Microwave absorbing paints and sheets based on carbonyl iron and polyaniline: measurement and simulation of their properties

Folgueras, Luiza de C.; Alves, Mauro A.; Rezende, Mirabel C.

doi:10.5028/jatm.2010.02016370

Abstract:

This paper presents the processing and characterization of electromagnetic radiation absorbing paints and sheets based on magnetic and dielectric materials dispersed in polymeric matrices. Two different paint formulations containing carbonyl iron and/or polyaniline, using polyurethane as matrix, were prepared. Silicone sheets were also produced with polyaniline conducting polymer as filler. Measurements of the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of the materials were also carried out. Simulations for the silicone sheets were performed in order to correlate the electromagnetic parameters with the material thickness. The paints absorbed 60 to 80% of the incident electromagnetic radiation and the silicone sheets absorbed 90%, indicating the material's radar absorbing potential.

Keywords:
Absorbing media; Radar absorbing material; Conducting polymer; Dielectric materials; Magnetic materials

Full text is available only in PDF.

REFERENCES

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Bady, I., 1969, "Microwave properties of ferrites", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 40, N. 3, pp. 1420-1421.
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Chen, L.F. et al., 2004, "Microwave electronics: measurements and materials characterization". Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Clark, D.E. et al., 1995, "Microwaves: Theory and Application in Materials Processing III". Proceedings of the 97th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Vol.1, Cincinnati, United States.
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» https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1973.1140517
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» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.12.001
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» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392008000300003
Guru, B., Hiziroglu, H., 2004, "Electromagnetic field theory fundamentals" Cambridge, UK: University Press.
Hemming, L.H., 2002, "Electromagnetic anechoic chambers: A fundamental design an specification guide", New York: IEEE Press.
Hippel, A., 1954, "Dielectric Materials and Applications". London: Artech House.
Jarem, L.M., Johnson Jr, J.B., Scott, W., 1995, "Measuring the permittivity and permeability of sample at Ka Band using a partially filled waveguide". IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Techniques, Vol. 43, N. 12, pp. 2654-2667. doi: 10.1109/22.477841.
» https://doi.org/10.1109/22.477841
Jiu R. et al., 2004, "Complex permittivity, permeability and electromagnetic wave absorption of α-Fe/C(amorphous) and Fe₂B/C(amorphous) nanocomposites". Journal Physics D: Appl. Phys, Vol. 37, pp. 2737-2741. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/37/19/019.
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» https://doi.org/10.1109/20.42454
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Naito, Y., Suetake, K., 1971, "Application of ferrite to electromagnetic wave absorber and its characteristics", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 19, N.1, pp. 65-72.
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» https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.1970.4313932
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» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2003.08.011
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» http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/
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Rannou, P. et al., 1999, "Ageing of PANI: Chemical, Structural and Transport Consequences". Synthetic Metals, Vol. 101, N. 1-3, pp. 734-737. doi: 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00207-0.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00207-0
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» https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap:2004208
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Vinoy, K.J., Jha, R.M., 1996, "Radar Absorbing Materials". Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jan-Apr 2010

History

Received
01 Oct 2009
Accepted
30 Oct 2009

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Afsar, M.N. et al., 1986, "Measurements of the proprieties of the materials", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 74, N.1, pp. 183-199.

[2] Anand, J., Palaniappan, S., Sathyanarayana, D.N., 1998, "Conducting polyaniline blends and composites", Progresses in Polymer Science, Vol. 23, N. 6, pp. 993-1018.

[3] Balanis, C.A., 1989, "Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics". New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

[4] Bady, I., 1969, "Microwave properties of ferrites", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 40, N. 3, pp. 1420-1421.

[5] Chandrasekhar P., 1999, "Conducting Polymers, fundamentals and applications". Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

[6] Chen, L.F. et al., 2004, "Microwave electronics: measurements and materials characterization". Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

[7] Clark, D.E. et al., 1995, "Microwaves: Theory and Application in Materials Processing III". Proceedings of the 97th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Vol.1, Cincinnati, United States.

[8] Daniels, D.J., 2007, "Ground penetration radar". London: MPG Books.

[9] Emerson, W.L., 1973, "Electromagnetic wave absorbers and anechoic chambers through the years" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-21, N. 4, pp. 484-490. doi: 10.1109/TAP.1973.1140517.
» https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1973.1140517

[10] Falcou, A. et al., 2005, "A new chemical polymerization process for substituted anilines: Application to the synthesis of poly(n-alkylanilines) and poly(o-alkylanilines) and comparison of their respective properties", Synthetic Metals, Vol. 149, N. 2-3, pp. 115-122. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.12.001.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.12.001

[11] Folgueras, L.C., Rezende, M.C., 2008, "Multilayer radar absorbing material processing by using polymeric nonwoven and conducting polymer" Materials Research, Vol. 11, N. 3, pp. 245-249. doi: 10.1590/S1516-14392008000300003.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392008000300003

[12] Guru, B., Hiziroglu, H., 2004, "Electromagnetic field theory fundamentals" Cambridge, UK: University Press.

[13] Hemming, L.H., 2002, "Electromagnetic anechoic chambers: A fundamental design an specification guide", New York: IEEE Press.

[14] Hippel, A., 1954, "Dielectric Materials and Applications". London: Artech House.

