Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 and Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778): first record of this symbiosis in Brazil

Queiroz, Vinicius; Sales, Licia; Neves, Elizabeth; Johnsson, Rodrigo

Abstract

The crabs of the genus Dissodactylus are well known as ectosymbionts of irregular echinoids belonging to Clypeasteroida and Spatangoida. Dissodactylus crinitichelis is the only species of the genus reported in Brazil. The pea crab species has been already recorded associated with four species of echinoids in Brazilian waters. This paper reviews the known hosts for D. crinitichelis and registers for the first time the association between the pea crab and the sand dollar Leodia sexiesperforata increasing to five the number of known hosts for the crab.

Ecological association; ectosymbiont; Pinnotheridae

Abele, L. G. and Kim, W. 1986. An illustrated Guide to the Marine Decapod Crustaceans of Florida. Technical Series. State of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, 8: 1-391.
Agassiz, L. 1841. Monographies d'Echinoderms vivans et fossilis, des scutelles. 151 p.
Agassiz, L. and Desor, E. 1846. Catalogue raisonné des familles des genres et des espèces de la Classe de Echinodermes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 3(6): 325-374.
Ahyong, S.T. and Ng, P.K.L. 2007. The pinnotherid type material of Semper (1880), Nauck (1880) and Bürger (1895) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 16(Suplement): 191-226.
Alexander, D. E. and Ghiould, J. 1980. The functional significance of the lunules in the sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata Biological Bulletin, 159: 561-570.
Almeida, A.O; Souza, G.B.G.; Boehs, G. and Bezerra, L.E.A. 2010. Shallow-water anomuran and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from southern Bahia, Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 38(3): 329-376.
Alves, O.F.S. and Cerqueira, W.R.P. 2000. Echinodermata das praias de Salvador (Bahia, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Z oologia, 17(2): 543-553.
Baeza, J.A. 2007. The origins of symbiosis as a lifestyle in marine crabs (genus Petrolisthes) from the eastern Pacific: Does interspecific competition play a role? Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 42(1): 7-21.
Barel, G.D.N. and Kramers, P.G.N. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 156: 3-159.
Barros, F.; Borzone, C.A. and Rosso, S. 2001. Macroinfauna of six beaches near Guaratuba bay, southern Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 44(4): 351-364.
Bernasconi, I. 1941. Sobre la distribución geográfica de "Mellita sexiesperforata" (Leske), Physis, 19: 106-108.
Bernasconi, I. 1947. Una nueva especie de "Mellita" en la República Argentina. Physis, 20: 117-118.
Campos, E. and Griffith, H. 1990. Clypeasterophilus, a new genus to receive the small-palped species of the Dissodactylus complex (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 10(3): 550-553.
Campos, E. and Solís-Marín, F. 1998. New Records of Crabs (Pinnotheridae) Symbiotic with Irregular Echinoids in Cuba. Caribbean Journal of Science, 34(3-4): 329-330.
Capítoli, R. and Bemvenuti, C. 2006. Associações de macroinvertebrados bentônicos de fundos inconsolidados da plataforma continental e talude superior no extremo sul do Brasil. Atlântica, 28(1): 47-59.
Coelho, P.A. and Ramos, M.A. 1972. A constituição e a distribuição da fauna de Decápodes do litoral leste da América do Sul entre as latitudes de 5ºN e 39ºS. Trabalhos oceanográficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13: 133-236.
Coelho, P.A. and Ramos-Porto, M. 1995. Crustáceos da Região de Tamandaré, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Boletim Técnico Científico do CEPENE, 3(1): 49-56.
Christensen, A.M. and McDermott, J.J. 1958. Life-history and biology of the oyster crab, Pinnotheres ostreum Say. Biological Bulletin, 114: 146-179.
de Bary, A. 1879. The Phenomenon of Symbiosis. Privately printed in Strasburg. 30p.
Fenucci, J.L. 1971. Notas sobre las dos especies de Pinnotheres mas communesen el litoral bonaerense (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pinnotheridae). Physis, 30(81): 355-367.
Fumis, P.B.; Fransozo, A.; Bertini, G.; Braga, A.A. and Pie, M.R. 2006. Growth rate of the crab Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pinnotheroidea) under laboratory conditions. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 119(3): 395-403.
Gondim, A.I.; Lacouth, P.; Alonso, C. and Manso, C.L.C. 2008. Echinodermata da Praia do Cabo Branco, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 8(2): 151-159.
Goodbody, I. 1960. The feeding mechanism in the sand dollar, Mellita sexiesperforata (Leske). Biological Bulletin, 119: 80-86.
Gray, J. E. 1851. Description of two new genera and some new species of Scutellidae and Echinolampidae in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 9: 34-38.
Griffith, H. 1987a. Taxonomy of the genus Dissodactylus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of three new species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40(3): 397-422.
Griffith, H. 1987b. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in the genus Dissodactylus Smith, 1870 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65(9): 2292-2310.
Hendler, G.; Miller, I.E.; Pawson, D.L. and Kier, P.M. 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins, and alliens: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Washington D. C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 391p.
Lima, E.J.B. and Fernandes, M.L.J. 2009. Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Zoociências, 11(1): 55-63.
