ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLIC FINANCIAL INVESTMENT IN ELITE SPORT IN CHILE

ANÁLISE DA CONTRIBUIÇÃO FINANCEIRA PARA O ESPORTE DE ELITE NO CHILE

ANÁLISIS DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN FINANCIERA AL DEPORTE DE ÉLITE EN CHILE

Abstract

Funding is one of the most controversial areas when analyzing the likelihood of performance in elite sports. In order to establish the level of funding available in this area, it was necessary to establish certain conceptual margins with respect to elite sport and to determine the different sectors of sport that fit the proposed conceptual definition. Using a non-experimental descriptive method, based on empirical research in sports sciences and a meta-analysis strategy secondary information available on various websites of public services of Chile, together with yearbooks and information requested from entities linked to elite sport, Secondary information was collected that allowed knowing the different lines of funding from each of the factors and sub-factors of pillar 1 of the SPLISS model, proposed by De Bosscher et al. (2006) for the achievement of elite sport achievement that was part of the study. In conclusion, it can be established that a permanent increase in funding does not guarantee performance in elite sports.

Keywords:
Elite sport; factors in sports development; funding; SPLISS model.

Resumo

O financiamento é uma das áreas mais controversas ao analisar a probabilidade de desempenho no esporte de elite. Para estabelecer o nível de financiamento disponível nesta área, foi necessário estabelecer certas margens conceituais a respeito do esporte de elite e determinar os diferentes setores do esporte que se encaixam na definição conceitual proposta. Utilizou-se um método descritivo não experimental, baseado em pesquisa empírica em ciências do esporte e uma estratégia de meta-análise, informações secundárias disponíveis em vários sites de serviços públicos do Estado do Chile, juntamente com anuários e informações solicitadas de entidades ligadas ao esporte de elite. Foram coletadas informações secundárias que permitiram conhecer as diferentes linhas de financiamento de cada um dos fatores e subfatores do pilar 1 do modelo SPLISS, proposto por De Bosscher et al. (2006) para a ocorrência de realizações esportivas de elite que fizeram parte do estudo. Em conclusão, pode-se estabelecer que um aumento permanente no financiamento não garante o desempenho no esporte de elite.

Palavras-chave:
Esporte de elite; fatores de desenvolvimento esportivo; financiamento; modelo SPLISS.

Resumen

El financiamiento es uno de los aspectos más controvertidos a la hora de analizar la probabilidad de rendimiento en el deporte de élite. Para establecer el nivel de financiación disponible, fue necesario establecer ciertos márgenes conceptuales con respecto al deporte de élite y determinar los diferentes sectores del deporte que se ajustan a la definición conceptual propuesta. Se utilizó un método descriptivo no experimental basado en la investigación empírica en ciencias del deporte. Se empleó una estrategia de meta-análisis y se obtuvo información secundaria disponible en los sitios web de servicios públicos chilenos, además de anuarios e información solicitada a entidades vinculadas al deporte de élite. Esta información secundaria permitió conocer las diferentes líneas de financiamiento de cada uno de los factores y subfactores del pilar 1 del modelo SPLISS, propuesto por De Bosscher et al. (2006) para la consecución del deporte de élite que formaron parte del estudio. En conclusión, se puede establecer que un aumento permanente en la financiación no garantiza el rendimiento en el deporte de elite.

Palabras clave:
Deporte de élite; factores de desarrollo deportivo; financiamiento; modelo SPLISS.

1 INTRODUCTION

Sporting success is determined by different physiological, psychological, and social variables that have a direct impact on its outcome. This paper examines one of the major issues of international sporting success today - namely, funding. From a public funding perspective, governments tend to justify large investments in elite sports using the argument that the success of athletes and the organization of major sporting events generate numerous positive outcomes (DE BOSSCHER; SOTIRIADOU; VAN BOTTENBURG, 2013). These positive outcomes can range from prestige and recognition in international relations (BETTINE; GUTIERREZ; GRAEFF, 2018; ideological competitiveness (national pride); improvement in the population’s quality of life; and even a supposed promotion of the internal development of the country (BERGSGARD et al., 2007; HOULIHAN; GREEN, 2008). However, the question ‘Why should nations care about winning medals and therefore invest in elite sport?’ remains largely unanswered (COALTER, 2007; HOULIHAN; GREEN, 2008).

To analyze this problem, it is necessary to consider the purposes based on which countries decide to heavily finance sporting success at the international level, chiefly driven by the interest in appearing in the different medal tables of major sporting events at the regional, continental, and world levels.

