MAPPING RELATIONS IN RESEARCHS ABOUT POVERTY AND MIGRATION (1980-2017)

ABSTRACT

This article presents a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) of what has been produced and discussed about the relations between poverty and migration between 1980 and 2017, in order to analyze the researcher’s main concerns, as well as the themes, periods and places of origin of the papers. The article is based on the hypothesis that, knowing the international context (using platforms such as Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect), it would be possible to evaluate, a posteriori, the production in Latin America (analyzing SciELO, LatIndex and RedALyC), with the aim of comparing the main concerns, both locally and globally. The paper aims to evaluate the main themes related to and discussed when one talks about “poverty and migration” and the relationships established between them. The results of this research show, among others, that the relationship between poverty and migration is multidimensional, multidirectional and multiscale. Two main concerns that are always present are related to socioeconomic issues and the causal link between migration and poverty (still without a clear consensus). Although, there was an exponential growth in publications after 2007, the low presence of articles that analyze the Latin-American and Brazilian realities was verified, which makes the use of local platforms (SciELO, LatIndex and RedALyC) necessary.

Keywords:
Poverty and migration; Systematic mapping study; Bibliographic databases; Bibliometrics

RESUMO

Este artigo apresenta um Mapeamento Sistemático da Literatura (MSL) sobre o que tem sido produzido e discutido acerca das relações entre pobreza e migração entre 1980 e 2017, com o intuito de analisar as principais preocupações dos pesquisadores, além das temáticas, dos períodos e dos locais de origem dos trabalhos. O artigo parte da hipótese de que, ao conhecer a realidade internacional (utilizando bases como Web of Science, Scopus e ScienceDirect), será possível avaliar, a posteriori, a produção latino-americana (analisando as bases SciELO, LatIndex e RedALyC), de modo a comparar as principais preocupações locais com as mundiais. O trabalho, deste modo, objetiva avaliar quais os principais temas relacionados e discutidos quando se fala de “pobreza e migração” e quais as relações estabelecidas entre estes. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostram, dentre outros, que a relação entre pobreza e migração é multidimensional, multidirecional e multiescalar. Duas preocupações sempre presentes dizem respeito às questões socioeconômicas e à relação de causalidade entre migração e pobreza (ainda sem claro consenso). Ainda que, após 2007, tenha se verificado um crescimento exponencial das publicações, constatou-se a baixa presença de artigos que analisem as realidades latino-americana e brasileira, sendo necessário o uso de bases indexadas locais (SciELO, LatIndex e RedALyC).

Palavras-chave:
Pobreza e migração; Mapeamento sistemático da literatura; Bases de dados bibliográficos; Bibliometria

RESUMEN

Este artículo presenta un Mapeo Sistemático de la Literatura (MSL) sobre lo que se ha producido y discutido acerca de las relaciones entre pobreza y migración entre 1980 y 2017, con el fin de analizar las principales preocupaciones de los investigadores, además de las temáticas, de los períodos y de los locales de origen de los trabajos. El artículo parte de la hipótesis de que, al conocer la realidad internacional (utilizando bases como Web of Science, Scopus y ScienceDirect), será posible evaluar, a posteriori, la producción latinoamericana (analizando las bases SciELO, LatIndex y RedALyC) para comparar las principales preocupaciones locales con las mundiales. El trabajo, de este modo, tiene como objetivo evaluar cuáles son los principales temas relacionados y discutidos cuando se habla de “pobreza y migración” y cuáles son las relaciones establecidas entre éstos. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran, entre otros, que la relación entre pobreza y migración es multidimensional, multidireccional y multiescalar. Dos preocupaciones siempre presentes se refieren a las cuestiones socioeconómicas y a la relación de causalidad entre migración y pobreza (aún sin claro consenso). Aunque, después de 2007, se ha verificado un crecimiento exponencial de las publicaciones, se constató la baja presencia de artículos que analicen las realidades latinoamericana y brasileña, siendo necesario el uso de bases indexadas locales (SciELO, LatIndex y RedALyC).

Palabras-clave:
Pobreza y migración; Mapeo sistemático de la literatura; Banco de datos bibliográficos; Bibliometría

INTRODUCTION

Studying the relations between poverty and migration involves challenges that are evident from the initial choice of studying the relationship itself, through to the definition of the categories of analysis (poverty and migration). On the one hand, there is the issue of the stricto sensu ideological construction of the migratory problem: in this direction, it is quite common, from the collective imaginary, to view migration as the main cause of poverty in the city (VAINER, 1995). On the other hand, however, it must be considered that understanding this relationship implies a deeper comprehension of the role of migration dynamics in reducing poverty (MARTINE, 2005; CANO, 2011). Before proceeding with the proposal put forward in this article, however, it is necessary to understand what is being studied when analyzing poverty, so that the relationship between it and (national and/or international) migratory dynamics can be evaluated.

