Effects of Cosmic Radiation in Aircrafts: A Discussion about Aircrew over South America

Federico, Claudio Antonio; Gonçalez, Odair Lélis; Sordi, Gian Maria Agostino Angelo; Caldas, Linda Viola Ehlin

doi:10.5028/jatm.2012.04021012

Abstract:

This paper has discussed the guidelines included in the documents of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) on radiation protection applicable to aircraft and crew, and this is a brief report of the evolution of studies in this field of activity, as well as the regulations and recommendations already adopted by member countries of the European Union, Canada, and the United States of America. Some peculiarities of the Brazilian airspace and legislation applicable to the work with ionizing radiation are also presented, discussing the general aspects of radiological protection applicable to aircraft crew in Brazil.

Keywords:
Aircrew; Radiation dose; Cosmic radiation; Aircraft

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REFERENCES

Alves, J. G., Mairos, J. C., 2007, "In-flight dose estimates for aircraft crew and pregnant female crew members in military transport missions", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 125, No. 1-4, pp. 433-437.
Bartlett, D. T., 2004, "Radiation protection aspects of the cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 109, No. 4, pp. 349-355.
Beck, P. et al, 2006, "Aircraft crew radiation workplaces: comparison of measured and calculated ambient dose equivalent rate data using EURADOS in-flight radiation data base", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 118, No. 2, pp. 182-189.
Bottollier-Depois, J. F. et al, 2009, "Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 317-323.
CNEN, 2005, "Diretrizes básicas de proteção radiológica", Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Norma CNEN-NN-3.01.
Costa, J. M., 1981, "Particle precipitation and atmospheric x and gama rays in the south atlantic magnetic anomaly by balloon experiments", Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Report INPE-2119-RPE/343, São José dos Campos.
Courades, J.M., 1999, "European legislation on protection against cosmic radiation", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 7-24.
EURADOS, 2004, "Cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew", European Radiation Dosimetry Group (Radiation Protection 140, Final Report of EURADOS Work Group 5).
EURATOM, 1996, "Laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation", Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM.
FAA, 2006, "In-Flight Radiation Exposure", Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA Advisory Circularn. 120-61A.
FAA, 2000, "Galactic cosmic radiation exposure of pregnant aircrew members II", Report of Office of Aviation Medicine DOT/FAA/AM-00/33, Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation.
FAA, 1990, "Radiation exposure of air carrier crewmembers", Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA Advisory Circular 120-52.
Federico, C. A. et al, 2010, "Estimates Of Cosmic Radiation Dose Received By Aircrew Of DCTA's Flight Test Special Group", Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, Vol. 2, pp. 137-144.
Federico, C. A., 2011, "Dosimetria da radiação cósmica no interior de aeronaves no espaço aéreo brasileiro", Tese de doutorado, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/USP, São Paulo, Brasil, 172 p.
Hajek, M. et al, 2004, "A TLD-based personal dosemeter system for aircrew monitoring", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 110, No. 1-4, pp. 337-341.
Heinrich, W., Roesler, S., Schraube H., 1999, "Physics of cosmic radiation fields", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 253-258.
ICRP, 2007, "The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection" Publication 103 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 37, No. 2-4, 2007.
ICRP, 1998, "General principles for the radiation protection of workers", Publication 75 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 27, No. 1.
ICRP, 1991, "Recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection", Publication 60 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 21, No. 1-3.
ICRU, 2010, "Reference data for the validation of doses from cosmic-radiation exposure of aircraft crew", International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 84, J. ICRU, Vol. 10, No. 2.
JAA, 2001, "Cosmic radiation", Joint Aviation Authorities, JAR-OPS 1.390, amendment 3.
Lewis, B. J. et al, 2009, "Effect of "Noisy" sun conditions on aircrew radiation exposure", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 44, pp. 184-189.
Martin, I. M., 1972, "Medidas de raios-X e cálculo do fluxo adicional na região da Anomalia Magnética do Atlântico Sul", Dissertação de mestrado. Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos.
Meier, M. M. et al, 2009, "Dosimetry at aviation altitudes (2006-2008)", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 251-255.
Pinto Junior, O., 1985, "Estudos sobre raios-X na atmosfera da Anomalia Magnética do Atlântico Sul", Tese de doutorado, Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos.
Sullivan, D.O. et al, 2002, "Recent studies on the exposure of aircrew to cosmic and solar radiation", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 100, No. 1-4, pp. 495-498.
Thierfeldt, S. et al, 2009, "Evaluation of the imple-mentation of radiation protection measures for aircrew in EU member States", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 324-328.
TRANSPORT CANADA, 2001, "Measures for managing exposure to cosmic radiation of employers working on board aircraft" Commercial and Business Aviation Advisory Circular. n. 0183.
TRANSPORT CANADÁ, 2006, "Measures for managing exposure to cosmic radiation of employers working on board aircraft" Commercial and Business Aviation. Advisory Circular, n. 0183R.
Vergara, J.C.S., Román, R. D., 2009, "The implementation of cosmic radiation monitoring in routine flight operation of Iberia Airline of Spain: 1 Y of experience of in-flight permanent monitoring", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 291-296.
Vukovic', B. et al, 2010, "Measurements of neutron radiation in aircraft", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 68, pp. 2398-2402.
Wilson, J. W. et al, 1998, "High altitude radiations relevant to the high speed civil transport (HSCT)", NASA Technical Documentation, NASA.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2012

History

Received
23 Feb 2012
Accepted
09 Apr 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Alves, J. G., Mairos, J. C., 2007, "In-flight dose estimates for aircraft crew and pregnant female crew members in military transport missions", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 125, No. 1-4, pp. 433-437.