This is why the rankings in the medal table in today’s most important mega sporting event, the Olympic Games, are considered a great opportunity for the positioning of the so-called “country brand” (ANHOLT, 2007). This can be explained by the importance that mega sporting events have acquired for an increasing number of nations in the world, especially “as a means of gaining international visibility in some way” (CORNELISSEN, 2007, p. 242). Sometimes, however, these interests are not adequately considered (CAMPESTRINI; DACOSTA, 2017). This could establish a controversial relationship between elite sport and politics, as governments try “to adapt the sport to their particular purposes” (GONZÁLEZ, 2010, p. 196). For example, in the 1960s, Eastern European countries developed sports systems and processes, which were highly successful and remain the theoretical basis for many sports systems (DENNIS; GRIX, 2012).

Houlihan and Green (2008) described sport systems in nine countries: China, Japan, Singapore, Germany, France, Poland, Norway, New Zealand, and the United States. According to the authors, it is possible to arrange the elements of sports systems into three distinct groups: (1) contextual, related to the availability of funding/wealth; (2) procedural, such as the talent identification system; and (3) specific, related to the organization of training centers. In their conclusion, Houlihan and Green (2008) reflected on issues regarding sports policies, such as the pressure on sports systems to become more convergent, and also on a set of concepts connected to “political learning”, “lessons learned” and “benchmarking”. They also pointed towards evidence of homogenization in the development of elite sports in most of the countries covered,but with subtle domestic variations. The authors state that increased competition in international sports encourages countries to adopt a strategic approach to athlete development, with the goal of gaining a competitive advantage over “rivals”.

Andersen and Ronglan (2012) described sports systems in Nordic countries: Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Denmark. Although they confirm the global homogenization of sports systems, the main finding of this study was that the countries followed different paths towards international sporting success, depending on their context (environment). The influence of the environment is also highlighted by Arbena and Lafrance (2002), Bravo et al. (2012), Slack and Parent (2007), and Li, Macintosh and Bravo (2012).

Despite the paradox that combines the homogenization of sports systems and influences of each specific environment, the fact is that an increasing number of countries are seeking success in major world sporting events; secondly, an increasing number of countries have developed the ability to win medals in an international context (SHIBLI; BINGHAM; HENRY, 2007; SHIBLI et al. 2013). Despite this increase in competitiveness, there are few winners and many losers in the international elite sports context (DIGEL, 2005).

In the Chilean context, the regulatory framework provided by Law Nº17.912 of Sport (CHILE, 2001) establishes that the Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND) will develop Elite and International Projection Plans and Programs. This is currently materialized through the National Programme for Elite Sport, which seeks to improve sporting performance in the sporting events of the Olympic cycle and to develop a strategy based on the early detection and training of sporting talent (giving continuity and sustainability to the processes of training and improving elite athletes). These are accomplished through: financial support; health coverage; technical equipment that monitors the preparation of athletes; and support to sports federations in the development of strategic plans. In this scenario, the organization of major international events, such as the South American and Para South American Games in 2014 and the upcoming celebration of the Pan American and Parapan American Games in Santiago 2023, has been pushing for an improvement of the national sporting level. This has been made possible by a constant increase in funding for sport (DUCLOS-BASTÍAS; GIAKONI-RAMÍREZ, 2022), both in the public and private spheres. Infrastructure investment programs have also been strengthened in each of the budget items of the Ministry of Sport, followed by elite sport, and, finally, participation in sport or sport for all (DUCLOS-BASTÍAS; GIAKONI-RAMÍREZ, 2022).

However, this increase in resources for sport in Chile has not translated into better results in terms of sporting success in a sustained manner. While it is true that in the first two Olympic cycles of the 21st century, there were important sporting achievements in the Olympic Games, these came from highly professionalized sporting disciplines, as was the case with football in Sydney 2000 and, later, with tennis in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008. However, in London 2012 and Rio de Janeiro 2016 there were no medal results, returning, at least under this parameter, to the performance observed before the year 2000.

At the Pan American level, in its last edition, Lima 2019, Chile obtained a historic 8th place - after nearly 40 years of absence on the top places. Finally, at the South American Games level, Chile has not made great progress, remaining in 5th place in the last four editions.

Graph 1
Medals obtained by the Chilean delegation in the Pan American Games 1951-2019

1.1 CONTEXTUALIZATION

Given the exposure, it will be necessary to conceptually define the areas and levels of the sport that will be considered in this work - allowing for a more nuanced definition of the installed capacity of human resources and of the infrastructure of the sports systems, which are essential for success at the international level.

Assistance for athletes and sporting success is directly connected to elite sports. Elite sports can be defined as sporting practices that aim to achieve the highest performance levels and thus obtain good individual and/or collective results (MEIRA; BASTOS; BÖHME, 2012). By nature, elite sports management seeks international success (DE BOSSCHER et al., 2015).

