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ARTICLE • Pap. Avulsos Zool. 62 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.057   copy

A catalogue of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) and Teratomyzidae (Diptera: Opomyzoidea) of Chile

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

A catalogue of the Lonchaeidae and Teratomyzidae of Chile is presented. This paper comprises two genera with five species of Lonchaeidae and two genera with two species of Teratomyzidae known from Chile, including information about the name of the taxon, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality, and references. The geographical distributions of each species were determined by examination of bibliographic data and of label data on specimens in collections.

Keywords:
List of species; Acalyptratae; Lance flies; Fern flies; Andean Region

INTRODUCTION

Belonging to the superfamily Tephritoidea, Lonchaeidae was erected by Rondani (1856Rondani, C. 1856. Dipterologiae italicae prodromus. In: Rondani, C. Genera itálica ordinis Dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata. Parmae, A. Stoccih [sic]. V. 2, 264 p. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34067#page/235/mode/1up.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item... ) to host two genera, Lonchaea Fallén and Palloptera Fallén. Currently Lonchaeidae comprises nine genera and almost 600 valid names (MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... ), divided in two subfamilies, Dasiopinae, which includes only Dasiops Rondani, and Lonchaeinae, divided into two tribes, Earomyiini and Lonchaeini, each with four genera (Norrbom & Korytkowshi, 2010Norrbom, A.L. & Korytkowski, C.A. 2010. Lonchaeidae. In: Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J.M.; Wood, D.M.; Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, Ontario. v. 2, p. 857-863.).

Species of Lonchaeidae occur worldwide and are found in a wide range of habitats, from the Arctic Circle to the Equator and in all zoogeographical regions (MacGowan & Friedberg, 2008MacGowan, I. & Friedberg, A. 2008. The Lonchaeidae (Diptera) of Israel, with descriptions of three new species. Israel Journal of Entomology, 38: 61-92.). Most lonchaeids are scavengers as larvae, breeding mainly in damaged plant tissues or decaying vegetation, but a few species are primary invaders of living plants (Norrbom & Korytkowski, 2010Norrbom, A.L. & Korytkowski, C.A. 2010. Lonchaeidae. In: Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J.M.; Wood, D.M.; Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, Ontario. v. 2, p. 857-863.).

Members of Lonchaeidae can be recognised by the following characters: moderately small (body length 3.0-6.0 mm), relatively setose, shiny black to metallic blue or green, with wings usually hyaline. Body stout, abdomen broad and flat. Face broad, usually without strong carina. Eye large, pilose or bare. Without vibrissa but one or more sub vibrissal vibrissae-like setae sometimes present. Wing with anal lobe and alula well developed, halter dark brown (Norrbom & Korytkowski, 2010Norrbom, A.L. & Korytkowski, C.A. 2010. Lonchaeidae. In: Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J.M.; Wood, D.M.; Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, Ontario. v. 2, p. 857-863.; MacGowan & Rotheray, 2021MacGowan, I. & Rotheray, G.E. 2021. Lonchaeidae (Lance Flies). 67. In: Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. & Bradley, B.J. (Eds.). Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 3 Brachycera-Cyclorrhapha, excluding Calyptratae. South Pretoria, African National Biodiversity Institute. p. 1587-1596. (Suricata 8)).

Currently Teratomyzidae comprises seven genera and 24 species, distributed in the Australasian/Oceanic, Oriental, and southern Neotropical regions. The systematic position of Teratomyzidae has been controversial. Courtney et al. (2017Courtney, G.W.; Pape, T.; Skevington, J.H. & Sinclair, B. 2017. Biodiversity of Diptera. In: Foottit, R.G. & Adler, P.H. (Eds.). Insect biodiversity: science and society. 2. ed. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell. p. 229-278. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch9.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch... ) and Pape et al. (2011Pape, T.; Blagoderov, V. & Mostovski, M.B. 2011. Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.Q. (Ed.). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148: 1-237. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.9.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.... ) placed Teratomyzidae in the Opomyzoidea group, whereas Malloch (1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.) placed the genera Teratomyza of Teratomyzidae in Anthomyzidae. D.K. McAlpine (1998McAlpine, D.K. 1998. Family Teratomyzidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds.). Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 3, Higher Brachycera. Budapest, Science Herald. p. 331-334.) countered that teratomyzids further differ from the Anthomyzidae in the reduction of the prosternum and from the Opomyzidae in the presence of the vibrissae. More recently, Teratomyzidae has been placed in the Sphaeroceroidea, closely to Heleomyzidae and Paraleucopidae (Bayless et al., 2021Bayless, K.M.; Trautwein, M.D.; Meusemann, K.; Shin, S.; Petersen, M.; Donath, A.; Podsiadlowski, L.; Mayer, C.; Niehuis, O.; Peters, R.S.; Meier, R.; Kutty, S.N.; Liu, S.; Zhou, X.; Misof, B.; Yeates, D.K. & Wiegmann B.M. 2021. Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics. BMC Biology, 19: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00944... ; Bayless, 2022Bayless, K.M. 2022. A new species of Teratomyza, the first fern fly from New Guinea (Diptera, Teratomyzidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 74(1): 13-18. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.74.2022.1791.
https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.74.2... ). Little known about the biology of Teratomyzidae. According to McAlpine & Keizer (1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... ), most teratomyzids were obtained by sweeping fronds of terrestrial ferns, usually in or near the margins of forests.