On analyzing research about poverty from a quantitative approach, it is possible to divide it into two groups. In the first group, there are demographic studies that seek to understand issues related to the fertility (AASSVE et al., 2005) and mortality of poor populations. Alternatively, these works may focus on a more descriptive analysis of the poor, evaluating them in terms of the composition by variables, such as race/color and marital status (BRITO, 2008; LIPTON, 1983), or even age groups (EASTERLIN, 1987). In the second group are socioeconomic studies, which use data about households to outline the profile of the poor (FERREIRA; LANJOUW; NERI, 2003). Both these types are used to understand who the poor are, but not to comprehend how they entered or remain in poverty.

Research on poverty, regardless of additional interdisciplinary intersections, usually starts from objective definitions to delimit the techniques for measuring this phenomenon (HAGENAARS; DE VOS, 1988). The techniques most used to delimit the poor population include the following: basic needs (HAGENAARS; VAN PRAAG, 1985); multiples of the minimum wage (ROCHA, 1996); the regional staple diets (ROCHA, 2000); and the median income (SOARES, 2009). After the estimation process, especially when using a monetary poverty line, it is common to employ measures that summarize the size and depth of poverty in a single number, (BANCO MUNDIAL, 2005; FOSTER; GREER; THORBECKE, 1984). This shows that, in general, studies on poverty have been made considering a “parameter of income below which people are considered poor” (ROCHA, 1997, p. 313).

Especially since the 1990s, as an alternative to what had previously been done, the multidimensional perspective for poverty analysis has been more widely applied (CODES, 2008). This approach, which varies in its operation according to the researcher, seeks to add dimensions such as the opinion of the poor (NARAYAN et al., 2000) and their capabilities (SEN, 1985; 2001) to the analysis and includes variables to measure access to basic services and adequate housing, as well as the social protection system (ALKIRE; FOSTER, 2011). These methodological advances reinforce the insufficiency of income as a measure of living conditions (HOFFMANN, 1998), especially because it is an indirect technique for measuring poverty (BRADSHAW; FINCH, 2003).

Regardless of the approach used, the study of poverty has increasingly used spatial mapping techniques, known as poverty mapping (HENNINGER; SNEL, 2002; DEICHMANN, 1999), which observe “the heterogeneous poverty conditions that underlie the national average, revealing unsuspected pockets of poverty even within relatively well-off areas” (BEDI; COUDOUEL; SIMLER, 2007, p. 5). The adoption of this approach has drawn attention to the understanding of the interrelations between poverty and migration, since the latter phenomenon also takes place in space and undergoes significant changes over time, due to economic, political and social events (BAENINGER, 2012).

Continuing with the comprehension of migratory dynamics, it is not only the poor who migrate, in addition, not every poor person in a municipality was born there and/or has only lived there. There are natives and migrants both among the poor and the non-poor (MARIA; BAENINGER, 2016), since they can use the migratory act as a survival strategy (MARTINE, 2005; PATARRA, 2006)¹. Moreover, it is also possible that due to social, political and economic factors of segregation and/or exclusion (KOTHARI, 2002), the poor do not migrate or consider migration as a strategy.

It is argued, therefore, that the migratory condition should be included in studies on poverty, as well as an analysis of how the living conditions of the migrant population have improved over time (MARIA; BAENINGER, 2016). This proposition is based on the view that migration can be understood as “a cause and consequence of chronic poverty for those who move as well as for those who stay behind and consequently, key to understanding the role of migration in chronic poverty is the relationship between ‘mobility’ and ‘immobility’” (KOTHARI, 2002, p. 4).

It has been observed that the analysis of poverty in Brazil lacks studies that include migration and address the relationships between these dimensions, as well as their reconfiguration over the Brazilian territory over time (MARIA; BAENINGER, 2016). Such an analysis is necessary as the connections between the two dimensions must still be understood in greater depth (SIDDIQUI, 2012)². Issues such as gender differentials and the ways in which the poor benefit (or not) from migration still need to be understood. This analysis is necessary to clarify how migration impacts on the composition and level of poverty in the economies of origin and destination (SIDDIQUI, 2012) and how the act of (not) migrating can be positive in order to exit from poverty and/or keep people out of poverty for more generations (KOTHARI, 2002).