In the current globalized context, international sporting success is considered a valuable tool to achieve the indirect goals set by government policies (BERGSGARD et al., 2007; HOULIHAN; GREEN, 2008). In this context, different countries have specific elite systems as part of their national sports policies. Over the past ten years, different countries have increased their investments in effective elite sports policies, in order to develop athletes who will represent the country in major international competitions, enhancing international success (ANDERSEN; RONGLAN, 2012; DIGEL, 2005; TRUYENS et al., 2016) and thus achieving broader goals (BERGSGARD et al., 2007; GRIX; CARMICHAEL, 2012; HOULIHAN; GREEN, 2008).

Considering what is described in the conceptual framework, we believe that there are denominations and concepts to consider, in order to develop a better understanding of the reality, structure, organization and functioning of elite sports in Chile.

In this way, we can say that elite sport refers to a system of work (rather than to a specific sporting level to be reached). It is governed by a structure established and developed in stages, based on the organization, planning, management and evaluation of the sporting process, with the sole objective of obtaining the greatest sporting achievements at the international level (SOTIRIADOU; DE BOSSCHER, 2013). This is accomplished through a system of support and economic investment, which allows the athlete to dedicate all his or her time, exclusively, to the demands and needs of the system (DE BOSSCHER et al., 2015).

In Chile, over the last 30 years, the model for the development of sport and physical activity has been based on a pyramidal organizational structure, emphasizing selection through competition and the sporting performance of its teams and/or athletes.

In Chile, there are currently 56 Sports Federations under the Chilean Olympic Committee (CHOC). In addition, it is relevant to indicate that, in 2017, the Chilean Paralympic Committee was constituted, which replaced other organizational figures that previously developed Paralympic and adapted sports, and which today groups 15 Paralympic Federations.

This allows us to see a clear orientation of the Chilean sports system towards the development of elite sports (BRAVO; SILVA, 2014).

We will refer to elite sport as a category composed of high-level sport and high-level competition sport. Therefore, high-level sport refers to the levels of the sport with the highest standards of positioning in the international context, such as participation at the level of South American Games, Pan American Games, World Championships and Olympic Games. Elite athletes would be those national teams with the capacity to qualify and participate at this level of international mega-events.

At a second lower level, we have high competition sport, which refers to the levels of sport where there is a nomination to a national team to represent the country in tournaments at the continental level, such as South American and Pan American tournaments specific to each sport discipline, as well as specific competitions at regional level in the country.

Based on international experiences on the purpose of countries to invest in elite sport and its context in Chile, we propose as the objective of this research to describe the public investment in Chile for the sports sector, based on conceivable and contemporary theories.

2 METHODOLOGY

The Sports Policy Factors is an internationally acknowledged model aimed at promoting international sporting success. It is known by its acronym “SPLISS” (DE BOSSCHER; et al., 2006), and it gives us a global vision of the variables involved in obtaining sporting achievements. The SPLISS model consists of nine pillars, each with measurable sub-indicators, comprising both quantitative elements (such as the levels of investment in sport, number of athletes, etc.) and qualitative aspects (such as the perception of key or qualified agents from the world of sports).

In the methodology of analysis presented in this paper, the Pillar 1 of the SPLISS model (DE BOSSCHER et al., 2006) was considered, specifically the 13 sub-factors that comprise it: (1) total national expansion of sport in the last 10 years; (2) total national expansion of sport per capita; (3) total government expenditure on sport; (4) increase or decrease in national spending on sport over the last 4 years; (5) national expenditure on elite sport; (6) national expenditure on elite sport per capita; (7) national expenditure on elite sport as a proportion of the total expenditure on national sports organization (NSO); (8) increase or decrease in national spending on elite sport over the last 4 years; (9) total National Sporting Organization (NSO) financial support for sport; (10) total NSO financial support for sport per capita; (11) total NSO financial support for sport: average funding per recognized lead agency; (12) financial support for NSO for elite sport; and (13) average funding per recognized elite sporting government agency.

The financial resources available to sports presuppose a system of financing through which athletes and organizations can be provided for - and thus cover the needs of each sport, which is decisive for the sporting success of a country.

In order to consider these categories, a non-experimental descriptive method was used, based on empirical research in the sports sciences (HEINEMANN, 2003) and on a meta-analysis strategy (THOMAS; NELSON, 2007). This analysis was based on secondary information available on websites of public services in Chile (free access), together with yearbooks and information requested from entities linked to elite sports and other governmental agencies, as detailed below:

1. Balance Integral de Gestión (BIG), of the Instituto Nacional de Deportes 2009-2018.

2. Evaluations of government programs in the area of physical activity and sport of the Budget Direction (BD) of the Ministry of Finance.

3. Statistical compendium of population projections 2015-2018, from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística of Chile (INE).