Krau, L. 1956. A existência de Clypeaster latisimus (Lamarck) no Brasil e considerações sobre Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) (Clypeasteroida, Echinoidessa). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 54: 413-426.
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. 1816. Echinides. In: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. 3: 1-59.
Leske, N.G. 1778. Additamenta ad Jacobi Theodori Klein Naturalem Dispositionem Echinodermatum et Lucubratiunculam de Aculeis Echinorum Marinorum. 216p.
Magalhães, W.F.; Martins, L.R. and Alves, O.F.S. 2005. Inventário dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 9(1): 61-65.
Manso, C.L.C.; Alves, O.F.S. and Martins, L.R. 2008. Echinodermata da Baía de Todos os Santos e da Baía de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 8: 180-196.
Martins, S.T.S. and D'incao, F. 1996. Os Pinnotheridae de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Decapoda, Brachyura). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 13: 1-26.
Matos, E.; Matos, P.; Corral, L. and Azevedo, C. 2000. Estrutura fina do espermatozóide de Mellita quinquiesperforata Leske (Echinodermata) do litoral norte do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17: 741-745.
Melo, G.A.S. 1971. Duas novas espécies de Pinnotheridae (Crustacea, Brachyura) no litoral brasileiro. Papéis avulsos de Zoologia, 23(22): 197-203.
Moreira, C. 1901. Crustáceos do Brasil. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 11: 1-151.
Netto, L.F.; Hadel, V.F. and Tiago, C.G. 2005. Echinodermata from São Sebastião Channel (São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil). Revista de Biología Tropical, 53(3): 207-218.
Ng, P.K.L.; Guino, D. and Davie, P.J.F. 2008. Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 17: 1-286.
Ng, P.K.L. and van Tri, N. 2010. Solenotheres prolixus, a new genus and new species of pinnotherid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) associated with the razor clam, Solen corneus Lamarck, 1818 (Solenidae) in Vietnam. Zootaxa, 2570: 61-68.
Oliveira, J.P.; de Oliveira, J. and Manso, C.L.S. 2010. Inventário da coleção de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Profº. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6(12): 1-14.
Palacio, F.J. 1980. Revisión zoogeográfica marina del sur del Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 31(1): 69-92.
Paracer, S. and Ahmadjian, V. 2000. Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Associations. Oxford University Press, 304p.
Pohle, G. and Telford, M. 1981. The larval development of Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) in laboratory culture. Bulletin of Marine Science, 31(3): 753-773.
Powers, L.W. 1977. A catalogue and bibliography to the crabs (Brachyura) of the Gulf of Mexico. Contributions in Marine Sciences, 20 (Suppl.): 1-190.
Rathbun, M.J. 1901. The Brachyura and Macrura of Porto Rico. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries Bulletin, 20: 1-127.
Rathbun, M.J. 1918. The Grapsoid crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 97: 1-461.
Rathbun, M.J. 1933. Brachyuran crabs of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and Virgin Islands. New York Academy of Science, 15(2): 1-121.
Rodrigues da Costa, H. 1969. As espécies brasileiras da família Pinnotheridae (Crustacea, Reptantia) com descrição de uma nova espécie (Fábia sebastianensis). Trabalhos oceanográficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 9(11): 255-264.
Rohde, K. 2005. Marine Parasitology. Csiro Publishing National Library of Australia. 590p.
Schmitt, W.L.; Mccain, J.C. and Davidson, E.S. 1973. Crustaceorum Catalogus Pars 3. Decapoda I. Brachyura I. Fam. Pinnotheridae W. Junk, Den Haag, 160p.
Serafy, D.K. 1979. Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises (Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory) 5(3): 1-120.
Takeda, S.; Tamura S. and Washio, M. 1997. Relationship between the pea crab Pinnixa tumida and its endobenthic holothurian host Paracaudina chilensis Marine Ecology Progress Series, 149: 143-154.
Telford, M. 1978. Distribution of two species of Dissodactylus (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) among their echinoid host population in Barbados. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28: 651-658.
Telford, M. 1982. Echinoderm spine structure, feeding and host relationships of four species of Dissodactylus (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 32: 584-594.
Telford, M. and Mooi, R. 1986. Resource partitioning by sand dollars in carbonate and siliceous sediments: Evidence from podial and particle dimensions. Biological Bulletin, 169: 431-448.
Thiel, M.; Zander, A.; Valdivia, N.; Baeza, J.A. and Rueffler, C. 2003. Host fidelity of a symbiotic porcellanid crab: the importance of host characteristics. Journal of Zoology, 261: 353-362
Thoma, B.P.; Heard, R.W and Vargas, R. 2005. A new species of Parapinnixa (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 118(3): 543-550.
Thoma, B.P.; Heard, R.W. and Felder, D.L. 2009. Redescription of Pinnixa arenicola Rathbun, 1922 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae), with new observations on its range and host. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 122(1): 72-80.
Tommasi, L.R. 1999. Echinodermatas recentes e fósseis do Brasil. Base de Dados Tropical. Campinas. Disponível na INTERNET via http://www.bdt.org.br/zoologia Arquivo consultado em agosto de 2004.
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
27 Jan 2015
Date of issue
June 2011