Based on the concerns raised above, this study seeks to analyze the relationships between poverty and migration from a different perspective than the one commonly used in population studies, by applying Bibliometric techniques. In order to better understand the elements presented so far (as well as to evaluate whether the issues presented above are the object of academic discussion and study), it is necessary to categorize and measure what has been written in the international literature about the relationship between poverty and migration. The purpose herein is to map the main characteristics of the research in the area, as well as to identify and quantify the main dissemination vehicles, the most relevant themes and the temporal evolution of the publications.

Consequently, the main goal of this article is not to focus on theoretical frameworks and methods of analysis, but rather to identify the themes addressed in the studies on poverty and migration, as well as to measure and analyze the evolution of this field of research in time and space. Thus, the purpose of this paper is: (1) to identify what has been written about the relationship between migration and poverty;

(2) to verify the evolution of the main research themes in poverty and migration studies; and (3) to add evidence regarding the main complementary variables that are used in these studies.

With the aim of achieving the proposed objectives, a broad question emerges: what has been discussed about the relationship between migration and poverty in the last four decades (1980-2017)? From the literature review conducted by a systematic mapping of literature (SMS), it will be possible, at a future stage, to compare the trends in the main indexed databases (such as Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect) with those found in the main Latin American bases (such as LatIndex, SciELO and RedALyC), so as to identify possible theoretical, methodological and thematic differences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To reach the goals presented above and answer the question posed, this study employed a scanning method and analysis of the existing literature; the systematic mapping study (SMS). Whena broad research question is being posed, before starting a systematic review of literature (SRL), a SMS is recommended, since, as the name suggests, this allows (or at least most of) the literature produced on a given topic to be mapped, identifying clusters of evidence and potential gaps (KITCHENHAM; CHARTERS, 2007). This method has specialized in providing a broad overview of the state of the art in a particular area of knowledge, following a strict protocol that gives reproducibility and transparency to this type of research (HADDAWAY et al., 2016).

Due to the use of less specific keywords, this method tends to result in a high number of publications (KITCHENHAM; CHARTERS, 2007). The main objectives of a SMS, which is used to avoid the omission of relevant research in the given area, includes: “to describe the nature of a field of research; (…) to interpret the findings of a synthesis” (GOUGH; THOMAS, 2012, p. 46). Some important data are related to the understanding of the dissemination and structuring of production in a particular topic of interest and evaluating its coverage (HEINZ, 2014). Finally, literature mappings can provide relevant details about who is writing (and their institutional affiliation), as well as where they are publishing - which allows georeferencing to be carried out (HADDAWAY et al., 2016).

The procedure for carrying out the SMS in this work is presented in Figure 1. From a comprehensive question and a set of keywords that help to select the relevant literature, it is expected to detail the issues that have been addressed in the discussion on poverty and migration. The definition of the search terms is done from the research question, while the choice of the databases is made observing the main index bases of articles in the area. The search string is formulated from the question’s main topics and considering the possible word combinations (using Boolean operators) and the possibility of truncations (to account for different suffixes). Finally, before extracting, encoding, synthesizing and analyzing the results, duplicated publications and those not adhering to the research (which is done from the analysis of titles, keywords and abstracts) are excluded.

Figure 1
Procedure adopted for the systematic mapping study (SMS)

All the information required to search the publications is presented in Figure 2. Two terms were chosen from the research question, to be combined in all possible forms/derivations, to develop the search strings: ‘poverty’ and ‘migration’. Searches were carried out for these terms in the three main databases of indexed scientific articles (Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect). In addition, the search was restricted to articles published between 1980 and 2017, in English, in journals in the following areas: Demography, Economics, Urban Planning, Social Sciences, Sociology, Geography, Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary.

Figure 2
Guidelines for seeking publications in a SMS on ‘poverty and migration’

There are important differences among the three databases in the formulation of the search string, as shown in Chart 1. While Scopus and ScienceDirect work with a simultaneous search in TAK (Title-Abstract-Keywords), Web of Science preferentially searches for topics and titles, and it is up to the researcher to request a search in other parts of the article. In this study, a TAK search was used in the first two data bases, whereas a combination of topics and titles was employed for the third. Finally, the use of Boolean operators ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ allowed a more targeted and enhanced search of the articles of interest.

