 60
Synallaxis hellmayri Reiser, 1905	RE	FMNH, UFPE	ML, WA
Synallaxis infuscata Pinto, 1950	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 10, 22, 29, 34, 36, 37, 48, 60
Synallaxis hypospodia Sclater, 1874	RE	LACM, MNRJ	FNJV, ML	29
Synallaxis albescens albescens Temminck, 1823	RE	MNRJ	WA	34, 49, 60
Synallaxis frontalis Pelzeln, 1859	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 49, 54, 60, 62
Pipridae
Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 62
Chiroxiphia pareola (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Manacus manacus gutturosus (Desmarest, 1806)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60
Ceratopipra rubrocapilla (Temminck, 1821)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Cotingidae
Carpornis melanocephala (Wied, 1820)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	14, 22, 29, 34, 48
Lipaugus vociferans (Wied, 1820)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48
Procnias averano averano (Hermann, 1783)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 37, 48, 60
Procnias nudicollis (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MNRJ		14, 35
Xipholena atropurpurea (Wied, 1820)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 22, 30, 34, 36, 48, 60, 62
Tityridae
Schiffornis turdina intermedia Pinto, 1954	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 34, 37, 48, 54
Iodopleura pipra leucopygia Salvin, 1885	RE		ML, WA	16, 22, 29, 34, 37, 48
Tityra inquisitor inquisitor (Lichtenstein, 1823)	UN	FMNH, UFPE		35
Tityra cayana braziliensis (Swainson, 1838)	RE	LACM, MNRJ	WA	34
Pachyramphus viridis viridis (Vieillot, 1816)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 54, 60
Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP, ZUEC	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 49, 54, 60
Pachyramphus marginatus marginatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 34, 62
Pachyramphus validus validus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA	34, 60
Xenopsaris albinucha albinucha (Burmeister, 1869)	RE	MNRJ	WA	20, 29
Oxyruncidae
Oxyruncus cristatus cristatus Swainson, 1821	RE	MNRJ	WA	14, 29, 34, 60
Onychorhynchidae
Myiobius barbatus barbatus (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 60
Pipritidae
Piprites chloris chloris (Temminck, 1822)	RE	MZUSP	WA
Platyrinchidae
Platyrinchus mystaceus niveigularis Pinto, 1954	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60
Platyrinchus leucoryphus Wied, 1831	RE	MHNAL
Rhynchocyclidae
Mionectes oleagineus oleagineus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 29, 34, 48, 54, 60
Leptopogon amaurocephalus amaurocephalus Cabanis, 1846	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Corythopis delalandi (Lesson, 1830)	RE		FNJV, WA, XC	48
Phylloscartes ceciliae Teixeira, 1987	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	15, 18, 22, 29, 34, 36, 37, 48, 57, 60
Rhynchocyclus olivaceus olivaceus (Temminck, 1820)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 61
Tolmomyias sulphurescens pallescens (Hartert & Goodson, 1917)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 48, 60
Tolmomyias poliocephalus sclateri (Hellmayr, 1903)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ	ASEC, WA, XC	34, 37, 60, 61
Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris (Wied, 1831)	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Todirostrum cinereum cearae Cory, 1916	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps cinereipectus (Novaes, 1953)	RE	MNRJ, ZUEC	FNJV, ML, WA	20, 29, 34, 48, 52, 54, 60
Poecilotriccus fumifrons fumifrons (Hartlaub, 1853)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 34, 48
Hemitriccus griseipectus naumburgae (Zimmer, 1945)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 43, 48, 54, 61, 62
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer wuchereri (Sclater & Salvin, 1873)	RE	FMNH, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 49, 54, 60
Hemitriccus mirandae (Snethlage, 1925)	RE	MZUSP	FNJV, WA	7, 26, 29, 7, 22, 26, 34, 48, 60
Tyrannidae
Hirundinea ferruginea bellicosa (Vieillot, 1819)	RE		FNJV, WA	34, 54, 60
Zimmerius acer (Salvin & Godman, 1883)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MPEG, UFPE	ML, XC	27, 29, 34, 35, 37, 48
Stigmatura napensis bahiae Chapman, 1926	RE		ML, WA	49
Stigmatura budytoides gracilis Zimmer, 1955	RE	MNRJ, UFPE	ML, WA	24, 52
Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus Wied, 1831	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC	ML, WA	7, 49
Ornithion inerme Hartlaub, 1853	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	14, 29, 34, 37, 48, 61, 62
Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens (Wied, 1831)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	34, 37, 49, 60, 61, 62
Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE, ZUEC	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Elaenia spectabilis Pelzeln, 1868	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	37, 49, 60
Elaenia chilensis Hellmayr, 1927	VS	MNRJ, UFPE	FNJV, WA
Elaenia mesoleuca (Deppe, 1830)	VS	MHNAL, MZUSP		34
Elaenia cristata cristata Pelzeln, 1868	RE	UFPE	WA	62
Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex Pelzeln, 1868	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	XC	34
Suiriri suiriri bahiae (Berlepsch, 1893)	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA	60
Myiopagis gaimardii gaimardii (d’Orbigny, 1840)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	14, 34, 37, 48, 54, 61
Myiopagis caniceps caniceps (Swainson, 1835)	RE	MNRJ	WA	18, 34, 60, 61, 62
Myiopagis viridicata viridicata (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	9, 48, 49, 60
Capsiempis flaveola flaveola (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	34, 43, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Phaeomyias murina murina (Spix, 1825)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, UFPE	FNJV, WA	34, 49, 54, 60
Phyllomyias fasciatus cearae Hellmayr, 1927	RE	MHNAL	ASEC, ML, WA	34, 49, 60, 62
Pseudocolopteryx sclateri (Oustalet, 1892)	UN		ML, WA