4. Budget Law 2002-2021, from the Budget Directorate (BD).

Once the definition of elite sport had been refined, a systematization of the available secondary information began, in the first instance derived from the Balance de Gestión Integral (BGI) of the IND and the Ministry of Sports (MS), the governing bodies of sport in Chile. From the budget tables available in each of the BGIs, each of the budget items was reordered into four categories, oriented from the definitions designed for the SPLISS model, proposed by De Bosscher et al.(2006) and adjusted to the Chilean reality, as detailed in Table 1.

Table 1
Budget lines of the Instituto Nacional de Deportes

Line	Items considered and their various names, over the last 10 years
Elite sport	Positioning of Elite/National Sports Leadership. Support for sports careers, Association of Olympic Athletes (ADO Chile), sports residency, doping control, contributions to corporations in the organization of events or mega sporting events, and other contributions from various laws.
Non Elite sport, Rest of sport programs, less investment.	Training for sports, comprehensive sports schools, growing up in sport, recreational sports, better quality of life, sports for all, open spaces for the community, strategic sports meetings, competition system, Chile competes, Fondeporte, development of sports organizations and others.
Investment/infrastructure	All actions/components related to the development of the national sports infrastructure. Bicentenary stadium network, Integral Sports Centres (ISC), via capital transfer to both public and private sectors via tenders, infrastructure standardization program, up to ISC operational expenditure.
IND-MS Operations	Expenditure for the operation of the IND, Undersecretariat, Ministry and all its regional directions or secretariats, expenditure on personnel, non-financial assets, goods and services, and other administrative expenditures.

Considering that in Chile there are more than 70 sources of funding for sport and physical activity, both at central and local levels of public administration (GARCÍA; FELLER; SANDOVAL, 2015), this article will focus only on the resources that come directly from the two highest state bodies in charge of sport and physical activity, the IND, created in 2001 through law Nº 19.712, and the MS in 2013, through the law Nº 20.686. Table 2 (below) details each of the factors and sub-factors of Pillar 1 proposed in De Bosscher et al. (2006) for elite sporting achievement that were part of the study.

Table 2
Factors and Sub-factors Pillar 1 SPLISS Model

Factor 1	Sub Factors
1.1 There is sufficient financial support for sports	1. Total national expansion of sport (in cash terms) (including Elite sport) in the last 10 years
	2. Total national expansion of sport per capita
	3. Total government expenditure on sport (as a proportion of total)
	4. Increase or decrease in national spending on sport over the last 4 years
1.2 There is sufficient financial support for elite sports	5. National expenditure on Elite sport
	6. National expenditure on elite sport per head of population.
	7. National expenditure on Elite sport as a proportion of total national expenditure on sport
	8. Increase or decrease in national spending on Elite sports over the last 4 years
1.3 National sports organization (NSO) receives sufficient financial support for sports	9. Total NSO financial support for sport (in general terms)
	10. Total NSO financial support for sport per head of population
	11. Total NSO financial support for sport: average funding per recognized lead agency
1.4 The national sports organization receives sufficient financial support for elite sport	12. Financial support for NSO for Elite sport
	13. Financial support for NSO for Elite sport: average funding per recognized elite sporting government

et al.

In this way, the work will be approached and oriented under two fundamental aspects. Firstly, it aims to frame the concept of “elite sport” in the South American context, particularly in Chile. Secondly, it identifies and classifies the financial resources - between those destined to “elite sport” and those destined to “sport in general”, which come directly from the governing bodies of the State in the field of sport, considering the general problems identified in the literature regarding the financing of sports organizations and their development (MAZZEI; NASSIF, 2013; ESPAÑA, 2022).

3 RESULTS

In the following section, we will present and explain each of the results of the 13 sub-factors applied. For a proper comparison of the values provided in the BIGs, they were adjusted (according to RPI) to the value of the last year of analysis (CHILE, 2018).

The first result presented in Table 3 refers to the “Total national expansion of the sport, in monetary terms, in the last 10 years” (including elite sport), which consolidates all the resources delivered directly by the State, through the MS from 2009 until 2018.

Table 3
Increase in IND-MS budgets in US$ Millions

Year	Values	Growth (%)
2009	139,513	-
2010	151,997	18,1%
2011	152,176	18,2%
2012	154,014	19%
2013	142,143	10,4%
2014	107,399	-16%
2015	156,471	21,5%
2016	141,443	9,9%
2017	149,352	16,6%
2018	132,558	2,9%

Source: Own elaboration from Balance Integral de Gestión of IND from 2009 to 2018

Table 3 shows that from 2009 onwards, practically every year, the budgets allocated to the IND increased with respect to the previous year, reaching its maximum allocation in 2014, with more than a 20% increase with respect to 2019, the first year of comparison. The only exception was the year 2014, when the budget presented a decrease of 16%.