Chart 1
Search strings used to perform SMS on 'poverty and migration'

Base	Search string
ScienceDirect	(TAK( "poverty") AND TAK("migration")) OR TAK("poverty and migration") OR TAK( "migration and poverty") OR TAK("poverty migration") OR TAK("poor migrant") OR TAK("poor migration") OR TAK("poverty-migration") OR TAK( "migration-poverty")
Scopus	TITLE-ABS-KEY ("poverty" AND "migration") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("poverty and migration") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("migration and poverty") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("poverty migration") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("poor migration") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("poor migrant") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("poverty-migration") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ("migration-poverty")
Web of Science	TI = ("poverty" AND "migration") OR TS = ("migration and poverty") OR TS = ("poverty and migration") OR TS = ("poverty migration") OR TS = ("poor migration") OR TS = ("poor migrant") OR TS = ("poverty-migration") OR TS = ("migration-poverty") OR TI = ("migration and poverty") OR TI = ("poverty and migration") OR TI = ("poverty migration") OR TI = ("poor migration") OR TI = ("poor migrant") OR TI = ("poverty-migration") OR TI = ("migration-poverty")

Source. Elaborated by the author

The exclusion criteria applied to discard the items that did not fit the interests of this research are indicated in Figure 3. Among the criteria are duplicate articles and the lack of pertinence of the journal to one of the interest areas. Moreover, publications were excluded after an analysis of titles and abstracts, using groups of base-words (WB) below, related to the research question: Group 1 (about poverty) - poor, poverty, deprivation, poorness, indigence; Group 2 (about migration) - migrant, migration, emigration, immigration, out-migration, in-migration. In addition, articles that fall into one of the following criteria have been removed from the list: (1) no base-words in the title and/or abstract; (2) a base-word (either Group 1 or Group 2) in the title, but none found in the abstract.

Figure 3
Exclusion criteria for the articles analyzed in the SMS of ‘poverty and migration’

To systematize and compile the articles collected in this survey, the references manager Zotero® 5.0.33 was used, the quantitative analyses and the preparation of charts were performed using Microsoft Excel® 2016, and the word clouds were produced with R® 3.4.2.

RESULTS

The survey of publications reached a total of 1,872 references, 172 from Web of Science, 1,518 from Scopus and 182 from ScienceDirect, taking the presence of duplicates on all bases (Table 1) into consideration. Of these publications, a total of 378 were excluded as they are not articles in journals in the area of interest, 250 due to duplication and another 573 were removed in Step 3 (see Figure 3). Of the remaining, 70 were left out after reading titles, abstracts and keywords, as they not answer the research question.

Table 1
Number of articles indexed on 'poverty and migration' and related themes (1980-2017)

	Web of Science	Scopus	ScienceDirect
Publications found	172	1,518	182
Duplicates in databases	0	234	16
Outside the area of research	46	286	46
Excluded by criteria	39	465	69
Do not answer the question	1	64	5
Publications selected	86	469	46

Source. Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect

Therefore, 86 papers from Web of Science, 469 from Scopus and 46 from ScienceDirect were maintained; a total of 601 publications. The greater breadth of articles from Scopus is due to the wider scope of journals available in this database. These publications were analyzed according to their periodization and spatialization, the main authors and the journal most used, the themes addressed and their evolution over time. In temporal terms, as shown in Graph 1, there has been a significant increase in the number of papers in the area, especially after 2007, with a slower expansion in the last five years. Although this result is partly ‘contaminated’ by the increasing accessibility of publications from earlier periods, a closer look at the themes of ‘poverty and migration’ and their inter-relations is evident.

Figure 4a
Most used keywords in papers about ‘poverty and migration’ (1980-2017)

Figure 4b
Most used keywords in papers about ‘poverty and migration’ (1980-2007 on the left; 2008-2017 on the right)

Graph 1
Number of articles indexed on the theme ‘poverty and migration’ (1980-2017)

Of the total publications surveyed, approximately one quarter are published in 17 journals with at least five articles each, as shown in Table 2. Of these, only four concentrate around ten percent of all the articles; these journals are among the most important vehicles in Demography and related subjects. In addition, among the other journals, at least five particularly address the issues of development and poverty. In this sense, it can be noted that the journals that publish the most studies related to the theme of ‘poverty and migration’ (as well as in related areas) are vehicles concerned with an inter/multidisciplinary approach or related to socioeconomic development.

