Synthesis of 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Silva, Gilson da; Mattos, Elizabeth da Costa

doi:10.5028/jatm.2011.03010411

Abstract

The 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is perhaps the most thermostable and insensitive explosive known. Its low sensibility to shock makes it suitable for military and civil applications. TATB application is done either alone or in combination with another high energetic material. This study aimed at reporting the review about many processes to produce TATB and the problems associated with them, as well as suggest techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), which can be useful in the characterization of this energetic compound.

Keywords:
TATB; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; Differential Scanning Calorimetry; Plastic-bonded explosive

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REFERENCES

Akhavan, J., 2004, "The Chemistry of Explosives", 2^nd Edition, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 43-44.
Boddu, V.M., Viswanath, D.S., Ghosh, T.K. and Damavarapu, R., 2010, "2,4,6,Triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and TATB-based formulations - A review", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 181, 1-8.
Benziger, T.M., 1976, "Insensitive explosive composition of halogenated copolymer and triaminotrinitrobenzene", U.S. Patents 3,985,595.
Dobratz, B M., 1995, "The Insensitive High Explosive Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB): Development and Characterization - 1888 to 1994", Los Alamos National laboratory L.A- 3014-H.
Hildebert, K., Pierre, C., 1992 "Composition explosive at procédés de préparation d'une poudre et d'une pièce de cette composition", Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle, FR2671549.
Lee, K.Y., 1996, "Sonochemical Synthesis of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene TATB", Los Alamos National laboratory L.A- UR 96-971.
Lee, J.S., Hsu, C.K. and Chang, C.L., 2002, "A Study on the Thermal Decomposition Behaviors of PETN, RDX, HNS and HMX", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 392-393, pp. 173-176.
Lee, K.Y., Kennedy, J.E., 2002, "Synthesis of fine-grained TATB", U.S. Patent Application Publication US2002/0129880.
Mattos, E.C. et al., 2004, "Determination of the HMX and RDX content in synthesized energetic material by HPLC, FT-MIR, and FT-NIR spectroscopies", Química Nova, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 540-544.
Meyer, R., Köhler, J. and Homburg, A., 2007, "Explosives", 6^th Edition, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, 341p.
Mitchell, A.R. et al., 2006, "Synthesis of trinitrophloroglucinol and triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)", U.S. Patents 7,057,073.
Mitchell, A.R. et al., 2005, "Synthesis and purification of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)", U.S. Patent Application Publication US2005/0038297.
Ott, D.G., Benziger, T.M., 1991, "Preparation of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene from 3,5-dichloroanisole", U.S. Patents 4,997,897.
Schmidt, R.D., Mitchell, A.R. and Pagoria, P.F., 1998, "New synthesis of TATB process development studies", Proceedings of the 29^th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany.
Silva, G., et al., 2006, "Caracterização de 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitroestilbeno via análises instrumentais", Química Nova, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 681-684.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jan-Apr 2011

History

Received
16 Feb 2011
Accepted
15 Mar 2011

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Akhavan, J., 2004, "The Chemistry of Explosives", 2^nd Edition, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 43-44.

[2] Boddu, V.M., Viswanath, D.S., Ghosh, T.K. and Damavarapu, R., 2010, "2,4,6,Triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and TATB-based formulations - A review", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 181, 1-8.

[3] Benziger, T.M., 1976, "Insensitive explosive composition of halogenated copolymer and triaminotrinitrobenzene", U.S. Patents 3,985,595.

[4] Dobratz, B M., 1995, "The Insensitive High Explosive Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB): Development and Characterization - 1888 to 1994", Los Alamos National laboratory L.A- 3014-H.

[5] Hildebert, K., Pierre, C., 1992 "Composition explosive at procédés de préparation d'une poudre et d'une pièce de cette composition", Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle, FR2671549.

[6] Lee, K.Y., 1996, "Sonochemical Synthesis of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene TATB", Los Alamos National laboratory L.A- UR 96-971.

[7] Lee, J.S., Hsu, C.K. and Chang, C.L., 2002, "A Study on the Thermal Decomposition Behaviors of PETN, RDX, HNS and HMX", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 392-393, pp. 173-176.

[8] Lee, K.Y., Kennedy, J.E., 2002, "Synthesis of fine-grained TATB", U.S. Patent Application Publication US2002/0129880.

[9] Mattos, E.C. et al., 2004, "Determination of the HMX and RDX content in synthesized energetic material by HPLC, FT-MIR, and FT-NIR spectroscopies", Química Nova, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 540-544.

[10] Meyer, R., Köhler, J. and Homburg, A., 2007, "Explosives", 6^th Edition, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, 341p.

[11] Mitchell, A.R. et al., 2006, "Synthesis of trinitrophloroglucinol and triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)", U.S. Patents 7,057,073.

[12] Mitchell, A.R. et al., 2005, "Synthesis and purification of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)", U.S. Patent Application Publication US2005/0038297.

[13] Ott, D.G., Benziger, T.M., 1991, "Preparation of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene from 3,5-dichloroanisole", U.S. Patents 4,997,897.

[14] Schmidt, R.D., Mitchell, A.R. and Pagoria, P.F., 1998, "New synthesis of TATB process development studies", Proceedings of the 29^th International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany.

[15] Silva, G., et al., 2006, "Caracterização de 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitroestilbeno via análises instrumentais", Química Nova, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 681-684.

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