Continued administration of antithrombotic agents during transperineal prostate biopsy

Abstract

Purpose

To determine the safety of continued administration of antithrombotic agents during transperineal (TP) prostate biopsy.

Patients and Methods

A total of 811 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided TP biopsy from January 2008 to June 2012 at our two institutions were retrospectively analyzed. Among these 811 men, 672 received no antithrombotic agents (group I), 103 received and continued administration of antithrombotic agents (group II), and 36 interrupted administration of antithrombotic agents (group III). Overall complications were graded and hemorrhagic complications were compared (group I with group II) using propensity score matching (PSM) analysis.

Results

An overall complication rate of 4.6% was recorded. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in 1.8% and they were virtually identical in all the three groups, and no severe hemorrhagic complications occurred. One patient in group III required intensive care unit admission for cerebral infarction. PSM analysis revealed no statistical difference between groups I and II with regard to the incidence of gross hematuria, perineal hematoma, and rectal bleeding. Multiple regression analysis revealed that hemorrhagic complications were associated with lower body mass index (<21 kg/m², P=0.0058), but not with administration of antithrombotic agents.

Conclusions

Continued administration of antithrombotic agents does not increase the risk of hemorrhagic complications; these agents are well tolerated during TP biopsy.

Prostate; Biopsy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Anticoagulants

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide (¹). Its incidence has increased substantially in recent years in many countries.

As a result of prolonged life span, the generation with a risk for prostate cancer coincides with that with a history of cardiovascular disease. Anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet agents (henceforth referred to as antithrombotic agents) are used for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis in patients with cardiovascular disease. Prostate cancer can be detected using a combination of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, definitive diagnosis is only possible through a prostate needle biopsy. Therefore, antithrombotic agents are routinely discontinued before the procedure to avoid hemorrhagic complications (², ³).

However, evidence has shown that discontinuation of antithrombotic agents can trigger serious and potentially fatal embolic complications. The odds ratio for ischemic stroke after aspirin interruption was 3.4 in patients with a history of ischemic heart disease (⁴). Of 526 patients in whom warfarin treatment was interrupted before dental surgery, five suffered serious embolic complications, and four of these patients died (⁵). The new edition of the American College Chest Physicians’ authoritative clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism suggested continuation of warfarin for minor dermatological procedures and cataract surgery. They also suggested that thromboprophylaxis with aspirin in patients with cardiovascular disease should not be interrupted prior to major or minor surgery (⁶).

To avoid thrombosis triggered by discontinuation of antithrombotic agents, transrectal (TR) prostate biopsy under continued antithrombotic agents has been attempted with minor increase of biopsy-related bleeding (⁷-¹⁴). Recently, introduction of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided transperineal (TP) biopsy led to evaluation of the TP route for biopsy purposes, which provides direct access to the peripheral apical region of the prostate, which is inaccessible via the TR route (¹⁵). However, the effect of interruption of antithrombotic agent administration before TP biopsy remains controversial. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the safety of continued administration of antithrombotic agents during TP biopsy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients

After obtaining informed consent, 832 consecutive patients underwent TRUS-guided systematic TP biopsy to evaluate elevated PSA levels (>4ng/mL) and/or abnormal DRE findings at two Japanese institutions between July 2008 and August 2012. Patients with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy (n=11) or radiation therapy (n=2), those with fewer than 5 cores obtained by biopsy because of high suspicion of prostate cancer (n=5), and those with simultaneous transurethral resection of bladder tumor and prostate biopsy (n=3) were excluded. Thus, 811 patients were eligible for inclusion in the present retrospective study. This study was approved by the institutional review boards of both institutions.

Table-1 lists the clinical variables examined in the three groups of patients, including age, PSA level, total prostate volume, international normalized ratio (INR), biopsy cores, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), body mass index (BMI), type of anesthesia, and DRE findings. The control group (group I) of 672 patients had never taken antithrombotic agents. Group II included patients who underwent TP biopsy while continuing antithrombotic therapy (n=103), including 78 patients on an antiplatelet agent (56 on aspirin, 1 on clopidogrel, and 21 on another agent), 15 on an anticoagulant (warfarin), seven on dual antiplatelet agents, and three on both the antiplatelet and anticoagulant (Table-2). Because the number of patients taking anticoagulant was too small to analyze, we combined those patients with the antiplatelet group, although these drugs have different mechanisms of action and produce a different biologic response. In group III (n=36), antithrombotic therapy was interrupted in accordance with a decision by the attending physician or at the patient’s request. These agents were discontinued 7–10 days before TP biopsy and were resumed 1–2 days after completion of the procedure.