Graph 2
Evolution of the Sport budget IND-MS in US$ Millions

The average annual amount directly linked to sport in the last 10 years is more than US$ 142,000M.

For the second sub-factor, “total national expansion of sport per capita” or per person, we can point out that the projected population for Chile in 2018 was 18.751.405 inhabitants (INE, 2017), so, dividing the number of people by the total resources of the IND and MS for 2018 (US$ 132,558M), gives us as a result of US$ 7,069.

The third sub-factor concerns the total government expenditure on sport (as a proportion of the total), i.e. the proportion or percentage that the resources allocated to sport and physical activity represent of the total resources of the State. In 2018, the total national budget was US$ 44,158T and the direct budget for sports amounted to US$ 132,558,000 - which gives a proportion of the total state resources of only 0,3% as presented below:

Total for the Nation = US$44,158,587,096,000 = 0,3% National expenditure on sport. = US$132,558,000

Total for the Nation	= US$44,158,587,096,000	= 0,3%
National expenditure on sport.	= US$132,558,000

In the fourth sub-factor, “Increase or decrease in national spending on sport over the last 4 years”, we can point out that the resources of the IND added to the MS from 2015 until 2018, have been decreasing in recent years, with 2018 being the year with the largest decrease - more than 15%.

Table 4
Budget fluctuation IND-MS 2015-2018

Year	Values (US$ millions)	Fluctuation (%)
2015	156,471	-
2016	141,443	-9,6
2017	149,352	-4,6
2018	132,558	-15,3
Media	144.956	-9,8

Source: Own elaboration from Balance Integral de Gestión of IND 2015 to 2018.

Turning to the fifth sub-factor, “National expenditure on elite sport”, in the last budget analyzed in this article, and according to the definitions given above, this was US$ 28,053,747 (which represents 21% of the total budget available to the INE and MS (sub-factor 3).

Graph 3
Percentage of resources for Elite sport

The sixth sub-factor, which is also related to this total expenditure, but calculated per inhabitant, gives us the following amount: US$ 1,496.

US$ 28,053 Expenditure on Elite sport = US$1,496 n 18.751.405 inhabitants in 2018

US$ 28,053	Expenditure on Elite sport	= US$1,496
n 18.751.405	inhabitants in 2018

In relation to seventh sub-factor, it could be determined that national expenditure on elite sport as a proportion of total national expenditure on sport is 21,2%, calculated as follows:

US$ 28,053 Expenditure on Elite sport = 21,2% US$ 132,558 National expenditure on sport

US$ 28,053	Expenditure on Elite sport	= 21,2%
US$ 132,558	National expenditure on sport

In order to obtain information regarding the eighth sub-factor, which is related to the increase or decrease of national expenditure in elite sport from 2015 until 2018, the resources allocated by the Ministry of Sport for this item have been considered, as detailed in Graph 4, where a constant increase in this period of time is observed, highlighting the 43% increase in 2017.

Graph 4
National expenditure on elite sport in the last four years in US$ millions

The ninth sub-factor is related to the “Total financial support of NSOs for sport” (in general terms). It is necessary to specify that for this indicator the following programs or budget glosses were considered: “National Capaciting System” and “Positioning for Elite”. The latter program provides significant financial support for sports federations, linked to granting resources to sports organizations in various categories through the public Fund called Fondeporte. As a result of this exercise, for the year of 2018, this amounts to a total of US$ 24,530 (millions). This number, linked with the tenth sub-factor, on total NSO financial support for sport per head of population, gives us a total amount of US$ 1,308.

Graph 5
Resources allocated to NSOs in US$ Millions

When it comes to the eleventh sub-factor, “Average funding per recognized governing body”, there were 24.268 registered sports organizations on that date (MS, 2016) - if equal amounts were allocated, each one of them would have received an estimate of US$ 1,010.

Finally, at the end of Pillar 1, consideration is given to “Financial support for NSO for Elite sport”. In the Chilean case, a significant portion of the national sports budget goes to the Chilean Olympic Committee (CHOC), the 56 affiliated sports federations and the Elite Corporation ADO Chile - adding up to a total of 56 organizations that receive more than US$ 121,012M in funding, amounting to an average of US$ 375,219 per elite NSO.

US$ 21,012B Elite NSO = US$375,219 56 CHOC+56 Federations+ ADO Chile

US$ 21,012B	Elite NSO	= US$375,219
56	CHOC+56 Federations+ ADO Chile

4 DISCUSSION

The results show that the Chilean State has allocated an annual average of more than US$ 140,860,000 to the sports sector in its national budget for the last 10 years, and that from 2009 to 2018 this budget has experienced increases on five occasions. The most pronounced drop occurred just at the installation of the new MS in 2014, but it was quickly adjusted to the average in the following years. In general terms, and following De Bosscher et al. (2006), this means a per capita state expenditure on sport and physical activity of less than US$ 7,52, which corresponds to about 0,3% of the total national budget.