Attila spadiceus uropygiatus (Wied, 1831)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 29, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61
Legatus leucophaius leucophaius (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	9, 34, 54, 60, 61, 62
Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	29, 34, 37, 48
Myiarchus swainsoni Cabanis & Heine, 1859	VS	UFPE		37
Myiarchus ferox ferox (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 9, 34, 37, 54, 60, 61, 62
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, WA	7, 34, 49, 54, 60, 62
Rhytipterna simplex simplex (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 60, 61
Casiornis fuscus Sclater & Salvin, 1873	RE	FMNH, MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7
Pitangus sulphuratus maximiliani (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 43, 48, 54, 49, 60, 61, 62
[Philohydor lictor (Lichtenstein, 1823)]				34
Machetornis rixosa rixosa (Vieillot, 1819)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 9, 34, 54, 60, 62
Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	9, 34, 37, 54, 60
Megarynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 34, 37, 54, 60, 61, 62
Myiozetetes similis pallidiventris Pinto, 1935	RE	CUMV, LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 43, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Tyrannus melancholicus despotes (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 34, 37, 43, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Tyrannus savana Daudin, 1802	RE		WA	47
Empidonomus varius rufinus (Spix, 1825)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 43, 49, 60, 62
Sublegatus modestus modestus (Wied, 1831)	RE	UFPE	WA
Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 34, 43, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Fluvicola albiventer (Spix, 1825)	RE	MHNAL	ML, WA	49, 60
Fluvicola nengeta nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 49, 54, 60, 62
Myiophobus fasciatus flammiceps (Temminck, 1822)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MZUSP, UFPE, ZUEC	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 60
Cnemotriccus fuscatus bimaculatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)	RE	MNRJ	WA	49, 60
Lathrotriccus euleri euleri (Cabanis, 1868)	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61
Contopus cinereus pallescens (Hellmayr, 1927)	UN	MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 60
Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818)	UN		WA	58
Knipolegus nigerrimus nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818)	RE	MNRJ		20, 29
Xolmis irupero niveus (Spix, 1825)	RE		WA	49
Vireonidae
Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis Baird, 1866	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	31, 49, 54, 60
Vireo chivi agilis (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Corvidae
Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 9, 49
Hirundinidae
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	MPEG, MZUSP		37
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 61, 62
Progne tapera tapera (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	MHNAL	ML, WA	34, 49, 54, 61, 62
Progne subis subis (Linnaeus, 1758)	VN		WA
Progne chalybea macrorhamphus Brooke, 1974	RE		ML, WA	34, 37, 49, 60, 62
Tachycineta albiventer (Boddaert, 1783)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	9, 34, 43, 48, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert, 1783	VN	MNRJ	WA	34, 61
Troglodytidae
Troglodytes musculus musculus Naumann, 1823	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 9, 34, 37, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Campylorhynchus turdinus turdinus (Wied, 1821)	RE		ML
Pheugopedius genibarbis genibarbis (Swainson, 1838)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Cantorchilus longirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 9, 49
Polioptilidae
Ramphocaenus melanurus melanurus Vieillot, 1819	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60
Polioptila atricapilla (Swainson, 1831)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 9, 34, 37, 49, 54, 60, 62
Donacobiidae
Donacobius atricapilla atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 48, 60, 61
Turdidae
Catharus fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens, 1817)	VS		WA	52
Turdus flavipes flavipes Vieillot, 1818	VS		WA
Turdus leucomelas albiventer Spix, 1824	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Turdus fumigatus fumigatus Lichtenstein, 1823	RE	MNRJ		18, 61
Turdus rufiventris juensis (Cory, 1916)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 49, 60, 62
Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850	RE	FMNH, MHNAL, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, WA	9, 34, 62
Turdus albicollis crotopezus Lichtenstein, 1823	VS	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, XC	9, 29, 34, 37, 48, 60
Mimidae
Mimus gilvus antelius Oberholser, 1919	RE		WA	43, 54
Mimus saturninus arenaceus Chapman, 1890	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 34, 49, 54, 60
Estrildidae
Estrilda astrild (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE		ML, WA	60, 61
Passeridae
Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	MNRJ	ML, WA, XC	29, 34, 49, 60, 62
Motacillidae
Anthus chii chii Vieillot, 1818	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 48, 49, 60, 62
Fringillidae
Spinus yarrellii (Audubon, 1839)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 9, 22, 29, 34, 48, 60
Cyanophonia cyanocephala cyanocephala (Vieillot, 1819)	RE		WA, XC	48, 52
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Euphonia violacea aurantiicollis Bertoni, 1901	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61
Euphonia pectoralis (Latham, 1801)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	ASEC, ML, XC	14, 34, 37, 35, 48, 60
Passerellidae
Ammodramus humeralis humeralis (Bosc, 1792)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 43, 48, 49, 60, 61, 62
Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann, 1783)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 61, 62