Table 1
Clinical characteristics of all 811 patients and 84 pairs of patients after propensity score matching (PSM).

	All patients				Matched patients
	Group I (n = 672)	Group II (n = 103)	Group III (n = 36)	P-value	Group I (n = 84)	Group II (n = 84)	P-value
Median (IQR)
Age (years)	69 (63-74)	72 (67-77)	70 (64-74)	<0.0001	71 (64-76)	72 (66-77)	0.23
PSA (ng/mL)	7.5 (5.2-11.9)	8.4 (5.6-15.7)	9.7 (6.1-15.0)	0.043	7.9 (5.0-15.9)	7.6 (5.2-13.1)	0.82
Total Prostate volume (mL)	33 (25-49)	35 (26-47)	32.0 (22-51)	0.68	33 (26-51)	35 (25-46)	0.69
INR	1.00 (0.97-1.04)	1.03 (0.98-1.09)	1.02 (0.97-1.12)	<0.0001	1.01 (0.96-1.05)	1.02 (0.98-1.06)	0.13
Biopsy cores	14 (14-14)	14 (14-14)	14 (14-14)	0.74	14 (14-14)	14 (14-14)	0.96
IPSS	9 (4-16)	12 (8-16)	9 (5-15)	0.10	11 (6-18)	12 (7-17)	0.73
BMI (kg/m2)	23.0 (21.2-24.7)	23.5 (21.6-25.1)	22.3 (21.7-24.2)	0.11	23.4 (21.7-25.1)	23.6 (21.7-25.3)	0.41
N (%)
Local anesthesia	623 (92.7)	100 (97.1)	32 (88.9)	0.16	81 (96.4)	81 (96.4)	1.0
Abnormal DRE	123 (20.6)	29 (34.9)	10 (29.4)	0.0086	25 (29.8)	28 (33.3)	0.70

Table 2
The detail of continuing anti-thrombotic agents.

	No. of patients
Single agent
Aspirin	56
Cilostazol	4
Clopidogrel	1
Ticlopidine	5
Warfarin	15
Others	12
Dual agents
Aspirin and cilostazol	3
Aspirin and clopidogrel	3
Aspirin and ticlopidine	1
Aspirin and warfarin	2
Warfarin and cilostazol	1

Biopsy protocol

A cleaning enema was administered before TP biopsy. For antimicrobial prophylaxis, levofloxacin (500mg) or tosufloxacin (300mg) was orally administered before the procedure. In general, the biopsy protocol included a standard systematic 14-core scheme, as described by Kawakami et al. (Figure-1) (¹⁵). When abnormal findings were observed during pre-biopsy MRI or TRUS, additional targeted biopsies were performed. With the patient in the lithotomy position, the prostate gland was imaged using an ultrasound machine (ALOKA SSD- 2000, Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a biplanar 5/7.5-MHz TR probe (ALOKA UST- 672), and TRUS-guided TP biopsy was performed using a disposable 18-gauge needle (C.R. Bard, Inc., Covington, GA, USA). TP biopsy was performed using local anesthesia consisting of 1% lidocaine (n=756) as described previously (¹⁶), spinal anesthesia (n=52), or general anesthesia (n=3). Biopsies were performed by experienced urologists (6 surgeons, mean experience of 17 years, range 6-32 years). After the procedure, the patients were hospitalized for 1 day to monitor and for treatment of any complications (i.e. acute urinary retention, hematuria or fever).

Figure 1
14-core scheme, as described by Kawakami et al.

Morbidity assessment

All patients were evaluated around 2 weeks after the TP biopsy at the first outpatient visit, during which they were asked about the incidence of bleeding-associated events and other complications. Bleeding-associated events included gross hematuria, perineal hematoma, and rectal bleeding. These events noticed at least once were included. Gross hematuria was defined as passing blood or red urine. Perineal hematoma was defined as a non-pulsatile mass >1.5cm in diameter diagnosed by visual examination and palpation of the perineum. Rectal bleeding was defined as the passage of bright blood on or in the stool due to needle penetration through the rectum. The incidence of hematospermia was not evaluated due to lack of data.