Looking at the four years between 2015 and 2018, the national budget for sport and physical activity has only experienced decreases - the most pronounced being the last year considered in this analysis (2018), with a drop of more than 15%.

If we focus on these figures, we see that more than three-quarters of the national budget for sports is not allocated to elite sports, thus amounting to only a couple of US dollars per capita of state contribution each year in this specific area. In the fourth year analyzed in this study, about 21% of the national sports budget was allocated to elite sports, corresponding to an average of about US$ 30,107,000 for the period analyzed (2015-2018). This budget item experienced its largest increase in 2017, when the country was hosting the South American Youth Games in Santiago - meaning it did not go directly to elite athletes, but to the organization of the event.

From the point of view of sports organizations, in the last year of analysis (2018) it is possible to identify that the contribution per inhabitant is less than two US dollars (of the national budget), with a high concentration in the elite National Sports Federations (almost 90%). This includes a budget of almost 350 million for 56 major organizations, far from the average of US$ 940,000 destined for the more than 24 thousand sports organizations registered in the National Register of Sports Organizations of the IND.

Finally, by way of synthesis and discussion for future studies, of the US$ 9.65 per inhabitant that the State of Chile invests in sport and physical activity, as we have already explained, 21% is spent on elite sports, which represents roughly US$ 2. Out of the remaining US$ 7,65, US$ 2 and US$ 0,4 go to social programs and sports for all, respectively. US$ 2,3 goes to investments in infrastructure, while 30% (US$ 2,9) goes to operational expenses of the Undersecretariat of Sport and the IND.

Recent studies on the subject (RENAUD; DE BOSSCHER; KEMPF, 2019) conclude that, while it is true that the contribution levels with respect to the total budget are essential, it is even more important to understand how and what this funding is being spent, as countries that are not among the richest recorded greater advances in performance at the international level, prioritizing the development of other pillars over the funding pillar.

An example of this is described by Mazzei et al. (2015), in which Brazil, with a strong financial investment, but with a deficient consideration and articulation of public policies (REYES-BOSSIO, 2006) and strategic planning, has not been able to fully address the performance objectives set for the participation and organization of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.

In this way, it can be inferred that funding structures must be subjected to controlled growth and development, as its permanent and exponential increase does not guarantee performance in elite sports, which is why comprehensive development plans and better public sports policies should be aimed at (DÍAZ; BUCETA; BUENO, 2004; WYLLEMAN; LAVALLE, 2004). While it is true that Pillar 1 represents the component through which the other 8 pillars are financed, we can conclude that the distribution and expenditure between these 8 pillars would be more relevant and influential when seeking sporting results that improve the positioning and project the performance of a country in the most important mega sporting events.

5 CONCLUSION

The purpose of this research was to identify the financial resources that come directly from the governing bodies of the State in the field of sports in Chile, differentiating between those destined for elite sport and those destined for other sporting programs.

In the first order, it was possible to establish that the Pillar 1 SPLISS Model is a method that has allowed us to determine and deepen the analysis of public investment in elite sport in Chile based on its 13 sub-factors. Secondly, it can be concluded that of the total budget allocated to sports, a quarter is for elite sport. On the other hand, it can be concluded that the funding received by grassroots sports organizations is significantly less than that received by the Sports Federations who lead the preparation of Chilean elite athletes. Finally, in relation to the total national expansion of sports in the last 10 years, it can be concluded that the increase in funding does not guarantee a better performance in Chilean elite sports.