[15] Jarem, L.M., Johnson Jr, J.B., Scott, W., 1995, "Measuring the permittivity and permeability of sample at Ka Band using a partially filled waveguide". IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Techniques, Vol. 43, N. 12, pp. 2654-2667. doi: 10.1109/22.477841.
» https://doi.org/10.1109/22.477841

[16] Jiu R. et al., 2004, "Complex permittivity, permeability and electromagnetic wave absorption of α-Fe/C(amorphous) and Fe₂B/C(amorphous) nanocomposites". Journal Physics D: Appl. Phys, Vol. 37, pp. 2737-2741. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/37/19/019.
» https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/37/19/019

[17] Johnson, M., 2004, "Magnetoelectronics". Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

[18] Knott, E.F., Shaffer, J.F., Tuley, M.T., 2004, "Radar Cross Section". 2. ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House.

[19] Kovetz, A., 2000, "Electromagnetic Theory". New York: Oxford.

[20] Lawrence, B.F., 2000, "Anechoic Chambers, Past and Present", Conformity, Vol. 6, N. 4, pp. 54-56.

[21] Lee, S.M., 1991, "International Encyclopedia of Composites", New York: VHC Publishers.

[22] Lima, A.C.C., 2005, "Fundamentos de telecomunicações: teoria eletromagnética e aplicações", Salvador: P&A Editora.

[23] MacDiarmid, A.G. et al., 1987, "Polyaniline: a new concept in conducting polymers". Synthetic Metals, Vol. 18, N. 1-3, pp. 285-290. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(87)90893-9.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(87)90893-9

[24] Mattoso, L.H.C., MacDiarmid, A.G., Epstein, A.J., 1994, "Controlled synthesis of high molecular weight polyaniline and poly(o-methoxyaniline)". Synthetic Metals, Vol. 68, N.1, p. 1-11. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(94)90140-6.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)90140-6

[25] McCurrie, R.A., 1994, "Ferromagnetic materials: structure and properties". London: Academic Press.

[26] Miller, E.D., 1986, "Time-domain measurements in electromagnetics". Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York.

[27] Musal, H.M., Hahn, H.T., 1989, "Thin-layer electromagnetic absorber design", IEEE Transactions on magnetics, Vol. 25, N. 5, pp. 3851-3853. doi: 10.1109/20.42454.
» https://doi.org/10.1109/20.42454

[28] Naito, Y., 1970, "Thickness of the ferrite absorbing wall" Electronics and Communications in Japan, Vol. 52-B, N. 1, pp. 71-75.

[29] Naito, Y., Suetake, K., 1970, "Matching frequency of electromagnetic wave absorber utilizing ferrite", Electronics and Communications in Japan, Vol. 52-B, N. 7, pp. 61-66.

[30] Naito, Y., Suetake, K., 1971, "Application of ferrite to electromagnetic wave absorber and its characteristics", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 19, N.1, pp. 65-72.

[31] Nicolson, A.M., Ross, G., 1970, "Measurement of the intrinsic properties of materials by time domain techniques", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation Measurement, Vol. 19, N. 4, pp. 377-382. doi: 10.1109/TIM.1970.4313932.
» https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.1970.4313932

[32] Oh, J-H. et al., 2004, "Design of radar absorbing structures using glass/epoxy composite containing carbon black in X-band frequency ranges", Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 35, N. 1, pp. 49-56. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2003.08.011.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2003.08.011

[33] Olmedo, L., Hourquebie, P., Jousse, F., 1997, "Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers", New York: John Wiley and Sons, Vol. 3.

[34] Orfanidis, S.J., 2009, "Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas". Available at: <http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/>. cited: 18 mar 2010.
» http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/

[35] Quéffélec, P., Le Floc´h, M., Gelin, P., 1998, "Broad-band characterization of magnetic and dielectric thin films using a microstrip line", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 47, N. 4, pp. 956-963.

[36] Rannou, P. et al., 1999, "Ageing of PANI: Chemical, Structural and Transport Consequences". Synthetic Metals, Vol. 101, N. 1-3, pp. 734-737. doi: 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00207-0.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00207-0

[37] Rmili, H. et al., 2005, "Microwave conductivity measurements of high conductive polyaniline films", The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, Vol. 29, pp. 65-72. doi: 10.1051/epjap:2004208.
» https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap:2004208

[38] Ruck, G.T. et al., 1970, "Radar cross section handbook", Vol. 1, New York, Plenum Press.

[39] Skolnik, M.I., 1970, "Radar Handbook", New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

[40] Skotheim, T.A., Elsenbaumer, R.L., Reynolds, J.R., 1998, "Handbook of Conducting Polymers". 2.ed. New York: Marcel Dekker.

[41] Stepanov, Y.G., 1968, "Antiradar camouflage techniques", Soviet Radio Publishing House, Moscow, (English Translation JRPS 47734, March 27, 1969).

[42] Sucher, M., Fox, J., 1963, "Handbook of the microwave measurements". 3. ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

[43] Thostenson, E.T., Chou T.W., 1999, "Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications". Composites: Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 30, N. 9, pp. 1055-1071.

[44] Vinoy, K.J., Jha, R.M., 1996, "Radar Absorbing Materials". Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher.

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