Overall complications were graded as follows: grade 1 (need for hospital admission without medication), grade 2 (need for any type of intervention including medication, catheterization or blood transfusion), or grade 3 (life-threatening complications resulting in intensive care unit management or death).

Statistical analysis

Comparisons between the three groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the individual clinical factors predictive of hemorrhagic complications.

Given the non-randomized nature of the study, we used propensity score matching (PSM) analysis to compare hemorrhagic events and complications between groups I and II for determining the risk of continuing antithrombotic agents during TP biopsy. Group III was excluded from the analysis as it was difficult to precisely assess the relationship between resumption of antithrombotic agents and hemorrhagic complications. PSM was applied to correct for potential selection bias and to adjust for differences in baseline clinical characteristics. To derive the propensity score in this study, patient characteristics were entered into a logistic regression model. We used the greedy nearest-neighbor matching method within a caliper of 0.2 of the standard deviation (¹⁷, ¹⁸). Matching factors included age, BMI, DRE findings, PSA level, total prostate volume, INR, IPSS, and type of anesthesia.

Statistical analyses were performed using JMP 9.0.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and the R 2.15.2. statistical system (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). All P-values <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Histological examination revealed the presence of prostate cancer in 383 patients (47.2%). Of 383 patients, the biopsy Gleason score was 5-6 in 61 (16.4%) patients, 7 in 181 (48.5%) patients, and 8-10 in 131 (35.1%) patients. Table-1 lists the characteristics of controls, patients continuing antithrombotic agents, and the interrupted antithrombotic agents groups before and after PSM. The matching analysis resulted in 84 well-matched pairs of group I and II patients. There were no significant differences in the clinical variables among the 811 patients in the three groups, except for age, PSA level, INR, and DRE findings. In group II, higher age, longer INR, and more frequent abnormal DRE findings were observed.

Table-3 showed the incidence of complications among the three groups. Of the 811 patients included in this study, complications occurred in 37 patients (4.6%). Grade 1, 2, and 3 complications occurred in 12 (1.4%), 24 (2.9%), and one (0.1%) patients, respectively. The most frequent biopsy-related complication was urinary retention (1.2%). Although hemorrhagic complications occurred in 15 (1.8%) patients, many were grade 1 (73.3%) and no grade 3 complications occurred. One patient in group III whose aspirin treatment was interrupted 7 days before TP biopsy, was transferred to the emergency department 10 days after the procedure. The patient was diagnosed with cerebral infarction requiring intensive care unit treatment.

Table 3
Incidence of complications among the three groups.

Complications	Group I (n = 672)			Group II (n = 103)			Group III (n = 36)			total
	Complication grade
	G1	G2	G3	G1	G2	G3	G1	G2	G3
Urinary retention		9			1					10
Acute prostatitis		5			1					6
Perineal pain		3								3
Ischemic colitis		1								1
Vasovagal reflex	1									1
Cerebral infarction									1	1
Hemorrhagic complication
Hematuria	4			2			1			7
Colt retention		2			1					3
Perineal hematoma	3	1		1						5

Table-4 showed the incidence of gross hematuria, perineal hematoma, and rectal bleeding of 168 matched patients compared with group I and group II. PSM analysis revealed that there were no significant differences in the incidence of all events between groups I and II. The incidence of hemorrhagic complications was similar in group I (2/84 patients) and group II (3/84 patients) after PSM.

Table 4
Incidence of bleeding associated events after PSM.

	Group I (n = 84)	Group II (n = 84)	P-value
Gross hematuria	39 (46.4)	38 (45.2)	0.88
Perineal hematoma	0 (0)	2 (6.1)	0.15
Rectal bleeding	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0

Lastly, we evaluated the predictive factors for hemorrhagic complications in the 811 patients (Table-5). Univariate analysis revealed that hemorrhagic complications were significantly associated with a BMI <21kg/m² (P=0.0058).

Table 5
Univariate logistic regression analysis for predicting the risk of hemorrhagic complications.

