<i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> inoculation methods in corn and sorghum

Andrade, Agner de Freitas; Zoz, Tiago; Zoz, André; Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo da Silva; Witt, Travis Wilson

doi:10.1590/1983-40632019v4953027

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 49 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4953027 copy

Azospirillum brasilense inoculation methods in corn and sorghum

Modos de inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense em milho e sorgo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The Azospirillum brasilense inoculation is usually carried out via seed. However, this bacterium presents passive penetration in the plant, what makes it possible to inoculate the crops using other methods. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of A. brasilense inoculation methods on the emergence and initial growth of corn and sorghum, under greenhouse conditions. A randomized block design, with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, was used. The first factor consisted of a control treatment (without inoculation) and three inoculation methods: via seed, via sowing furrow and via leaf spray. The second factor was composed by two hybrids of corn and two of sorghum. The application of A. brasilense to the seed can reduce the emergence percentage and the emergence speed index of corn seedlings, depending on the genotype, but its application does not influence the initial growth of the plants. The A. brasilense inoculation via seed and via sowing furrow can reduce the emergence and increase the mean emergence time of sorghum seedlings, depending on the genotype. The A. brasilense inoculation via seed results in an increase in the dry mass of the root system of sorghum plants.

KEYWORDS:
Zea mays; Sorghum bicolor; diazotrophic bacteria

pH	P_resine	OM	K	Ca	Mg	Al	Al + H	SB	CEC	V(%)	S-SO₄
pH	mg dm^-3	g dm^-3	^{________________________________________________} mmol_cdm^{-3 ________________________________________________}								mg dm^-3
5.2	2.0	14.0	1.7	10.0	7.0	0.0	22.0	18.7	40.7	46	2.0
m		B		Cu		Fe		Mn		Zn
%		^{__________________________________________________________________} mg dm^{-3__________________________________________________________________}
0		0.08		0.60		8.00		5.70		0.30

Treatment	Emergence (%)		Emergence speed index
Treatment	Impacto	NS 92	Impacto	NS 92
Without inoculation	97.5 aA*	97.5 aA	3.83 aA	3.57 aA
Seed	100.0 aA	65.0 bB	4.13 aA	2.29 bB
Sowing furrow	100.0 aA	90.0 aA	4.33 aA	3.44 aB
Foliar spray	100.0 aA	90.0 aA	4.54 aA	3.67 aB
Average	99.38	85.63	4.21
CV (%)	2.61		3.18

Treatment	NEL	PH	LA	SD	RCI
Treatment	nº plant^-1	cm	dm² plant^-1	mm	-
Without inoculation	7.88 a^* * Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column differ from each other by the t-test (LSD) at 5 % of significance.	82.98 a	15.12 a	13.06 a	10.51 a
Seed	8.00 a	87.40 a	15.29 a	12.44 a	10.00 a
Sowing furrow	7.88 a	83.28 a	14.71 a	12.09 a	7.60 a
Foliar spray	8.13 a	82.20 a	14.13 a	12.95 a	11.03 a
Hybrid
Impacto	7.75 a	81.77 a	12.48 b	13.41 a	11.82 a
NS 92	8.19 a	86.16 a	17.15 a	11.86 b	7.75 b
Average	7.97	83.96	14.81	12.63	9.78
CV (%)	2.06	2.07	4.44	1.79	8.12

Treatment	LDM	SDM	SHDM	RSDM	TDM
Treatment	^{____________________________________________________________} g plant^{-1____________________________________________________________}
Without inoculation	5.28 a^* * Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column differ from each other by the t-test (LSD) at 5 % of significance.	4.27 a	9.55 a	14.46 a	24.01 a
Seed	5.29 a	4.11 a	9.40 a	13.69 a	23.09 a
Sowing furrow	5.14 a	4.38 a	9.53 a	11.21 a	20.74 a
Foliar spray	5.12 a	4.11 a	9.23 a	17.11 a	26.33 a
Hybrid
Impacto	4.36 b	4.11 a	8.47 b	12.65 a	21.12 a
NS 92	6.05 a	4.33 a	10.38 a	15.59 a	25.97 a
Mean	5.21	4.22	9.43	14.12	23.54
CV (%)	5.40	6.27	5.66	11.34	8.08

Treatment	Emergence (%)		Mean emergence time (days)
Treatment	1G 282	AG 1090	1G 282	AG 1090
Without inoculation	92.5 aA^* * Distinct lowercase letters in the column indicate a significant difference among the A. brasilense inoculation methods by the t-test (LSD) at 5 % of probability, while distinct uppercase letters in the row indicate a significant difference between the sorghum hybrids by the F test at 5 % of probability.	92.5 aA	3.45 aA	3.86 aA
Seed	70.0 bB	90.0 aA	3.64 aA	3.62 abA
Sowing furrow	87.5 aA	70.5 bB	3.81 aA	3.07 cB
Foliar spray	87.5 aA	87.5 aA	3.77 aA	3.41 bcA
Mean	82.37	85.12	3.66	3.49
CV (%)	6.94		4.22

Treatment	ESI	PH	SD	RCI	NEL
Treatment	ESI	cm	mm	RCI	nº plant^-1
Without inoculation	2.56 a^* * Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column differ from each other by the t-test (LSD) at 5 % of significance.	52.69 a	8.80 a	15.48 a	4.75 a
Seed	2.21 a	59.50 a	9.61 a	14.63 a	5.13 a
Sowing furrow	2.65 a	63.38 a	9.88 a	16.14 a	4.75 a
Foliar spray	2.48 a	59.25 a	9.54 a	18.43 a	5.25 a
Hybrid
1G 282	2.59 a	57.97 a	9.04 a	16.83 a	4.88 a
AG 1090	2.53 a	59.44 a	9.87 a	15.52 a	5.06 a
Mean	2.56	58.70	9.46	16.17	4.97
CV (%)	7.83	7.57	6.23	13.11	11.31

Treatment	LA	LDM	SDM	SHDM	RSDM	TDM
Treatment	cm²	^{___________________________________________________} g plant^{-1 ___________________________________________________}
Without inoculation	5.54 a^* * Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column differ from each other by the t-test (LSD) at 5 % of significance.	1.92 a	0.96 a	2.87 a	2.65 b	5.52 a
Seed	6.38 a	2.38 a	1.28 a	3.65 a	4.96 a	8.61 a
Sowing furrow	6.47 a	2.36 a	1.20 a	3.55 a	3.08 b	6.64 a
Foliar spray	5.96 a	2.17 a	1.05 a	3.22 a	2.31 b	5.52 a
Hybrid
1G 282	5.78 a	2.10 a	1.06 a	3.16 a	3.12 a	6.28 a
AG 1090	6.38 a	2.31 a	1.18 a	3.48 a	3.38 a	6.86 a
Mean	6.08	2.21	1.12	3.32	3.25	6.57
CV (%)	13.38	18.33	21.38	19.21	22.28	19.27

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[TFN1] ^*
Distinct lowercase letters in the column indicate a significant difference among the A. brasilense inoculation methods by the t-test (LSD) at 5 % of probability, while distinct uppercase letters in the row indicate a significant difference between the corn hybrids by the F test at 5 % of probability.