Table 2
Distribution of publications about 'poverty and migration' in the surveyed journals, by major vehicles (1980-2017)

	ISSN	Papers
International Migration	0020-7985	28 (4.7%)
World Development	0305-750X	11 (1.8%)
Population, Space and Place	1544-8444	10 (1.7%)
Demography	0070-3370	9 (1.5%)
Rural Sociology	0036-0112	9 (1.5%)
Journal of Development Studies	0022-0388	9 (1.5%)
International Migration Review	0197-9183	8 (1.3%)
Development Southern Africa	0376-835X	8 (1.3%)
Social Indicators Research	0303-8300	8 (1.3%)
Asian and Pacific Migration Journal	0117-1968	8 (1.3%)
Journal of Poverty	1087-5549	7 (1.2%)
Journal of International Development	0954-1748	6 (1.0%)
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies	1369-183X	6 (1.0%)
Human Organization	0018-7259	5 (0.8%)
Population Research and Policy Review	0167-5923	5 (0.8%)
Journal of Development Economics	0304-3878	5 (0.8%)
Journal of Regional Science	0022-4146	5 (0.8%)

Source. Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect

In terms of authorship, in the period under analysis, a group of 14 researchers published at least three articles (as authors or co-authors). There are two relevant issues, one concerning the origin of the researchers and the other about the periods of publication. In terms of origin, there is a significant concentration of articles in the United Kingdom and the United States, with a certain predominance of the University of Sussex (UK) as the source of the works. Regarding the periods of publication, it can be noted that among the main authors there are two distinct moments: between 1995 and 2003 (15 articles); and from 2010 onwards (20 publications).

Table 3
Distribution of publications on 'poverty and migration', according to authors with at least three contributions and respective publication years (1980-2017)

Autor	Origin	Papers and year of publication
Aderanti Adepoju	Lagos (Nigeria)	5: 2000, 2002, 2003 (2), 2011
Richard H. Adams Jr.	Lexington (USA)	5: 1991, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2013
Jennifer Van Hook	Old Main (USA)	4: 2004, 2009, 2011 (2)
Arjan de Haan	Ottawa (Canada)	3: 1997,2002, 2011
Chamhuri Siwar	Bangi (Malaysia)	3: 2011 (2), 2015
Hillel Rapoport	Paris (France)	3: 2014(2), 2015
Katsushi S. Imai	Manchester (UK)	3: 2014, 2017(2)
Leif Jensen	Old Main (USA)	3: 1987, 1991, 1995
Matthew Foulkes	London (UK)	3: 2008 (2), 2010
Priya Deshingkar	Sussex (UK)	3: 2006, 2008, 2015
Richard Black	Sussex (UK)	3: 2011 (2), 2017
Ronald Skeldon	Sussex (UK)	3: 1997,2006, 2012
Shahnaz Huq-Hussain	Dacca (Bangladesh)	3: 1995 (2), 1996
William H. Frey	Minneapolis (USA)	3: 1995, 1996, 1997

Source. Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect

By analyzing the keywords of all the articles, it was possible to observe not only what the most used terms are (Figure 4a), but also the evolution in the use of words over time, comparing the periods 1980-2007 and 2008-2017 (Figure 4b)³. By carrying out a general analysis, it is clear that terms like ‘international migration’, ‘remittances’ and ‘labor migration’ are the most commonly associated with the main words (‘poverty’ and ‘migration’). However, such an analysis needs to consider that migration and poverty are highly susceptible to factors acting on local, national and global scales over time.

By way of example, the articles were divided into before and after the world economic crisis (which results in 230 articles until 2007 and 371 since 2008). It is relatively easy to observe that, until 2007, the most relevant keywords were linked to economic and population dynamics, with a lesser weight on international migration and remittances; expressions such as ‘determinants of migration’ were also common, which shows the bias which studies in the area followed. Following the global economic crisis in 2007-2008, however, there were significant changes in the approaches to the subject, with a greater presence of studies analyzing both international and labor migration, as well as the role of remittances and the relationships of flows with the dynamics of inequality.

For the trend analysis concerning the themes addressed in ‘poverty and migration’ a total of 110 papers of the 601 publications were selected (18.3%). When analyzed in Step 3 (described in Figure 3), these had at least one base-word from each of the two groups of keywords (on poverty and migration) in their title. This choice considered that titles with words from both groups would be more clearly linked to the topic of interest. For these articles, both the evolution of both themes in general and the main journals that published these papers were analyzed.