[2] Bartlett, D. T., 2004, "Radiation protection aspects of the cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 109, No. 4, pp. 349-355.

[3] Beck, P. et al, 2006, "Aircraft crew radiation workplaces: comparison of measured and calculated ambient dose equivalent rate data using EURADOS in-flight radiation data base", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 118, No. 2, pp. 182-189.

[4] Bottollier-Depois, J. F. et al, 2009, "Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 317-323.

[5] CNEN, 2005, "Diretrizes básicas de proteção radiológica", Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Norma CNEN-NN-3.01.

[6] Costa, J. M., 1981, "Particle precipitation and atmospheric x and gama rays in the south atlantic magnetic anomaly by balloon experiments", Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Report INPE-2119-RPE/343, São José dos Campos.

[7] Courades, J.M., 1999, "European legislation on protection against cosmic radiation", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 7-24.

[8] EURADOS, 2004, "Cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew", European Radiation Dosimetry Group (Radiation Protection 140, Final Report of EURADOS Work Group 5).

[9] EURATOM, 1996, "Laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation", Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM.

[10] FAA, 2006, "In-Flight Radiation Exposure", Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA Advisory Circularn. 120-61A.

[11] FAA, 2000, "Galactic cosmic radiation exposure of pregnant aircrew members II", Report of Office of Aviation Medicine DOT/FAA/AM-00/33, Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation.

[12] FAA, 1990, "Radiation exposure of air carrier crewmembers", Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA Advisory Circular 120-52.

[13] Federico, C. A. et al, 2010, "Estimates Of Cosmic Radiation Dose Received By Aircrew Of DCTA's Flight Test Special Group", Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, Vol. 2, pp. 137-144.

[14] Federico, C. A., 2011, "Dosimetria da radiação cósmica no interior de aeronaves no espaço aéreo brasileiro", Tese de doutorado, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/USP, São Paulo, Brasil, 172 p.

[15] Hajek, M. et al, 2004, "A TLD-based personal dosemeter system for aircrew monitoring", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 110, No. 1-4, pp. 337-341.

[16] Heinrich, W., Roesler, S., Schraube H., 1999, "Physics of cosmic radiation fields", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 253-258.

[17] ICRP, 2007, "The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection" Publication 103 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 37, No. 2-4, 2007.

[18] ICRP, 1998, "General principles for the radiation protection of workers", Publication 75 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 27, No. 1.

[19] ICRP, 1991, "Recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection", Publication 60 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 21, No. 1-3.

[20] ICRU, 2010, "Reference data for the validation of doses from cosmic-radiation exposure of aircraft crew", International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report 84, J. ICRU, Vol. 10, No. 2.

[21] JAA, 2001, "Cosmic radiation", Joint Aviation Authorities, JAR-OPS 1.390, amendment 3.

[22] Lewis, B. J. et al, 2009, "Effect of "Noisy" sun conditions on aircrew radiation exposure", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 44, pp. 184-189.

[23] Martin, I. M., 1972, "Medidas de raios-X e cálculo do fluxo adicional na região da Anomalia Magnética do Atlântico Sul", Dissertação de mestrado. Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos.

[24] Meier, M. M. et al, 2009, "Dosimetry at aviation altitudes (2006-2008)", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 251-255.

[25] Pinto Junior, O., 1985, "Estudos sobre raios-X na atmosfera da Anomalia Magnética do Atlântico Sul", Tese de doutorado, Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos.

[26] Sullivan, D.O. et al, 2002, "Recent studies on the exposure of aircrew to cosmic and solar radiation", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 100, No. 1-4, pp. 495-498.

[27] Thierfeldt, S. et al, 2009, "Evaluation of the imple-mentation of radiation protection measures for aircrew in EU member States", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 324-328.

[28] TRANSPORT CANADA, 2001, "Measures for managing exposure to cosmic radiation of employers working on board aircraft" Commercial and Business Aviation Advisory Circular. n. 0183.

[29] TRANSPORT CANADÁ, 2006, "Measures for managing exposure to cosmic radiation of employers working on board aircraft" Commercial and Business Aviation. Advisory Circular, n. 0183R.

[30] Vergara, J.C.S., Román, R. D., 2009, "The implementation of cosmic radiation monitoring in routine flight operation of Iberia Airline of Spain: 1 Y of experience of in-flight permanent monitoring", Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp. 291-296.

[31] Vukovic', B. et al, 2010, "Measurements of neutron radiation in aircraft", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 68, pp. 2398-2402.

[32] Wilson, J. W. et al, 1998, "High altitude radiations relevant to the high speed civil transport (HSCT)", NASA Technical Documentation, NASA.

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