Zonotrichia capensis matutina (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	WA	7, 34, 37, 49, 60
Icteridae
Leistes superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 49, 60
Cacicus solitarius (Vieillot, 1816)	RE		ML, WA	54, 62
Cacicus cela (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, WA	7
Cacicus haemorrhous affinis Swainson, 1834	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7
Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 29
Icterus pyrrhopterus tibialis Swainson, 1838	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 49, 54, 60
Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cassin, 1866	RE		WA	58
Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 34, 49, 60, 62
Anumara forbesi (Sclater, 1886)	RE	CMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, USNM, ZUEC	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	17, 22, 29, 34, 36, 48, 60
Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris (Spix, 1824)	RE	MZUSP	WA
Agelaioides fringillarius (Spix, 1824)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 48, 49, 60
Chrysomus ruficapillus frontalis (Vieillot, 1819)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 60
Parulidae
Geothlypis aequinoctialis velata (Vieillot, 1809)	RE		ML, WA	52, 54
Setophaga pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817)	RE		WA	34, 37, 60
Myiothlypis flaveola flaveola Baird, 1865	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 48, 54, 60, 62
Basileuterus culicivorus auricapilla (Swainson, 1838)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE, ZUEC	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Cardinalidae
Piranga flava saira (Spix, 1825)	RE	MZUSP		7, 60
Habia rubica bahiae Hellmayr, 1936	RE	LACM, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 48
Caryothraustes brasiliensis Cabanis, 1851	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54
Cyanoloxia brissonii brissonii (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	WA	7, 34, 49, 60
Thraupidae
Nemosia pileata caerulea (Wied, 1831)	RE	MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 61, 62
Compsothraupis loricata (Lichtenstein, 1819)	RE	LACM, MZUSP	WA	7, 29, 43, 49
Emberizoides herbicola herbicola (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 9, 34, 54, 60, 62
Chlorophanes spiza axillaris Zimmer, 1929	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	ASEC, WA	34, 37, 60
Hemithraupis flavicollis melanoxantha (Lichtenstein, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48
Hemithraupis guira guira (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Tersina viridis viridis (Illiger, 1811)	VS		FNJV, ML, WA	34, 52, 54, 62
Cyanerpes cyaneus holti Parkes, 1977	RE	FMNH, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 62
Dacnis cayana paraguayensis Chubb, 1910	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE, ZUEC	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 61, 62
Saltator maximus maximus (Statius Muller, 1776)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 48, 54, 60, 61, 62
Saltator fuliginosus (Daudin, 1800)	RE	MNRJ	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	29, 34, 37, 48, 60
Coereba flaveola chloropyga (Cabanis, 1850)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Asemospiza fuliginosa fuliginosa (Wied, 1830)	UN	MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, WA, XC	9, 34, 37, 48, 60
Volatinia jacarina jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 48, 49, 54, 60, 61, 62
Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied, 1821)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA	7, 49
Loriotus cristatus brunneus (Spix, 1825)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 61
Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert, 1783)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, WA	7, 34, 37, 48, 49, 54, 60, 62
Ramphocelus bresilia bresilia (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 54, 60
Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	LACM	FNJV, WA
Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 54, 60
Sporophila albogularis (Spix, 1825)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 49, 60
Sporophila leucoptera cinereola (Temminck, 1820)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 9, 48, 60
Sporophila bouvreuil (Statius Muller, 1776)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 49, 60, 62
Sporophila angolensis angolensis (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, WA	7, 29, 54, 60
Thlypopsis sordida sordida (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE, ZUEC	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 54, 60, 62
Conirostrum speciosum speciosum (Temminck, 1824)	RE	FMNH, MZUSP	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 60, 62
Conirostrum bicolor bicolor (Vieillot, 1809)	RE	MNRJ	FNJV, ML, WA	62
Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ML, WA	7, 34, 49, 60
Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr, 1906	RE		WA
Sicalis luteola luteiventris (Meyen, 1834)	RE		ML, WA, XC	49
Cissopis leverianus ssp. (Gmelin, 1788)	RE	MNRJ		16
Schistochlamys melanopis melanopis (Latham, 1790)	RE	MNRJ	WA
Schistochlamys ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1817)	RE	LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 60
Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, WA	7, 34, 49, 60
Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 48, 49, 54, 60, 62
Thraupis palmarum palmarum (Wied, 1821)	RE	FMNH, LACM, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA, XC	7, 34, 37, 43, 54, 60, 62
Stilpnia cayana flava (Gmelin, 1789)	RE	LACM, MHNAL, MNRJ, MZUSP	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 34, 37, 48, 54, 60, 62
Tangara fastuosa (Lesson, 1831)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE	FNJV, ML, WA, XC	9, 22, 29, 34, 36, 37, 38, 48, 54, 60, 62
Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory, 1916	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFPE, ZUEC	ASEC, FNJV, ML, WA	7, 37, 48, 54, 60
Tangara cyanomelas (Wied, 1830)	RE	FMNH, MNRJ, UFPE	ASEC, ML, WA, XC	34, 35, 37

