Lunch quality and sociodemographic conditions between Brazilian regions

Gorgulho, Bartira Mendes; Santos, Roberta de Oliveira; Teixeira, Juliana A.; Baltar, Valeria T.; Marchioni, Dirce Maria

doi:10.1590/0102-311X00067417

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ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 34 (5) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00067417 copy

Lunch quality and sociodemographic conditions between Brazilian regions

Qualidade do almoço e condições sociodemográficas entre as macrorregiões brasileiras

Calidad del almuerzo y condiciones sociodemográficas entre regiones brasileñas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of lunch consumed by adults in Brazil and its sociodemographic determinants in each Brazilian region. A cross-sectional study was carried out and a representative sample of regional populations was used. The sample comprised of 16,096 adults from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey, part of the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF). The lunch quality was evaluated by applying the main meal quality index (MMQI), comprised of 10 items of equal weights that resulted in a score that ranged from zero to 100 points. Linear regression models measured the association between lunch quality and sociodemographic factors. The average energy consumption at lunch was 704kcal (SD = 300), and the meal quality score mean was 57 points (SE = 0.30). The North Region had the worst MMQI score (56 points, SE = 0.07), while the Central had the best MMQI adjusted score (59 points, SE = 0.05). The MMQI final score was positively associated with male gender and ages between 20-39 years, and was inversely associated with having eight years or more of education, per capita income of at least three minimum wages, and with the consumption of meals prepared away from home. Despite differences among sociodemographic factors, all Brazilian regions had a lunch composed of foods rich in sugars and fats, with insufficient portions of fruits and vegetables, resulting in a low meal quality.

Keywords:
Lunch; Feeding Behavior; Meals; Demographic Indicators

Component	Recomendation *	Score range **
Component	Recomendation *	0 point	10 points
Fruit	400g of fruits and vegetables per day	0g	≥ 80g
Vegetables (excluding potato)	400g of fruits and vegetables per day	≤ 80g	≥ 160g
Animal protein/Total protein	1 portion/day of vegetable protein	100%	≤ 80%
Fiber	25g per day	≤ 7g	≥ 10g
Carbohydrate	55-75% of total energy	≤ 40%	≥ 55%
Total fat	15-30% of total energy	≥ 40%	≤ 30%
Saturated fat	< 10% of total energy	≥ 13%	≤ 10%
Processed meat	Avoid	≥ 1 portion	0 portion
Desserts and sugary drinks	Avoid	≥ 1 portion	0 portion
Energy density	≤ 1.25kcal∕g	≥ 1.65kcal/g	≤ 1.25kcal/g

Variables	Individuals			Meal quality
	n	% *	Median	Mean *	SE	95%CI
Demographic
Gender
Male	7,098	47.80	61.03	58.41	0.41	58.30; 59.50
female	8,998	52.20	58.79	56.73	0.35	56.37; 57.08
Age (years)
19-39	9,905	60.48	59.81	57.23	0.35	56.89; 57.56
40-59	6,101	39.52	60.22	58.45	0.43	58.01; 58.88
Socioeconomic
Education (years)
3 or less	1,812	8.60	60.84	58.85	0.38	58.09; 59.60
3-8	5,940	36.69	60.57	58.53	0.22	58.10; 58.96
8 or more	8,344	54.70	58.85	56.84	0.19	56.46; 57.21
Per capita income (MW)
1 or less	6,994	34.86	60.07	58.20	0.20	57.81; 58.59
1-2	4,489	29.20	60.00	57.80	0.25	57.31; 58.30
3 or more	4,613	35.94	58.76	56.79	0.26	56.27; 57.31
Dietary intake
Source of food consumed at meal
At home	12,645	75.03	60.00	58.21	0.15	57.91; 58.51
Away from home	3,451	24.97	57.72	55.77	0.29	55.19; 56.34
Energy (kcal)
< 640	3,697	24.31	57.37	55.26	0.26	54.74; 55.78
640-880	10,699	65.81	60.52	58.67	0.17	58.35; 59.00
> 880	1,700	9.88	59.97	56.75	0.44	55.89; 57.62
Regions
North	2,303	14.31	58.31	56.45	0.66	55.16; 57.75
Northeast	5,832	36.23	60.00	57.92	0.44	57.06; 58.79
Central	2,290	14.23	60.93	58.54	0.69	57.18; 59.90
South	2,033	12.63	60.00	56.78	0.67	55.46; 58.09
Southeast	3,638	22.60	60.33	57.03	0.54	55.95; 58.10

	Mean	SE	95%CI	P25	P50	P75
Fruits	0.69	0.02	0.61; 0.77	0.00	0.00	0.00
Vegetables	0.79	0.02	0.72; 0.87	0.00	0.00	0.00
Carbohydrates	5.49	0.03	5.32; 5.63	0.00	5.93	10.00
Total fat	7.69	0.03	7.58; 7.80	6.21	10.00	10.00
Satured fat	7.90	0.03	7.79; 8.02	8.04	10.00	10.00
Animal protein/Total protein	6.29	0.04	6.14; 6.44	0.00	10.00	10.00
Fiber	4.78	0.04	4.63; 4.92	0.00	4.17	10.00
Processed meat	9.59	0.01	9.53; 9.66	10.00	10.00	10.00
Desserts and sugary drinks	8.68	0.02	8.58; 8.78	10.00	10.00	10.00
Energy density	5.36	0.03	5.23; 5.48	0.00	5.70	10.00
Meal quality	57.28	0.30	56.68; 57.87	46.64	60.00	70.00