D.K. McAlpine (1998McAlpine, D.K. 1998. Family Teratomyzidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds.). Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 3, Higher Brachycera. Budapest, Science Herald. p. 331-334.) provided a diagnosis to Teratomyzidae: CuA2+A1 terminating well beyond the level of crossvein dm-cu, no elongate costal bristle overlapping the costal break, alula broad and produced distad of the alular incision, several fronto-orbital setae present, parafacial suture distinct, a large supra-alar seta present, no abdominal sternite 6 in the male, and a distinctively modified postabdomen in the female.

The goal of this paper is to provide a catalogue of the Lonchaeidae of Chile and an updated catalogue to the Teratomyzidae of Chile with references and additional information for each species, and genus of both families.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

For each species, the Chilean distribution is given by region and province (from north to south) and localities (alphabetically) when such data are available from the literature and from specimens in collections.

The abbreviations used in this catalogue are: biol. = biology; cat. = catalogue; com. = comments; des. = description; diag. = diagnosis; dist. = distribution; fem. gen. = female genitalia; fig. = figure; key = taxonomic key; list = list of species; mal. gen. = male genitalia; n. com. = new combination; phyl. = phylogeny; reds. = redescription; refs. = references; tabs. = tables; taxon. = taxonomy.

Acronyms used for location of primary types: CNC = Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada; BMNH = The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; OUMNH = Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, England; SDEI = Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Insitut, Müncheberg, Germany; USNM = U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.

RESULTS

Two genera with five species of Lonchaeidae and two genera with two species of Teratomyzidae have been recorded from Chile (Table 1).

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Table 1
List of genera and species of Lonchaeidae and Teratomyzidae from Chile.

Catalogue of Lonchaeidae

Family Lonchaeidae Rondani

Subfamily Lonchaeinae Rondani

Tribe Earomyiini Morge

Genus Protearomyia J.F. McAlpine

Protearomyia J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc.: 92.

Type species:Lonchaea obscuraWalker, 1836Walker, F. 1836. Descriptions of insects collected by Captain P.P. King, R.N., F.R.S., in the survey of the Straights of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17: 315-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00026.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834... : 357, by subsequent designation of J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc..