REFERENCES

• ANDERSEN, Svein; RONGLAN, Lars. (ed.) Nordic elite sport: same ambitions different tracks. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2012.
• ANHOLT, Simon. What is Competitive Identity? In: ANHOLT, Simon. Competitive identity London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627727_1
  » https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627727_1
• ARBENA, Joseph; LAFRANCE, David. (ed.) Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 2002.
• BERGSGARD, Nils; HOULIHAN, Barrie; MANGSET, Per; NODLAND, Svein; ROMMETVEDT, Hilmar. Sport Policy: a comparative analysis of stability and change. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007.
• BETTINE, Marco; GUTIERREZ, Diego; GRAEFF, Billy. As reportagens das mídias estrangeiras sobre o Brasil dos megaeventos esportivos: soft power, periferia e dependência. Movimento, v. 24, n. 4, p. 1353-1368, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.82438
  » https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.82438
• BRAVO, Gonzalo; OREJAN, Jaime; VÉLEZ, Luisa; LÓPEZ D’AMICO, Rosa. Sport in Latin America. In: LI, Ming; MACINTOSH, Eric; BRAVO, Gonzalo (ed.). International Sport Management Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2012. p. 99-133.
• BRAVO, Gonzalo; SILVA, Jorge. Sport policy in Chile. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 6, n. 1, p. 129-142, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2013.806341
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2013.806341
• CAMPESTRINI, Geraldo; DACOSTA, Lamartine. A pesquisa de impacto econômico como subsídio para as tomadas de decisão em gestão de eventos esportivos: estudo de caso do x games BRASIL 2013. Movimento, v. 23, n. 2, p. 543-558, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.67321
  » https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.67321
• CHILE. Ministerio del Deporte. Política nacional de actividad física y deporte 2016-2025, 2016. Avaible at: https://biblioteca.digital.gob.cl/handle/123456789/380 Accessed on: August 3, 2023.
  » https://biblioteca.digital.gob.cl/handle/123456789/380
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2009 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2009. Available at: http://www.dipres.gob.cl/597/w3-multipropertyvalues-15401-15967.html#gestion_instrumentos_4 Accessed on: July 30, 2023.
  » http://www.dipres.gob.cl/597/w3-multipropertyvalues-15401-15967.html#gestion_instrumentos_4
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2010 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2010.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2011 (BGIs Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2011.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2012 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2012.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2013 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2013.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2014 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2014.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2015 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2015.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2016 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2016.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2018 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2017.
• CHILE. Ministerio de Hacienda. Gobierno de Dirección de Presupuestos. Balance de Gestión Integral 2019 (BGI) Instituto Nacional de Deportes (IND), 2018.
• CHILE. Ministerio del Interior. Subsecretaria del Interior. Ley del Deporte, n. 19.712, 2001 Available at: https://bcn.cl/2fcfz Accessed on: Dec. 15, 2022.
  » https://bcn.cl/2fcfz
• COALTER, Fred. A wider social role for sport: Who’s keeping the score? London: Routledge, 2007.
• CORNELISSEN, Scarlett. Crafting legacies: The changing political economy of global sport and the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Politikon, v. 34, n. 3, p. 241-259, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340801962510
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340801962510
• DE BOSSCHER, Veerle; DE KNOP, Paul; VAN BOTTENBURG, Maarten; SHIBLI, Simon. A conceptual framework for analysing sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. European Sport Management Quarterly, v. 6, n. 2, p. 185-215, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740600955087
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740600955087
• DE BOSSCHER, Veerle; SHIBLI, Simon; WESTERBEEK, Hans. VAN BOTTENBURG, Maarten. Successful elite sport policies: an international comparison of the Sports Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 nations. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Verlag, 2015.
• DE BOSSCHER, Veerle; SOTIRIADOU, Popi; VAN BOTTENBURG, Maarten. Scrutinizing the sport pyramid metaphor: an examination of the relationship between elite success and mass participation in Flanders. International Journal of Sport Policy, v. 5, n. 3, p. 319-339, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2013.806340
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2013.806340
• DENNIS, Mike; GRIX, Jonathan. Sport Under Communism; Behind the easte German miracle. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
• DIGEL, Helmut. Comparison of successful sport systems. New Studies in Athletics, v. 20, n. 2, p. 7-18, 2005.
• DUCLOS-BASTÍAS, Daniel; GIAKONI-RAMÍREZ, Frano. Una aproximación al sistema deportivo chileno. In: ROCCO JR, Ary José; BASTOS, Flávia da Cunha; FUREGATO MORAES, Ivan; LOPEZ DE D’AMICO, Rosa (ed.). Gerencia del Deporte en Latinoamérica. [S.l]: Selo História da América Latina, 2022. (In press).
