Soybean seed size: how does it affect crop development and physiological seed quality?

The size of soybean seeds needs further study because its relationships with physiological quality, field establishment, and yield are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seed size on soybean establishment and seed physiological quality. In the field, a 2x3x3 factorial design was used, with two cultivars (M 5947 IPRO and 59HO124 IPRO), three seed sizes (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5 mm), and three sowing densities (280,000, 320,000, and 360,000 plants.ha^-1). Agronomic traits and grain yield were evaluated. After harvest, only seeds from plots with a population of 320,000 plants were classified by size using circular sieves with 5.5-mm, 6.0-mm, 6.5-mm, and 7.0-mm mesh sizes. For the evaluation of physiological quality, a 2x4 factorial design was applied, with two cultivars and four seed sizes. Germination, seedling emergence, accelerated aging, seedling dry matter, and emergence speed index were evaluated. Smaller seeds gave rise to shorter plants with a lower first pod insertion height. Larger seeds had higher physiological quality. The M 5947 IPRO cultivar showed better seed performance and quality.

Index terms:
Glycine max L.; seed diameter; sieve classification; vigor; yield

Authorship

Mariane Cristina Bianchi

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil. Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-4284

Nelson Júnior Dias Vilela

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-1783

Everson Reis Carvalho

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4925-4100

Raquel Maria de Oliveira Pires

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1369-4323

Heloisa Oliveira dos Santos ^**Corresponding author E-mail: heloisa.osantos@ufla.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-4969

Adriano Teodoro Bruzi

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-9101

*Corresponding author
E-mail: heloisa.osantos@ufla.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Monthly variations in rainfall (Rain) and mean temperature (Temp) from October to April of the 2018/2019 season, in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais. National Institute of Meteorology - INMET (2019)INMET. INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGIA. Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=bdmep/bdmep . Acesso em: 20 dez., 2019.
http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php... .

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Figure 2
Means for the plant height (HGT) and first pod insertion height cm (FPIH) for the different sieve diameters. Means followed by different letters differ by the Scott-Knott test at 95% confidence.

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Figure 3
Regression curve for the traits grain yield (3a) and days to flowering (3b) as a function of plant density.

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Figure 4
Mean bed emergence (BE), bed emergence after accelerated aging (BEAA), and germination (GER) under the different sieve diameters. Means followed by different letters differ by the Scott-Knott test at 95% confidence.

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Figure 5
Mean emergence speed index (ESI), emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A), and seedling dry matter (SDM) (in grams) under the different sieve diameters. Means followed by different letters differ by the Scott-Knott test at 95% confidence.

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Table 1
Summary of the analysis of variance on the traits grain yield (YLD), first pod insertion height (FPIH), plant height (HGT), days to flowering (DTF), and days to maturation (DTM).

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Table 2
Means of the traits plant height (HGT) and days to maturation (DTM) for the different cultivars.

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Table 3
Summary of the analysis of variance on the traits bed emergence (EM), bed emergence after accelerated aging (EM-A), germination (GER), seedling dry matter (SDM), emergence speed index (ESI), and emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A).

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Table 4
Means of the traits bed emergence (EM), bed emergence after accelerated aging (EM-A), emergence speed index (ESI), and emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A) for the different cultivars.

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Table 5
Means of the traits bed emergence after accelerated aging (EM-A), emergence speed index (ESI), emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A), and seedling dry matter (SDM) under the cultivar x sieve interaction.

Figure 1 Monthly variations in rainfall (Rain) and mean temperature (Temp) from October to April of the 2018/2019 season, in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais. National Institute of Meteorology - INMET (2019)INMET. INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGIA. Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=bdmep/bdmep . Acesso em: 20 dez., 2019.
http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php... .

Figure 2 Means for the plant height (HGT) and first pod insertion height cm (FPIH) for the different sieve diameters. Means followed by different letters differ by the Scott-Knott test at 95% confidence.

Figure 3 Regression curve for the traits grain yield (3a) and days to flowering (3b) as a function of plant density.

Figure 4 Mean bed emergence (BE), bed emergence after accelerated aging (BEAA), and germination (GER) under the different sieve diameters. Means followed by different letters differ by the Scott-Knott test at 95% confidence.