In general terms, Graph 2 shows that two themes stood out the most in the last 40 years (which account for almost two-fifths of the total): (1) the relations between migration, poverty and other dimensions (such as inequality, health, labor market and others); and (2) the effects of migration (domestic and international) on poverty, both for migrants, non-migrants and natives. Another 40% are devoted to studies focusing on poverty-migration relationships, the effects of poverty on migration and approaches regarding the migration of the poor.

Graph 2
Distribution of articles on ‘poverty and migration’ by theme (1980-2017)

By segmenting these publications (and their respective categorizations) over time, significant changes occurred in the themes discussed, as can be seen in Table 4. Until the end of the last century, publications that sought to understand the relationship between poverty and migration were more common. By the 2000s, more dimensions were added to the study of this relationship, as well as more research on the effects of poverty on migration (adopting it, for example, as a survival strategy). In turn, in the post-crisis period, formerly less common themes have emerged, such as poverty traps, the values of the migrant and/or poor population and the role of remittances.

Table 4
Relative distribution (%) of 'poverty and migration' publications, by topic covered and publication period (1980-2017)

	1980-1997	1998-2007	2008-2012	2013-2017
Relations migration-poverty and others	11.1	30.4	20.6	17.1
Effects of migration on poverty	22.2	13.0	17.6	17.1
Relations migration-poverty	27.8	8.7	11.8	14.3
Effects of poverty on migration	11.1	26.1	11.8	5.7
Poor people migration	22.2	4.3	8.8	14.3
Effects of remittances on poverty	0.0	4.3	11.8	11.4
Other themes	5.6	13.0	17.6	20.0
Papers (N)	18	23	34	35

Source. Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect

In this list of publications, the main journals vary somewhat in relation to the general set of articles. In this selection, the major magazines were Rural Sociology (7), Southern Africa Development (4), Social Indicators Research and the IDS Bulletin (3 each). Whereas in terms of authorship, among those who have more than one article published, 5 are located in the USA (Madison, Old Main and Minneapolis), 3 in the United Kingdom (Sussex and London), 2 in New Zealand (Waikato and Otago) and 2 in supranational (United Nations) or multinational (World Bank) institutions.

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this article was to carry out a systematic mapping study (SMS) on what has been produced and discussed about the relationship between poverty and migration (as well as its deployments), with the aim of analyzing the main concerns of academics, besides the themes, the periods and the places where the surveys are carried out. It can be seen that there is still no definition regarding the causality between poverty and migration, but the multifaceted, multidirectional and multidimensional character of these phenomena is noteworthy. In addition, it was observed that the research in the area is multi-scalar (i.e., involves both local and global scales).

Due to the very low presence of indexed articles (in the three selected databases) that analyze the Latin American (in general) and Brazilian (in particular) realities, it is necessary to add other data bases to remedy this gap (for example, SciELO, LatIndex, RedALyC and also Google Scholar). Furthermore, for the articles published in the most qualified journals (following, for example, criteria such as Qualis-CAPES) which would be surveyed in these additional data bases, it is necessary to perform a snowball sampling to include ‘gray literature’ (conference papers, dissertations and theses, research reports, etc.) in the analyzes.

Finally, the systematic mapping of the literature allowed a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of the state of the art on poverty and migration, as well as the main ways of analyzing this relationship. A next step concerns both the analysis of the methodologies used (quantitative, qualitative and mixed) and the survey of the main references used by these articles, in order to deepen the knowledge on the subject ‘poverty and migration’.

As the mapping carried out included research, most of which does not address Brazil and/or Latin America (since many of these publications are not indexed in the selected databases), the SMS performed allowed the construction, albeit indirectly, of a series of comparative tools for further analysis of what is done on the continent. From the survey, to be carried out a posteriori with Latin American data bases, it will be possible to compare what is written on the subject here and in the rest of the world.

NOTES

• 1
  Both authors refer to this strategy in the context of international migration. However, it is possible, without analytical prejudice, to also adopt this approach in relation to internal migrations
• 2
  Although the author approaches this point in international migration, this study applies this argument to internal migration.
• 3
  The syntax for creating the word clouds of Figures 4a and 4b is available in Appendix 1, which was created based on the Fellows’ (2014) R ‘wordcloud’ package.
• ORCID:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-3082. LATTES:http://lattes.cnpq.br/8532403786219091.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Apr 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  05 Mar 2018
• Accepted
  30 Oct 2018
• Published
  15 Feb 2019