Psychometric Analysis of Disordered Eating in Sports Scale (DES)

Fortes, Leonardo de Sousa; Almeida, Sebastião de Sousa; Ferreira, Maria Elisa Caputo

doi:10.1590/1982-43272664201603

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Articles • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 26 (64) • May-Aug 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272664201603 copy

Psychometric Analysis of Disordered Eating in Sports Scale (DES)^* * This paper derived from a doctoral dissertation defended by the primary author under the supervision of the third author in 2015 in the Graduate Program in Psychology at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.

Análise Psicométrica da Escala de Atitudes Alimentares no Esporte (EAAE)

Análisis Psicométrico de la Escala de Actitudes Alimentarias en el Deporte (EAAD)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

There is no specific psychometric scale that addresses disordered eating among Brazilian athletes. This study's aim was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Disordered Eating in Sports Scale (DES) among Brazilian athletes. A total of 1,338 athletes, both sexes,from various sports participated in the study; 141 were excluded. The DES and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) were used to assess disordered eating among the study participants. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a factor structure that explains more than 40% of the scale's variance. Thefinal version's items presented factors loadings greater than .3. The Pearson correlation showed a statistically significant relationship between the DES and EAT-26 subscales. No differences were found in the mean scores of DES in an interval of two weeks. The findings indicate differences in DES scores due to body adiposity. The conclusion is that DES showed satisfactory concurrent and discriminant validity and reproducibility.

Keywords
eating behavior; athletes; psychometrics

Variable	Sex
	Female (N = 484)		Male (N = 713)
	M (SD)	Min - Max	M (SD)	Min - Max
Age (years)	17.11 (1.55)	12.00 - 36.00	17.88 (1.34)	12.00 - 41.00
Duration of sports practice (years)	8.76 (2.33)	3.00 - 24.00	9.60 (1.95)	2.00 - 28.00
Weekly training regimen (hours)	12.71 (2.89)	6.00 - 36.00	13.51 (2.24)	6.00 - 42.00
Percentage of fat	21.60 (4.48)	9.23 - 32.45	17.73 (5.01)	4.31 - 29.70
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)	22.97 (1.32)	15.29 - 30.10	23.56 (1.22)	16.39 - 30.85
	N	%	N	%
Age
12 - 18 years old	262	54	359	50
18 - 25 years old	145	30	230	32
> 25 years old	77	16	124	18
Competitive level
Regional	93	19	46	7
State	160	33	250	35
National	104	22	231	32
International	127	26	187	26
Ethnicity
Caucasian	288	60	306	43
Afro-descendant	81	16	214	30
Asian	44	9	61	9
Mixed	71	15	132	18

Items	Questions	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 5
1	I do not usually eat before training.		.46
4	I eat any type of food before training			.59
7	I practice beyond the necessary to burn calories		.64
8	I like to feel my stomach empty after training sessions		.59
9	After training I eat until I feel satiated			.67
11	I wear warm/plastic clothes during training to lose weight		.66
12	I eat more than necessary after training sessions	.67
15	I avoid eating in the weeks that precede competitions		.65
18	I always feel hungry after training			.73
19	I refuse using steroids when my peers offer				.49
20	I eat in excess on days that precede competitions	.79
22	I eat food I like after competitions			.67
24	I think I should change my eating habits due to the demands of my sport					.62
25	I eat foods that favor weight gaining on the eve of competitions	.73
26	I think that using substances to lose weight, laxatives and diuretics for instance, would compromise my sports performance				.60
30	I usually eat nothing after competition		.51
31	I would like to use food supplements that can improve my performance during training.					.67
32	I eat an amount of food that is considered to be normal for athletes that practice my sport				.67
34	I exercise beyond the recommended by my coach to gain muscles					.64
35	I do not eat beyond what my stomach can take before competitions				.75
36	I train on days when I am supposed to rest to increase my muscle mass					.59
% of the variance explained		16.95	15.97	7.32	6.26	5.33
Cronbach's α		.78	.66	.75	.73	.66
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)		.89		p< .001
Bartlett's test		2,871.90		p < .001

Items	Questions	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4
1	I do not usually eat before training.				.76
3	I do not usually eat much before training				.62
9	After training I eat an amount of food that satiates me				.52
10	I think my coach would like I were skinner	.74
11	I wear warm/plastic clothes during training to lose weight			.60
17	I think my diet is appropriate to improve my performance in competitions		.68
18	I always feel hungry after training				.38
19	I refuse using steroids when my peers offer	.46
21	I guess my teammates think my eating habits are healthy		.82
23	I use laxatives and/or diuretics before competitions to lose weight			.71
26	I think that using substances to lose weight, laxatives and diuretics for instance, would compromise my sports performance	.51
27	I feel guilty when I eat in excess after competitions	.68
28	I use laxative and/or diuretics to improve my athletic performance			.86
29	I think my opponents would like to have a diet like mine		.63
30	I do not usually eat after competing			.43
31	I would like to use food supplements to improve my performance during trainings.			.34
32	I eat an amount of food that is considered to be normal for athletes that practice my sport		.69
33	I think my opponents think that I am fatty	.73
34	I exercise harder to stay skinny	.66
% of the variance explained		16.25	12.24	9.03	7.72
Cronbach's α		.60	.71	.82	.78
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)		.76		p < .001
Bartlett's test		1,980.78		p < .001

Analysis	Variable	Parameter		p
Male sex
Correlation		Pearson
	Factor 1 DESvs. EAT-26		r = .17	.001
	Factor 2 DESvs.EAT-26		r = .23	.001
	Factor 3 DESvs.EAT-26		r =.12	.001
	Factor 4 DESvs.EAT-26		r = .09	.08
	Factor 5 DESvs.EAT-26		r = .12	.001
	EICCE vs.EAT-26		r = .26	.001

Reproducibility (T1 vs. T2)	DES score	Student's t	t = 1.44	.39
	DES items	r_icc	r = .86	.001
Female sex
Correlation
	Factor 1 DESvs.EAT-26		r = .35	.001
	Factor 2 DESvs.EAT-26		r = .10	.28
	Factor 3 DESvs.EAT-26		r = .39	.001
	Factor 4 DESvs.EAT-26		r = .07	.28
	EICCE vs.EAT-26		r = .44	.001

Reproducibility(T1 vs. T2)	DES Score	Student's t	t = 1.33	.31
	DES items	r_icc	r = .90	.001

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil, Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: paideia@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence address: Leonardo de Sousa Fortes. Rua Clóvis Beviláqua, 163/1003, Madalena. CEP 50710-330. Recife-PE, Brazil. leonardo.fortes@ufpe.br

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Psychometric Analysis of Disordered Eating in Sports Scale (DES)* * This paper derived from a doctoral dissertation defended by the primary author under the supervision of the third author in 2015 in the Graduate Program in Psychology at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.

Análise Psicométrica da Escala de Atitudes Alimentares no Esporte (EAAE)

Análisis Psicométrico de la Escala de Actitudes Alimentarias en el Deporte (EAAD)

Abstract

Psychometric Analysis of Disordered Eating in Sports Scale (DES)^* * This paper derived from a doctoral dissertation defended by the primary author under the supervision of the third author in 2015 in the Graduate Program in Psychology at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.