APPENDIX 2

Tertiary list - species for which there are published records for the state, but whose evidence is either questionable or invalid.

Crypturellus variegatus

One tinamou collected in Igarassu, Pernambuco, on 25 July 1996 (UFPE 1122) was identified as being Crypturellus variegatus and then the putative occurrence of this species in the PCE, based on this record, probably set a precedent for subsequent misidentified records of C. variegatus in Alagoas (Roda, 2003). We have checked the abovementioned specimen and it proved to be a C. soui (photos available upon request). We consider all records allegedly of C. variegatus in the PCE (Roda, 2003), probably aural encounters, to be misidentifications of C. strigulosus.

Chionomesa lactea, Aramides saracura and Psittacara leucophthalmus

These species were listed for the state in an obscure paper (Silva et al., 2015). The concerned paper contains so many errors that it is difficult to take it seriously and the records allegedly of these species are obvious confusions with similar species, namely Chionomesa fimbriata, Aramides cajaneus and Diopsittaca nobilis.

Amadonastur lacernulatus

Alleged occurrence of this species in the PCE is due to a cascade of errors. Another white hawk that occurs in the PCE, the White-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi, was long believed to be an invalid species (see Dénes et al., 2011). It follows that L. forbesi was largely omitted from field guides and reference works (e.g.,Sick, 1997) and thus many ornithologists made misidentifications of white hawks in the PCE. Pinto & Camargo (1961) were the first to report the occurrence of A. lacernulatus in the PCE. They collected a specimen of L. forbesi in Alagoas and misidentified it as A. lacernulatus, an error discovered only decades later after reexamination of the specimen (Dénes et al., 2011). In the meantime, the alleged occurrence of A. lacernulatus in the PCE, based on Pinto and Camargo’s misidentified record, was widely disseminated in the ornithological literature (Pinto, 1978; Collar et al., 1992; Thiollay, 1994; Pacheco & Whitney, 1995; Sick, 1997; Ferguson-Lees & Christie, 2001) and some ornithologists who conducted field surveys in the PCE published a lot misidentified records allegedly of this species (Collar et al., 1992; Wege & Long, 1995; Pacheco & Whitney, 1995; Roda et al., 2003; Roda & Pereira, 2006; Almeida & Teixeira, 2010). Now, we know that L. forbesi is a valid species and relatively common in the PCE (Pereira et al., 2019a; Lima et al., 2020), and that all alleged records of A. lacernulatus in this region are likely misidentifications of either L. forbesi or Mantled Hawk Pseudastur polionotus.