History

Accepted
27 July 2011
Received
30 Mar 2011

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] Abele, L. G. and Kim, W. 1986. An illustrated Guide to the Marine Decapod Crustaceans of Florida. Technical Series. State of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, 8: 1-391.

[2] Agassiz, L. 1841. Monographies d'Echinoderms vivans et fossilis, des scutelles. 151 p.

[3] Agassiz, L. and Desor, E. 1846. Catalogue raisonné des familles des genres et des espèces de la Classe de Echinodermes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 3(6): 325-374.

[4] Ahyong, S.T. and Ng, P.K.L. 2007. The pinnotherid type material of Semper (1880), Nauck (1880) and Bürger (1895) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 16(Suplement): 191-226.

[5] Alexander, D. E. and Ghiould, J. 1980. The functional significance of the lunules in the sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata Biological Bulletin, 159: 561-570.

[6] Almeida, A.O; Souza, G.B.G.; Boehs, G. and Bezerra, L.E.A. 2010. Shallow-water anomuran and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda) from southern Bahia, Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 38(3): 329-376.

[7] Alves, O.F.S. and Cerqueira, W.R.P. 2000. Echinodermata das praias de Salvador (Bahia, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Z oologia, 17(2): 543-553.

[8] Baeza, J.A. 2007. The origins of symbiosis as a lifestyle in marine crabs (genus Petrolisthes) from the eastern Pacific: Does interspecific competition play a role? Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 42(1): 7-21.

[9] Barel, G.D.N. and Kramers, P.G.N. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 156: 3-159.

[10] Barros, F.; Borzone, C.A. and Rosso, S. 2001. Macroinfauna of six beaches near Guaratuba bay, southern Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 44(4): 351-364.

[11] Bernasconi, I. 1941. Sobre la distribución geográfica de "Mellita sexiesperforata" (Leske), Physis, 19: 106-108.

[12] Bernasconi, I. 1947. Una nueva especie de "Mellita" en la República Argentina. Physis, 20: 117-118.