References: J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc.: 72 (key), 74 (phyl.), 93 (dist.), 93 (key), 94 (com.), 95 (phyl.); Hennig, 1967Hennig, W. 1967. Neue Acalyptratae aus dem Baltischen Bernstein (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde , 175: 1-27.: 14 (phyl.); J.F. McAlpine, 1983McAlpine, J.F. 1983. A Revision of the genus Protearomyza McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist , 115(8): 885-903. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8... : 885 (cat.), 886 (diag.), 887 (phyl.), 888 (key); J.F. McAlpine, 1987McAlpine, J.F. 1987. Lonchaeidae. In: McAlpine, J.F.; Peterson, B.V.; Shewell, G.E.; Teskey, H.J.; Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Ottawa,Canadian Government Publ. v. 2, p. 675-680.: 796 (key); Lima, 2005Lima, A.A. 2005. Aspectos fitotécnicos: desafios da pesquisa. In: Faleiro, F.G.; Junqueira, N.T.V. & Braga, M.F. (Eds.). Maracujá: germoplasma e melhoramento genético. Planaltina, EMBRAPA Cerrados. p. 643-677.: 666 (biol.); Winqvist & Kahanpää, 2007Winqvist, K. & Kahanpää, J. 2007. Checklist of Finnish flies: superfamilies Tephritoidea and Sciomyzoidea (Diptera: Brachycera). Sahlbergia, 12: 20-32.: 28 (list); MacGowan & Friedberg, 2008MacGowan, I. & Friedberg, A. 2008. The Lonchaeidae (Diptera) of Israel, with descriptions of three new species. Israel Journal of Entomology, 38: 61-92.: 63 (key), 68 (com.); Máca, 2009Máca, J. 2009. Lonchaeidae Rondani, 1856. In: Checklist of Diptera of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Available: http://www.edvis.sk/diptera2009/families/lonchaeidae.htm.
http://www.edvis.sk/diptera2009/families... (cat.); Norrbom & Korytkowski, 2010Norrbom, A.L. & Korytkowski, C.A. 2010. Lonchaeidae. In: Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J.M.; Wood, D.M.; Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, Ontario. v. 2, p. 857-863.: 858 (fig.: 3 head, 8 scutellum), 859 (key); Wyckhuys et al., 2012Wyckhuys, K.A.G.; Korytkowski, C.; Martinez, J.; Herrera, B.; Rojas, M. & Ocampo, J. 2012. Species composition and seasonal occurrence of Diptera associated with passionfruit crops in Colombia. Crop Protection, 32: 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.10.003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.10... : 91 (com.); MacGowan, 2014MacGowan, I. 2014. Three new species of Protearomyia McAlpine, 1962 (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) with a key to males of the Palearctic species. Zootaxa, 3796(2): 337-348. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.6.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.... : 337 (com.); Lemos et al., 2015Lemos, L.N.; Adaime, R.; Costa-Neto, S.V.; Deus, E.G.; Jesus-Barros, C.R. & Strikis, P.C. 2015. New Findings on Lonchaeidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) in the Brazilian Amazon. Florida Entomologist, 98(4): 1227-1237. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0433.
https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0433... : 1227 (com.); MacGowan, 2015aMacGowan, I. 2015a. A review and checklist of Swedish Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 136(4): 165-172.: 167 (com.); MacGowan, 2015bMacGowan, I. 2015b. Protearomyia withersi MacGowan (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) new to the British Isles. Dipterists Digest, 22(1): 17-20.: 20 (key); MacGowan et al., 2016MacGowan, I.; Andrade, R. & Gonçalvez, A.R. 2016. Notes on the Lonchaeidae (Insecta, Diptera) of Portugal with a description of a new species. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 40(1-2): 175-183.: 179 (biol.), 180 (list); MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... (database).

Protearomyia mallochi J.F. McAlpine

Protearomyia mallochi J.F. McAlpine, 1983McAlpine, J.F. 1983. A Revision of the genus Protearomyza McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist , 115(8): 885-903. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8... : 891.

Holotype: male (CNC).

Type locality: Chile, Los Coiques [(sic) = Los Coigües].

Distribution: Chile:Región del Biobío: Concepción Province (Concepción). Región de La Araucanía: Cautín Province (Los Coigües). Región de Los Ríos: Valdivia Province (Puerto Fui). Región de Aysén: Aysén Province (Puerto Cisnes).

References: J.F. McAlpine, 1983McAlpine, J.F. 1983. A Revision of the genus Protearomyza McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist , 115(8): 885-903. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8... : 888 (key), 892 (fig. 9-11: mal. gen.), 899 (fig. 23-25: fem. gen.); MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... (database).

Protearomyia obscura (Walker)

Lonchaea obscuraWalker, 1836Walker, F. 1836. Descriptions of insects collected by Captain P.P. King, R.N., F.R.S., in the survey of the Straights of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17: 315-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00026.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834... : 357.

Holotype: female (BMNH).

Type locality: Chile, Port Famine in the Straits of Magellan, by subsequent designation of J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc.: 92.

Lonchaea (Lonchaea) obscuraMalloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 351.

Earomyia? obscuraHennig, 1948Hennig, W. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten. IV. Lonchaeidae und Lauxaniidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 6: 333-429.: 353.

Distribution: Chile:Región del Biobío: Concepción Province (Concepción). Región de Los Lagos: Chiloé Province (Castro). Región de Aysén: Coyhaique Province (Lago Frío, Río Simpson). Región de Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena: Tierra del Fuego Province (Bahía Municiones, Bahía Inútil, Cameron).