Piculus chrysochloros

A record from the Murici Ecological Station identified as being of this species (Silveira et al., 2003a) is a confusion with P. flavigula. Occurrence in the state, however, is not unlikely, but in the Caatinga westwards.

Pyrrhura cruentata and Dendroma rufa

In 1865, a group of scientists from the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) embarked for Brazil in an expedition to study the country’s fauna and flora (Dick, 1977). Newton Dexter, a member of the expedition, collected bird specimens in the state of Bahia for two or three weeks, and after in Maceió, Alagoas, where he stayed only one day (Agassiz, 1868: chapter IV). Among the specimens from this expedition in the MCZ bird collection, twenty have “Maceió, Alagoas” and none has “Bahia” as the locality of collection on their labels. Two of these specimens, namely a Pyrrhura cruentata (MCZ 7251) and a Dendroma rufa (MCZ 7242), called our attention because Maceió is far from the known northern limits of these species in Brazil. Other noteworthy species, considering that they may have been collected in Maceió, include Odontophorus capueira and Chelidoptera tenebrosa. Unfortunately, we were not able to ascertain whether these specimens were really collected in Alagoas and we believe that the assignment of all of them to Alagoas instead of Bahia is probably due to clerical error.

Pipra fasciicauda

The species has been reported for Alagoas in some reference works (Ridgely & Tudor, 1994, 2009; Haffer, 1997; Snow, 2004) without any evidence regarding its alleged occurrence in the state. As already noted by Albano & Girão (2008) and Kirwan & Green (2012), the alleged occurrence of the Band-tailed Manakin in Alagoas lacks evidence to be credible and is likely erroneous.

Myiornis auricularis

A sound-recording from the Murici Ecological Station formerly identified as being of this species (XC 284000; J. Minns) was cited in an article (Ruiz-Esparza et al., 2018), constituting the only mention of Myiornis auricularis for the state. The animal in this sound-recording, however, is in fact a frog (Pristimantis ramagii; Marcos Dubeux pers. comm.).

Conopias trivirgatus

The species was mentioned in a bird list from Piaçabuçu without any details (Cabral et al., 2006). This record is likely a misidentification of the regionally common Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis.

Hylophilus pectoralis

Alleged record for this species in Alagoas (Pinto & Camargo, 1961) is a misidentification for Gray-eyed Greenlet H. amaurocephalus (Pacheco et al., 2011).

Tachycineta leucorrhoa

A single undocumented record in Alagoas (Silveira et al., 2003a) is likely a misidentification of White-winged Swallow Tachycineta albiventer. Although T. leucorrhoa is known to occur in extreme northeastern Brazil (Sagot-Martin et al., 2020), and thus its occurrence in the state would not be unexpected, the putative Alagoas record was near a large water reservoir, typical habitat of the regionally much commoner T. albiventer, which is absent in Silveira et al.’s (2003a) list.

Sporophila ardesiaca

Recent records in the state (e.g., WA 3870941; C. Almeida) are likely of cagebirds inappropriately released by the environmental police in the region, since the species is known to be traded on the local black market (Lopes & Freitas, 2017) and had never been recorded in the region.

Sporophila caerulescens

Recent records in the states of Alagoas (e.g., WA 4446358; A. Rodrigues) and Pernambuco (e.g., WA 2394408; C. Gussoni) are likely of cagebirds inappropriately released in the region, since the species is known to be traded on the local black market (Pagano et al., 2009; Licarião et al., 2013) and had never been recorded in the region.

Sporophila maximiliani

We were unable to trace any records from Alagoas. Therefore, we consider the putative occurrence of this species in the state mentioned by Sick (1997) to be speculative. See the species’ range based on documentary evidence in Ubaid et al. (2018).

Edited by

Edited by: Carlos José Einicker Lamas.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  03 Oct 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  16 Mar 2022
• Accepted
  12 May 2022
• Published
  27 May 2022