[13] Campos, E. and Griffith, H. 1990. Clypeasterophilus, a new genus to receive the small-palped species of the Dissodactylus complex (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 10(3): 550-553.

[14] Campos, E. and Solís-Marín, F. 1998. New Records of Crabs (Pinnotheridae) Symbiotic with Irregular Echinoids in Cuba. Caribbean Journal of Science, 34(3-4): 329-330.

[15] Capítoli, R. and Bemvenuti, C. 2006. Associações de macroinvertebrados bentônicos de fundos inconsolidados da plataforma continental e talude superior no extremo sul do Brasil. Atlântica, 28(1): 47-59.

[16] Coelho, P.A. and Ramos, M.A. 1972. A constituição e a distribuição da fauna de Decápodes do litoral leste da América do Sul entre as latitudes de 5ºN e 39ºS. Trabalhos oceanográficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13: 133-236.

[17] Coelho, P.A. and Ramos-Porto, M. 1995. Crustáceos da Região de Tamandaré, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Boletim Técnico Científico do CEPENE, 3(1): 49-56.

[18] Christensen, A.M. and McDermott, J.J. 1958. Life-history and biology of the oyster crab, Pinnotheres ostreum Say. Biological Bulletin, 114: 146-179.

[19] de Bary, A. 1879. The Phenomenon of Symbiosis. Privately printed in Strasburg. 30p.

[20] Fenucci, J.L. 1971. Notas sobre las dos especies de Pinnotheres mas communesen el litoral bonaerense (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pinnotheridae). Physis, 30(81): 355-367.

[21] Fumis, P.B.; Fransozo, A.; Bertini, G.; Braga, A.A. and Pie, M.R. 2006. Growth rate of the crab Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pinnotheroidea) under laboratory conditions. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 119(3): 395-403.

[22] Gondim, A.I.; Lacouth, P.; Alonso, C. and Manso, C.L.C. 2008. Echinodermata da Praia do Cabo Branco, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 8(2): 151-159.

[23] Goodbody, I. 1960. The feeding mechanism in the sand dollar, Mellita sexiesperforata (Leske). Biological Bulletin, 119: 80-86.

[24] Gray, J. E. 1851. Description of two new genera and some new species of Scutellidae and Echinolampidae in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 9: 34-38.

[25] Griffith, H. 1987a. Taxonomy of the genus Dissodactylus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of three new species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40(3): 397-422.

[26] Griffith, H. 1987b. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in the genus Dissodactylus Smith, 1870 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65(9): 2292-2310.

[27] Hendler, G.; Miller, I.E.; Pawson, D.L. and Kier, P.M. 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins, and alliens: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Washington D. C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 391p.

[28] Lima, E.J.B. and Fernandes, M.L.J. 2009. Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Zoociências, 11(1): 55-63.

[29] Krau, L. 1956. A existência de Clypeaster latisimus (Lamarck) no Brasil e considerações sobre Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) (Clypeasteroida, Echinoidessa). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 54: 413-426.

[30] Lamarck, J.B.P.A. 1816. Echinides. In: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. 3: 1-59.

[31] Leske, N.G. 1778. Additamenta ad Jacobi Theodori Klein Naturalem Dispositionem Echinodermatum et Lucubratiunculam de Aculeis Echinorum Marinorum. 216p.

[32] Magalhães, W.F.; Martins, L.R. and Alves, O.F.S. 2005. Inventário dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 9(1): 61-65.

[33] Manso, C.L.C.; Alves, O.F.S. and Martins, L.R. 2008. Echinodermata da Baía de Todos os Santos e da Baía de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 8: 180-196.

[34] Martins, S.T.S. and D'incao, F. 1996. Os Pinnotheridae de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Decapoda, Brachyura). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 13: 1-26.

[35] Matos, E.; Matos, P.; Corral, L. and Azevedo, C. 2000. Estrutura fina do espermatozóide de Mellita quinquiesperforata Leske (Echinodermata) do litoral norte do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17: 741-745.

[36] Melo, G.A.S. 1971. Duas novas espécies de Pinnotheridae (Crustacea, Brachyura) no litoral brasileiro. Papéis avulsos de Zoologia, 23(22): 197-203.