• ESPAÑA. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte. Consejo Superior de Deportes. Las grandes cifras económicas de las Federaciones deportivas españolas 2010-2019 Available at: https://www.csd.gob.es/es/federaciones-y-asociaciones/federaciones-deportivas-espanolas/cifras-economicas-de-las-federaciones Accessed on: Dec. 19, 2022.
  » https://www.csd.gob.es/es/federaciones-y-asociaciones/federaciones-deportivas-espanolas/cifras-economicas-de-las-federaciones
• GARCÍA, Íñigo; FELLER, Cristobal; SANDOVAL, Pablo. Una aproximación a la medición de su efectividad. Caracterización de la inversión pública en deporte y actividad física en Chile. Gestión y política pública, v. 24, n. 1, p. 55-82, 2015.
• GRIX, Jonathan; CARMICHAEL, Fiona. Why do governments invest in elite sport? A polemic. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 4, n. 1, p. 73-90, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2011.627358
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2011.627358
• GONZÁLEZ, Teresa. ¿Mens sana in corpore sano? In: SAMPEDRO, Javier; GONZÁLEZ, Teresa; GARCÍA-ARJONA, Noemi (ed.). El atleta olímpico: ¿transmisor de valores? Una aproximación histórico-científica. Madrid: Atos Origin, 2010. p. 187-214.
• HEINEMANN, Klaus. Introducción a la metodología de la investigaciones empírica, en las ciencias del deporte. Madrid: Paidotribo, 2003.
• HOULIHAN, Barrie; GREEN, Mick (ed.) Comparative elite sport development. Systems, structures and public policy London: Elsevier, 2008.
• INE - INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICA DE CHILE. Proyecciones poblacionales Available at: https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/sociales/demografia-y-vitales/proyecciones-de-poblacion Accessed on: July 30, 2023.
  » https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/sociales/demografia-y-vitales/proyecciones-de-poblacion
• LI, Ming; MACINTOSH, Eric; BRAVO, Gonzalo. International sport management. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2012.
• MAZZEI, Leandro; MEIRA, Tatiana; BASTOS, Flavia; BÖHME, María; DE BOSSCHER, Veerle. High performance sport in Brazil. Structure and policies comparison with the international context. Gestion y Politica Publica, v. 24, n. esp., p. 83-111, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296618597_High_performance_sport_in_Brazil_Structure_and_policies_comparison_with_the_international_context Accessed on: July 30, 2023.
  » https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296618597_High_performance_sport_in_Brazil_Structure_and_policies_comparison_with_the_international_context
• MAZZEI, Leandro; NASSIF, Vania. A Cultura Organizacional na Gestão do Esporte: um estudo sobre uma federação esportiva. REUNA, v. 18, n. 4, p. 93-110, 2013. Disponível em: https://revistas.una.br/reuna/article/view/587 Accessed on: July 30, 2023.
  » https://revistas.una.br/reuna/article/view/587
• MEIRA, Tatiana; BASTOS, Flavia; BÖHME, María. Análise da estrutura organizacional do esporte de rendimento no Brasil: um estudo preliminar. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, v. 26, n. 2, p. 251-262, 2012.
• PINO DÍAZ, José; BUCETA, José María; BUENO, Ana. Situaciones estresantes y vulnerabilidad a las lesiones deportiva: un estudio con deportistas de equipo. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, v. 14, n. 1, p. 7-25, 2004.
• RENAUD, Anne; DE BOSSCHER, Veerle; KEMPF, Hippolyt. Clustering of national elite sport policy systems and association with international sporting performance In: ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE FRENCH SOCIETY OF STATISTICS, 51., 2019, Nancy. [Proceedings…]. Nancy, 03-07, June 2019. (Unpublished).
• REYES-BOSSIO, Mario. Política deportiva: Factores reales del sistema deportivo. Liberabit, v. 12, n. 12, p. 87-94, 2006. Available at: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-48272006000100009 Accessed on: July, 30, 2023.
  » http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-48272006000100009
• SHIBLI, Simon; BINGHAM, Jerry; HENRY, Ian. Measuring the sporting success of nations. In: HENRY, Ian (ed.). Transnational and comparative research in sport: globalisation, governance and sport policy. London: Routledge, 2007. p. 61-81.
• SHIBLI, Simon; DE BOSSCHER, Veerle; VAN BOTTENBURG, Maarten; WESTERBEEK, Hans. Measuring performance and success in elite sports. In: SOTIRIADOU, Popi; DE BOSSCHER, Veerle (ed.), Managing high performance sport London; New York: Routledge, 2013. p. 30-44.
• SLACK, Trevor; PARENT, Milena. International perspectives on the management of sport London: Elsevier, 2007.
• SOTIRIADOU, Popi; DE BOSSCHER, Veerle (ed.). Managing high performance sport London; New York: Routledge, 2013.
• THOMAS, Jerry; NELSON, Jack. Métodos de investigación en actividad física Barcelona: Paidotribo, 2007.
• TRUYENS, Jasper; DE BOSSCHER, Veerle; SOTIRIADOU, Popi; HEYNDELS, Bruno; WESTERBEEK, Hans. A method to evaluate countries’ organisational capacity: a four country comparison in athletics. Sport Management Review, v. 19, n. 3, p. 279-292, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.002
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.002
• WYLLEMAN, Paul; LAVALLEE, David. A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. In: WEISS, Maureen (ed.). Developmental sport and exercise psychology Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, 2004.

Edited by

EDITORIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Alex Branco Fraga *, Elisandro Schultz Wittizorecki *, Guilherme Reis Nothen**, Mauro Myskiw *, Raquel da Silveira *

* Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ** Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Distrito Federal (SEEDF), Brasília, DF, Brazil.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Nov 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  23 Aug 2022
• Accepted
  15 June 2023
• Published
  01 Sept 2023