References:Bezzi, 1910Bezzi, M. 1910. Brasilianische Lonchaeiden gesammelt von A.A. Barbiellini. O Entomologista Brasileiro, 3: 20-25.: 21 (com., key.); Malloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: (reds.); Stuardo, 1946Stuardo, C. 1946. Catálogo de los dípteros de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria. 250p.: 136 (cat.); Hennig, 1948Hennig, W. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten. IV. Lonchaeidae und Lauxaniidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 6: 333-429.: 353 (com.); J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc.: 93 (key), 97 (com.); Morge, 1963Morge, G. 1963. Die Lonchaeidae und Pallopteridae österreichs und der angrenzenden gebiete. Teik Die Lonchaeidae. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz, 1963: 123-312.: 193 (n. com.); Hennig, 1967Hennig, W. 1967. Neue Acalyptratae aus dem Baltischen Bernstein (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde , 175: 1-27.: 10 (com.); Korytkoioski & Ojeda, 1971Korytkoioski, C.A. & Ojeda, D.P. 1971. Revisión de las especies de la Familia Lonchaeidae en el Perú (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Revista Peruana de Entomología, 14(1): 87-106.: 100 (list), 109 (com.); J.F. McAlpine, 1983: 888 (key), 888 (redes.), 889 (fig. 4: wing), 892 (fig. 7-8: mal. gen.), 899 (fig. 22, 28-29: fem. gen.); MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... (database).

Tribe Lonchaeini Rondani

Genus Lonchaea Fallén

LonchaeaFallén, 1820Fallén, C.F. 1820. Ortalides Sveciae. Lundae, Litteris Berlingianis, 34p.: 25.

Type species:Musca choreaFabricius, 1781Fabricius, J.C. 1781 Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma, auctorum loca natalia, metamorphosium. Hamburgi, Carol Ernest Bohnii. v. 2, 494p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36509.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36509... : 444, by subsequent designation of Westwood, 1840Westwood, J.O. 1840. Order XIII. Diptera Aristotle. (Antliata Fabricius. Halteriptera Clairv.). In: Westwood, J.O. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. London, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans. v. 2, p. 125-154. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45812#page/7/mode/1up.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item... : 150.

LasiolonchaeaEnderlein, 1936Enderlein, G. 1936. Ordnung: Zweiflügler, Diptera. Abt. 16 [= Lfg. 2, in part]. In: Brohmer P.; Ehrmann P. & Ulmer G. (Eds.). Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Vol. 6. Insekten. III Teil. Leipzig, Quelle & Meyer. 259p. 152, junior synonym.

Type species:Lonchaea hirticepsZetterstedt, 1838Zetterstedt, J.W. 1838. Ordo V. Diptera. In: Insecta Lapponica. Lipsiae, Subtibus Leopoldi Voss. p. 505-867. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8242.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8242... : 754.

MastigimasEnderlein, 1927Enderlein, G. 1927. Dipterologische Studien XIX. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 88: 102-112.: 105, junior synonym.

Type species:Mastigimas togoensisEnderlein, 1927Enderlein, G. 1927. Dipterologische Studien XIX. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 88: 102-112.: 105.

TeremyiaMacquart, 1835Macquart, P.J.M. 1835. Histoire naturelle des Insects. Diptères. Paris, N.E. Roret. v. 2, 710p.: 514, junior synonym.

Type species:Lonchaea laticornisMeigen, 1826Meigen, J.W. 1826. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Fünter Theil. Hamm, Schultz-Wundermann, xii + 412p.: 308.

TricholonchaeaCzerny, 1934Czerny, L. 1934. Lonchaeidae. In: Lindner, E. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. v. 5, p. 1-40.: 21, junior synonym.

Type species:Lonchaea albitarsisZetterstedt, 1838Zetterstedt, J.W. 1838. Ordo V. Diptera. In: Insecta Lapponica. Lipsiae, Subtibus Leopoldi Voss. p. 505-867. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8242.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8242... : 754.