[37] Moreira, C. 1901. Crustáceos do Brasil. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 11: 1-151.

[38] Netto, L.F.; Hadel, V.F. and Tiago, C.G. 2005. Echinodermata from São Sebastião Channel (São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil). Revista de Biología Tropical, 53(3): 207-218.

[39] Ng, P.K.L.; Guino, D. and Davie, P.J.F. 2008. Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 17: 1-286.

[40] Ng, P.K.L. and van Tri, N. 2010. Solenotheres prolixus, a new genus and new species of pinnotherid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) associated with the razor clam, Solen corneus Lamarck, 1818 (Solenidae) in Vietnam. Zootaxa, 2570: 61-68.

[41] Oliveira, J.P.; de Oliveira, J. and Manso, C.L.S. 2010. Inventário da coleção de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Profº. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6(12): 1-14.

[42] Palacio, F.J. 1980. Revisión zoogeográfica marina del sur del Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 31(1): 69-92.

[43] Paracer, S. and Ahmadjian, V. 2000. Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Associations. Oxford University Press, 304p.

[44] Pohle, G. and Telford, M. 1981. The larval development of Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) in laboratory culture. Bulletin of Marine Science, 31(3): 753-773.

[45] Powers, L.W. 1977. A catalogue and bibliography to the crabs (Brachyura) of the Gulf of Mexico. Contributions in Marine Sciences, 20 (Suppl.): 1-190.

[46] Rathbun, M.J. 1901. The Brachyura and Macrura of Porto Rico. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries Bulletin, 20: 1-127.

[47] Rathbun, M.J. 1918. The Grapsoid crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 97: 1-461.

[48] Rathbun, M.J. 1933. Brachyuran crabs of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and Virgin Islands. New York Academy of Science, 15(2): 1-121.

[49] Rodrigues da Costa, H. 1969. As espécies brasileiras da família Pinnotheridae (Crustacea, Reptantia) com descrição de uma nova espécie (Fábia sebastianensis). Trabalhos oceanográficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 9(11): 255-264.

[50] Rohde, K. 2005. Marine Parasitology. Csiro Publishing National Library of Australia. 590p.

[51] Schmitt, W.L.; Mccain, J.C. and Davidson, E.S. 1973. Crustaceorum Catalogus Pars 3. Decapoda I. Brachyura I. Fam. Pinnotheridae W. Junk, Den Haag, 160p.

[52] Serafy, D.K. 1979. Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises (Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory) 5(3): 1-120.

[53] Takeda, S.; Tamura S. and Washio, M. 1997. Relationship between the pea crab Pinnixa tumida and its endobenthic holothurian host Paracaudina chilensis Marine Ecology Progress Series, 149: 143-154.

[54] Telford, M. 1978. Distribution of two species of Dissodactylus (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) among their echinoid host population in Barbados. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28: 651-658.

[55] Telford, M. 1982. Echinoderm spine structure, feeding and host relationships of four species of Dissodactylus (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 32: 584-594.

[56] Telford, M. and Mooi, R. 1986. Resource partitioning by sand dollars in carbonate and siliceous sediments: Evidence from podial and particle dimensions. Biological Bulletin, 169: 431-448.

[57] Thiel, M.; Zander, A.; Valdivia, N.; Baeza, J.A. and Rueffler, C. 2003. Host fidelity of a symbiotic porcellanid crab: the importance of host characteristics. Journal of Zoology, 261: 353-362

[58] Thoma, B.P.; Heard, R.W and Vargas, R. 2005. A new species of Parapinnixa (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 118(3): 543-550.

[59] Thoma, B.P.; Heard, R.W. and Felder, D.L. 2009. Redescription of Pinnixa arenicola Rathbun, 1922 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae), with new observations on its range and host. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 122(1): 72-80.

[60] Tommasi, L.R. 1999. Echinodermatas recentes e fósseis do Brasil. Base de Dados Tropical. Campinas. Disponível na INTERNET via http://www.bdt.org.br/zoologia Arquivo consultado em agosto de 2004.

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Brasil

Brasil

Dissodactylus crinitichelis Moreira, 1901 and Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778): first record of this symbiosis in Brazil

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