	Bivariate models				Mutiple model
	Coeficient	SE	95%CI	p-value *	Coeficient	SE	95%CI	p-value *
North (56.23 points; SE = 0.07; 95%CI: 56.13; 56.33) **
Gender male (ref. female)	2.57	0.69	1.21; 3.93	< 0.001	1.61	0.73	0.19; 3.04	0.03
Age 40-59 years (ref. 20-39)	0.00	0.03	-0.07; 0.06	0.89	−	−	−	−
Education (ref. 3 or less years)
3-8	1.54	0.74	0.08; 2.99	0.04	2.34	1.19	0.00; 4.68	0.05
8 or more	-0.71	0.70	-2.09; 0.66	0.31	1.12	1.13	-1.10; 3.33	0.32
Per capita income (ref. ≤ 1 MW)
1-2	0.23	0.79	-1.31; 1.78	0.77	−	−	−	−
3 or more	0.11	0.80	-1.45; 1.67	0.89	−	−	−	−
Northeast (57.90 points; SE = 0.05; 95%CI: 57.85; 57.96) **
Gender male (ref. female)	2.70	0.43	1.85; 3.55	< 0.001	2.12	0.45	1.23; 3.01	< 0.001
Age 40-59 years (ref. 20-39)	0.04	0.02	0.00; 0.08	0.06	0.03	0.02	-0.01; 0.07	0.17
Education (ref. 3 or less years)
3-8	0.49	0.45	-0.39; 1.36	0.28	-0.61	0.63	-1.84; 0.62	0.33
8 or more	-1.21	0.43	-2.05; -0.36	0.01	-1.28	0.61	-2.47; -0.08	0.04
Per capita income (ref. ≤ 1 MW)
1-2	-0.37	0.51	-1.37; 0.62	0.46	−	−	−	−
3 or more	-0.43	0.58	-1.56; 0.71	0.46	−	−	−	−
Central (58.81 points; SE = 0.05; 95%CI: 58.74; 58.89) **
Gender male (ref. female)	0.50	0.73	-0.93; 1.93	0.50	−	−	−	−
Age 40-59 years (ref. 20-39)	0.10	0.03	0.04; 0.17	< 0.001	0.09	0.03	0.02; 0.16	0.01
Education (ref. 3 or less years)
3-8	1.54	0.74	0.09; 3.00	0.04	1.66	1.44	-1.17; 4.49	0.25
8 or more	-1.48	0.72	-2.90; -0.06	0.04	0.57	1.45	-2.28; 3.42	0.69
Per capita income (ref. ≤ 1 MW)
1-2	-0.70	0.79	-2.25; 0.84	0.37	−	−	−	−
3 or more	-0.58	0.75	-2.05; 0.90	0.44	−	−	−	−
South (56.61 points; SE = 0.11; 95%CI: 56.48; 56.74) **
Gender male (ref. female)	1.71	0.82	0.11; 3.31	0.04	2.72	0.85	1.05; 4.39	< 0.001
Age 40-59 years (ref. 20-39)	0.11	0.04	0.04;0.18	< 0.001	0.08	0.04	0.00; 0.16	0.04
Education (ref. 3 or less years)
3-8	2.63	0.84	0.98; 4.28	< 0.001	-0.39	1.79	-3.90; 3.11	0.83
8 or more	-3.15	0.82	-4.76; -1.55	< 0.001	-1.82	1.86	-5.47; 1.82	0.33
Per capita Income (ref. ≤ 1 MW)
1-2 MW	2.93	0.87	1.23; 4.63	< 0.001	1.44	1.11	-0.74; 3.61	0.20
3 or more MW	-3.51	0.82	-5.11; -1.90	< 0.001	-2.17	1.13	-4.38; 0.04	0.05
Southeast (58.16 points; SE = 0.06; 95%CI: 58.08; 58.24) **
Gender male (ref. female)	2.53	0.59	1.37; 3.69	< 0.001	2.85	0.62	1.63; 4.07	< 0.001
Age 40-59 years (ref. 20-39)	0.09	0.03	0.04; 0.14	0.00	0.07	0.03	0.02; 0.13	0.01
Education (ref. 3 or less years)
3-8	1.45	0.60	0.27; 2.63	0.02	-2.17	1.19	-4.52; 0.17	0.07
8 or more	-2.51	0.59	-3.67; -1.36	< 0.001	-2.84	1.26	-5.30; -0.37	0.02
Per capita income (ref. ≤ 1 MW)
1-2	-0.22	0.63	-1.45; 1.02	0.73	-1.65	0.75	-3.13; -0.17	0.03
3 or more	-2.06	0.61	-3.25; -0.86	0.00	-2.53	0.79	-4.09; -0.98	0.00

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[1] * Correspondence B. M. Gorgulho Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brasil. bartira.gorgulho@gmail.com