References:Fallén, 1820Fallén, C.F. 1820. Ortalides Sveciae. Lundae, Litteris Berlingianis, 34p.: 25 (des.); Malloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 349 (com.); Hennig, 1948Hennig, W. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten. IV. Lonchaeidae und Lauxaniidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 6: 333-429.: 340 (key); Hellmuth, 1954Hellmuth, G.E. 1954. Dipterenlarven als Parasiten und Spoken des Buchdruckers, Ips typographus L. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 35(1): 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1954.tb00710.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1954... : 57-58 (fig. 5-7 larvae); J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc.: 69 (phyl.), 72 (key), 74 (phyl.), 78 (com.), 144 (reds.), 145 (diag.), 146 (biol.), 150 (dist., com.), 152 (phyl.); Hennig, 1967Hennig, W. 1967. Neue Acalyptratae aus dem Baltischen Bernstein (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde , 175: 1-27.: 14 (phyl.); Korytkoioski & Ojeda, 1971Korytkoioski, C.A. & Ojeda, D.P. 1971. Revisión de las especies de la Familia Lonchaeidae en el Perú (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Revista Peruana de Entomología, 14(1): 87-106.: 88 (com.), 89 (key), 100 (cat., list, dist., key); J.F. McAlpine, 1974McAlpine, J.F. 1974. The Lonchaeidae (Diptera) described by Bigot. The Canadian Entomologist, 106(7): 777-780. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent106777-7.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent106777-7... : 777 (com.); J.F. McAlpine, 1983McAlpine, J.F. 1983. A Revision of the genus Protearomyza McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist , 115(8): 885-903. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent115885-8... : 885 (com.); J.F. McAlpine, 1987McAlpine, J.F. 1987. Lonchaeidae. In: McAlpine, J.F.; Peterson, B.V.; Shewell, G.E.; Teskey, H.J.; Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Ottawa,Canadian Government Publ. v. 2, p. 675-680.: 796 (key); Papavero & Ibañez-Bernal, 2001Papavero, N. & Ibañez-Bernal, S. 2001. Contributions to a history of Mexican Dipterology - Part I. Entomologists and their works before the Biologia Centrali-Americana. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 84: 65-173. https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2001.84841840.
https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2001.848418... : 172 (tabs.); MacGowan & Friedberg, 2008MacGowan, I. & Friedberg, A. 2008. The Lonchaeidae (Diptera) of Israel, with descriptions of three new species. Israel Journal of Entomology, 38: 61-92.: 64 (key); Miranda, 2009Miranda, D. 2009. Manejo integral del cultivo de la granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.). In: Miranda, D.; Fisher, G.; Carranza, C.; Magnitskiy, S.; Casierra, F.; Piedrahíta, W. & Flórez, L.H. (Eds.). Cultivo, poscosecha y comercialización de las passifloráceas em Colombia: Maracuyá, granadilla, gulupa y curuba. Bogotá, Sociedad Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas. p. 121-157.: 140 (biol.); Norrbom & Korytkowski, 2010Norrbom, A.L. & Korytkowski, C.A. 2010. Lonchaeidae. In: Brown, B.V.; Borkent, A.; Cumming, J.M.; Wood, D.M.; Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, Ontario. v. 2, p. 857-863.: 860 (fig. 14-19: mal. gen.), 860 (fig. 20-21: fem. gen.), 861 (fig. 22 wing, 24-26 larvae), 862 (key); MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... (database).

Lonchaea andina (Bigot)

Ophyra andinaBigot, 1885Bigot, J.M.F. 1885. Diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. 2Se partie (1). XXXIII. Anthomyzides nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Frances, Series 6(4): 263-304. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9569.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9569... : 304.

Holotype: female (OUMNH).

Type locality: Chile, by subsequent designation of Lonchaea andinaStein, 1907Stein, P. 1907. Revision der Bigotschen und einiger von Macquart beschriebenen aussereuropäischen Anthomyiden. Zeitschrift für systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 7: 209-273.: 211.

Distribution: Chile.

References:Stuardo, 1946Stuardo, C. 1946. Catálogo de los dípteros de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria. 250p.: 137 (cat., as incertae sedis); J.F. McAlpine, 1974McAlpine, J.F. 1974. The Lonchaeidae (Diptera) described by Bigot. The Canadian Entomologist, 106(7): 777-780. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent106777-7.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent106777-7... : 778 (redes.), 779 (fig. 1-2: head; 3-4: fem. gen.); MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... (database).

Lonchaea patagonica Malloch

Lonchaea (Lonchaea) patagonicaMalloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 350.

Holotype: male (USNM).

Type locality: Chile, Ancud.