Figure 5 Mean emergence speed index (ESI), emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A), and seedling dry matter (SDM) (in grams) under the different sieve diameters. Means followed by different letters differ by the Scott-Knott test at 95% confidence.

Table 1 Summary of the analysis of variance on the traits grain yield (YLD), first pod insertion height (FPIH), plant height (HGT), days to flowering (DTF), and days to maturation (DTM).

SV		MS
SV	DF	YLD	FPIH	HGT	DTF	DTM
Cultivar (C)	1	249.28	4.40	1172.43^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	0.15	85.07^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.
Sieve (S)	2	2.02	21.57^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	42.38^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	16.72	4.18
Density (D)	2	1841.34^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	1.63	50.13	21.14^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	11.48
Replicate	2	106.57	6.29	55.18	14.04	8.14
C x S	2	12.58	15.20	34.09	5.80	0.63
C x D	2	35.56	2.76	32.15	4.22	3.38
S x D	4	29.85	1.28	21.76	3.45	1.37
C x S x D	4	51.15	2.94	24.49	15.58	1.38
Error	32	94.93	4.77	18.27	3.20	3.55
^CV *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation. (%)		11.72	16.87	5.85	3.32	1.59
Overall Mean		83.11	12.94	73.13	53.90	118.77

*Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.

Table 2 Means of the traits plant height (HGT) and days to maturation (DTM) for the different cultivars.

Cultivar	HGT (cm)	DTM (days)
M 5947 IPRO	77.70a	120a
59HO124 IPRO	68.20b	117b

Means followed by different letters differ by the F test at 95% confidence.

Table 3 Summary of the analysis of variance on the traits bed emergence (EM), bed emergence after accelerated aging (EM-A), germination (GER), seedling dry matter (SDM), emergence speed index (ESI), and emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A).

SV	DF	QM
SV	DF	EM	EM-A	GER	SDM	ESI	ESI-A
Cultivar (C)	1	378.13^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	1081.13^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	593.00	0.01	5.91^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	2.99^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.
Sieve (S)	3	139.45^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	277.46^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	253.00^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	0.03^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	1.49^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	4.68^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.
C x S	3	7.12	24.79^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	84.33	0.07^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	0.01^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.	0.44^* *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.
Error	24	30.20	31.71	82.66	0.02	0.25	0.25
^CV *Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation. (%)		6.16	7.10	15.15	4.44	5.71	7.14
Overall Mean		89.19	79.31	60.00	0.58	8.81	7.10

*Significant at 95% confidence by the F test. CV: coefficient of variation.

Table 4 Means of the traits bed emergence (EM), bed emergence after accelerated aging (EM-A), emergence speed index (ESI), and emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A) for the different cultivars.

Cultivar	EM (%)	EM-A (%)	ESI	ESI-A
M 5947 IPRO	92.63 a	85.13 a	8.38 a	7.41 a
59HO124 IPRO	85.75 b	73.50 b	8.39 b	6.79 b

Means followed by different letters differ by the F test at 95% confidence.

Table 5 Means of the traits bed emergence after accelerated aging (EM-A), emergence speed index (ESI), emergence speed index after accelerated aging (ESI-A), and seedling dry matter (SDM) under the cultivar x sieve interaction.

Cultivar	Sieve (mm)
Cultivar	7.0	6.5	6.0	5.5
	EM-A (%)
M 5947 IPRO	87.00aA	86.00aA	89.00aA	78.00aB
59HO124 IPRO	80.00bA	74.00bA	76.00bA	63.50bB
	ESI
M 5947 IPRO	9.59aA	9.64aA	9.07aB	8.66aB
59HO124 IPRO	8.75bA	8.64bA	8.29bA	7.85bA
	ESI-A
M 5947 IPRO	7.52aA	7.69aA	7.99aA	6.43aB
59HO124 IPRO	7.48aA	7.27aA	6.95bA	5.49bB
	SDM (g.plant^-1)
M 5947 IPRO	0.60bA	0.61aA	0.62aA	0.51aB
59HO124 IPRO	0.69aA	0.64aB	0.56bC	0.48aD

Means followed by the same lowercase letter in a column or the same uppercase letter in a row belong to the same group by the Scott-Knott test at 95% confidence.

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