Variable	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P-value
Age, years (≥70 vs <70)	1.48 (0.51-4.52)	0.47
PSA (≥10 ng/mL vs. <10 ng/mL)	0.48 (0.11-1.52)	0.23
Total prostate volume (≥30mL vs. <30mL)	1.74 (0.59-6.31)	0.35
INR (≥1.04 vs. <1.04)	2.72 (0.97-7.85)	0.058
Biopsy cores (≥15 vs. <15)	N/A†	0.37
IPSS (≥9 vs. <9)	0.23 (0.01-1.44)	0.18
BMI (<21 kg/m2 vs. ≥21 kg/m2)	4.52 (1.55-13.89)	0.0058
Local anesthesia (local vs. others)	1.04 (0.20-18.99)	0.97
Abnormal DRE	0.73 (0.24-2.68)	0.60
Continuing anti-thrombotic agent (yes vs no)	2.56 (0.70-7.65)	0.11

• †N/A, not applicable.

COMMENTS

We conducted a retrospective study including 811 patients in whom TRUS-guided TP biopsy was performed with or without continuation of antithrombotic agents during the procedure. Our study demonstrated that antithrombotic agents did not increase the frequency of bleeding-associated events or the risk of hemorrhagic complications during TP biopsy.

An extended life span is accompanied by an increase in the incidence of prostate cancer among elderly patients with a history of cardiovascular disease. Antithrombotic agents are routinely administered to these patients to prevent thromboembolism. Until recently, antithrombotic agents were routinely interrupted before diagnostic prostate biopsy to avoid hemorrhagic complications; however, thromboembolism triggered by discontinuation of antithrombotic agents may have life-threatening consequences. Of 36 patients in whom treatment with antithrombotic agents was interrupted in this study, cerebral infarction occurred in one, who required treatment in the intensive care unit. Life-threatening risk of drug interruption-associated thromboembolism may prompt clinicians to not discontinue antithrombotic agents prior to prostate biopsy; however, the risk of drug continuation in relation to biopsy-related hemorrhagic complication remains to be determined.

The TP route has been less often employed than TR route because it appears more invasive than TR biopsy (¹⁹, ²⁰). Recently, the introduction of TRUS-guided extended TP biopsy increased the use of the TP route because of its much lower risk of infection, rectal bleeding and potential for improved sampling from the anterior portion of the prostate, which may not be accessible via the TR route (²¹, ²²). Although perineal hematoma is a TP biopsy-specific complication, severe cases requiring blood transfusion or endoscopic intervention have not been reported. The absence of a free cavity between the prostate and perineum may be associated with a low hemorrhagic risk after TP biopsy.

In the present study, hemorrhagic complications occurred in 1.8% of patients and most were self-remitting. According to the PSM analysis, no statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of gross hematuria, perineal hematoma, and rectal bleeding between controls (group I) and patients who continued antithrombotic agents (group II). Univariate analysis revealed that hemorrhagic complications were not associated with antithrombotic agents. These data indicate that hemorrhagic complications are rare after TP biopsy. Continued administration of antithrombotic agents does not increase the risk of hemorrhagic events or complications.

Our findings are consistent, in part, with the findings of Kariotis et al. (¹¹), which indicated that younger patients with lower BMI receiving aspirin were at higher risk of developing hematuria after TR biopsy. It was assumed that patients with lower BMI were more sensitive to aspirin than obese patients (²³). In this study, lower BMI (<21kg/m²) was associated with hemorrhagic complications in all patients. This result suggests that patients with low BMI require careful attention and monitoring after TP biopsy.

This study has several limitations. First, this is a retrospective study, and although we utilized PSM analysis, this does not replace randomization. Second, the sample size after PSM reduced. Among 103 patients with continued antithrombotic agents, only 84 were eligible for evaluation of the incidence of bleeding-associated events and hemorrhagic complications. A major weakness of PSM is the reduction in the number of participants to avoid poor matching pairs. Third, patient complications were not followed up for >2 weeks after the biopsy; thus, the possibility of late-onset complications cannot be ruled out.

CONCLUSIONS

Continued administration of antithrombotic agents does not increase the risk of hemorrhagic complications. It is not necessary to discontinue antithrombotic agents during TP biopsy. Further multicenter prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the safety of continuing antithrombotic treatment.

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• ABBREVIATIONS
  BMI = body mass index
  DRE = rectal examination
  INR = international normalized ratio
  IPSS = International Prostate Symptom Score
  MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
  PSA = serum prostate-specific antigen
  PSM = propensity score matching
  TP = transperineal
  TR = transrectal
  TRUS = transperineal ultrasound

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  jan-feb 2015

History

• Received
  16 Dec 2013
• Accepted
  26 June 2014