Distribution: Argentina: Río Negro Province (San Carlos de Bariloche), Río Negro Province (Lago Correntoso). Chile: Región del Biobío: Concepción Province (Concepción). Región de La Araucanía: Malleco Province (Angol). Región de Los Lagos: Llanquihue Province (Ensenada).

References:Stuardo, 1946Stuardo, C. 1946. Catálogo de los dípteros de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria. 250p.: 136 (cat.); Hennig, 1948Hennig, W. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten. IV. Lonchaeidae und Lauxaniidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 6: 333-429.: 376 (fig.: frons), 381 (com., fig.: mal. gen.), 384 (key), 392 (com.); Hennig, 1955Hennig, W. 1955. 16. Phryneidae, Helomyzidae, Lonchaeidae, Piophilidae, Anthomyzidae und Muscidae (Diptera). In: Los insectos de las Islas Juan Fernández. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 4: 21-34.: 22 (reds.); Skottsberg, 1956Skottsberg, C. 1956. The Natural history of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island - V. 1. Geography, Geology, Origin of island life. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1920-1956. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.41367.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.41367... : 303 (list); J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc. (tabs.); Korytkoioski & Ojeda, 1971Korytkoioski, C.A. & Ojeda, D.P. 1971. Revisión de las especies de la Familia Lonchaeidae en el Perú (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Revista Peruana de Entomología, 14(1): 87-106.: 100 (list), 109 (com.); MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... (database).

Lonchaea pilifrons Hennig

Lonchaea pilifronsHennig, 1948Hennig, W. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten. IV. Lonchaeidae und Lauxaniidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 6: 333-429.: 382.

Holotype: male (SDEI).

Type locality: Chile, Palca.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Tarapacá: El Tamarugal Province (Palca).

References:Hennig, 1948Hennig, W. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten. IV. Lonchaeidae und Lauxaniidae. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 6: 333-429.: 376 (fig.: frons), 384 (key), 382 (fig.: mal. gen.); J.F. McAlpine, 1962McAlpine, J.F. 1962. The evolution of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Ph.D. Thesis. Ann Arbor, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Inc. (tabs.); Rohlfien & Ewald, 1970Rohlfien, K. & Ewald, B. 1970. Katalog der in den Sammlungen des ehemaliegen. Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes aufbewahrten Typen-VIII. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 22(7/8): 407-469.: 441 (cat.); Korytkoioski & Ojeda, 1971Korytkoioski, C.A. & Ojeda, D.P. 1971. Revisión de las especies de la Familia Lonchaeidae en el Perú (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Revista Peruana de Entomología, 14(1): 87-106.: 100 (list); MacGowan, 2022MacGowan, I. 2022. Lonchaeidae Online. Available: Available: http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info . Access: 08/12/2021.
http://lonchaeidae.myspecies.info... (database).

Catalogue of Teratomyzidae

Family Teratomyzidae Colless & McAlpine

Type genus: Teratomyza Malloch

Genus Stepta McAlpine & Keyzer

SteptaMcAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 310.

Type species:Teratomyza (Teratoptera) latipennisMalloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 388, by subsequent designation of McAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 310.

References:McAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 310 (key, com.); Rodrigues et al., 2016Rodrigues, J.P.V.; Pereira-Colavite, A. & Mello, R.L. 2016. Catalogue of the Teratomyzidae (Diptera, Opomyzoidea) of the World. Zootaxa, 4205(3): 275-285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.7.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.... : 278 (dist.), 281 (cat.), 285 (list); Cox & McEvey, 2019Cox, R. & McEvey, S.F. 2019. David K. McAlpine Bibliography from 1952 to the Present. Records of the Australian Museum , 71(3): 105-110. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1713.
https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2... : 106 (list); Fachin & Amorim, 2018Fachin, D.A. & Amorim, D.S. 2018. First two species of Austroleptis Hardy (Diptera: Brachycera: Austroleptidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4369(4): 557-574. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4369.4.6.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4369.4.... : 571 (com.).

Stepta latipennis (Malloch)

Teratomyza (Teratoptera) latipennisMalloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 388.

Holotype: female (BMNH).

Type locality: Chile, Mechuque Island, by subsequent designation of McAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 310.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Los Lagos: Chiloé Province (Isla Mechuque).

References:Malloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 387 (key), 389 (com.), plate VII (fig.: wing); Stuardo, 1946Stuardo, C. 1946. Catálogo de los dípteros de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria. 250p.: 140 (cat.); Prado, 1975Prado, A.P. do. 1975. 89A. Family Teratomyzidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 1p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.110114.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.110114... : 1 (cat.); McAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 310 (com.); Rodrigues et al., 2016Rodrigues, J.P.V.; Pereira-Colavite, A. & Mello, R.L. 2016. Catalogue of the Teratomyzidae (Diptera, Opomyzoidea) of the World. Zootaxa, 4205(3): 275-285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.7.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.... : 279 (fig. 8: habitus lateral), 281 (cat.).

Genus Teratoptera Malloch

Teratomyza (Teratoptera) Malloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 387.

Type species: Teratomyza (Teratoptera) chilensis Malloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 388.

References:Malloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 387 (key); Hennig, 1936Hennig, W. 1936. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten. II. Tethinidae, Milichiidae, Anthomyzidae und Opomyzidae. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 27-38. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Deutsche-Ent-Zeitschrift_1936_0027-0038.pdf.
https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Deutsche-Ent-... : 91 (n. com.); Stuardo, 1946Stuardo, C. 1946. Catálogo de los dípteros de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria. 250p.: 140 (cat.); Frey, 1958Frey, R. 1958. Zur Kenntnis der Diptera Brachycera p.p. der Kapverdischen Inseln. Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Commentationes Biologicae, 18: 61.: 31 (key, n. com.); Hennig, 1965Hennig, W. 1965. Die Acalyptratae des Baltischen Bernsteins und ihre Bedeutung für die Erforschung der phylogenetischen Entwicklung dieser Dipteren-Gruppe. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, 145: 1-215.: 164-165 (com.); Prado, 1975Prado, A.P. do. 1975. 89A. Family Teratomyzidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 1p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.110114.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.110114... : 1 (cat.); Vockeroth, 1989Vockeroth, J.R. 1989. Family Teratomyzidae. Bishop Museum Special Publication, 86: 562.: 562 (cat.); McAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 310 (key, com.), 315 (reds.); Rodrigues et al., 2016Rodrigues, J.P.V.; Pereira-Colavite, A. & Mello, R.L. 2016. Catalogue of the Teratomyzidae (Diptera, Opomyzoidea) of the World. Zootaxa, 4205(3): 275-285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.7.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.... : 275 (com.), 278 (dist.), 283 (cat.), 285 (list.).

Teratoptera chilensis (Malloch)

Teratomyza chilensisMalloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 388 [Teratomyza (Teratoptera)].

Holotype: female (BMNH).

Type locality: Chile, Ancud, by subsequent designation of McAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 315.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Los Lagos: Chiloé Province (Ancud).

References:Malloch, 1933Malloch, J.R. 1933. Part VII - Fascicle 4 Acalyptrata: Helomyzidae, Trypetidae, Sciomyzidae, Sapromyzidae, etc. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South of Chile. London, British Museum of Natural History. p. 348-352.: 387 (taxon. notes, key), 388 (desc.), plate VII (figs. 12, 14: wings); Stuardo, 1946Stuardo, C. 1946. Catálogo de los dípteros de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria. 250p.: 140 (cat.); Prado, 1975Prado, A.P. do. 1975. 89A. Family Teratomyzidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 1p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.110114.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.110114... : 1 (cat.); McAlpine & Keyzer, 1994McAlpine, D.K. & Keyzer, R.G. de 1994. Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description. Systematic Entomology, 19(4): 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00593.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994... : 315 (taxon., notes), 316 (n. com., figs.: 23-24: mal. gen., com.); Rodrigues et al., 2016Rodrigues, J.P.V.; Pereira-Colavite, A. & Mello, R.L. 2016. Catalogue of the Teratomyzidae (Diptera, Opomyzoidea) of the World. Zootaxa, 4205(3): 275-285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.7.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.3.... : 279 (fig. 10: habitus lateral), 283 (cat.), 285 (list).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors are grateful to Dr. Ramon Luciano Mello and Dr. William L. Murphy, research collaborator with the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, for reviewing the manuscript and for help in editing the English version.

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  • FUNDING INFORMATION:

    This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

Edited by:

Rafaela Lopes Falaschi

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    07 Nov 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    22 Mar 2022
  • Accepted
    02 Aug 2022
  • Published
    04 Oct 2022
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