Crescimento de bulbos de Agave angustifolia em diferentes substratos, com doses de fertirrigação e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense

Jarquín-Rosales, Domitila; Valle, José Raymundo Enríquez-del; Alpuche-Osorno, Juan José; Rodríguez-Ortiz, Gerardo; Campos-Ángeles, Gisela Virginia; Morales, Isidro

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Sumário

Biology • Cienc. Rural 53 (3) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210863 copiar

Crescimento de bulbos de Agave angustifolia em diferentes substratos, com doses de fertirrigação e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO:

Existem poucas informações sobre a produção de agave em viveiro, portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento em viveiro de Agave angustifolia provenientes de bulbilhos de inflorescência, submetidos a diferentes substratos, doses de fertirrigação e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense. Os bulbilhos foram estabelecidos por dois meses em substrato 50% turfa-50% perlita. Cento e oitenta plantas foram transferidas individualmente para vasos de 3,8 dm3 para avaliação em um experimento com três fatores: 1) tipo de irrigação: 1.1) água ou 1.2) fertirrigação com solução nutritiva de Steiner (NS), NS-50% ou 1.3 ) NS-100%; 2) inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense, 2.1) plantas inoculadas, 2.2) plantas não inoculadas; 3) substrato, misturas de esterco bovino (BM) + areia (S) em diferentes proporções, Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S; Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S; Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S. As características morfológicas foram quantificadas por um ano. As maiores plantas foram aquelas que estavam em substrato com 50% de BM, foram fertirrigadas com NS-100% e inoculadas com Azospirillum brasiliense, enquanto as menores foram aquelas estabelecidas em substrato com menor quantidade de esterco, irrigado apenas com água e sem inoculação, que tinham respectivamente, 71,6 e 54,10 cm de altura, 21 e 15,6 folhas, 76,6 e 62,2 mm de diâmetro do caule, 84,4 e 59,8 cm de diâmetro de roseta.

Palavras-chave:
agave; Azospirillum brasilense; crescimento; fertirrigação; misturas de substratos

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: imoralesg@ipn.mx. ^*Corresponding author

Substrate	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Fe	Zn
Substrate	------------------------------------------------------mg kg^-1---------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	1738.00	41.64	4119.60	6329.50	1983.20	1.81	3.24
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	960.50	11.85	559.90	1906.10	429.30	1.75	1.47
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	1360.50	34.60	1816.60	3756.90	1108.80	1.20	2.85
	Cu mg kg^-1	Mn mg kg^-1	R C/N	EC dS m^-1	pH	OM %	OC %
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	0.39	4.10	11.59	15.00	8.12	3.48	2.02
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	0.22	2.54	11.59	8.20	8.08	1.92	1.11
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	0.22	2.75	11.59	10.10	7.40	2.72	1.58

Sources of variation	DF	-------------------------------------------------------------------Mean squares-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources of variation	DF	Height	Number of leaves	Stem diameter	Rosette diameter	Length of the largest leaf
Type of irrigation	2	690.822^**	86.422^**	55.858^ns	395.297^**	8.162e55^ns
A. brasilense	1	86.632^ns	92.011^**	106.711^*	26.569^ns	2.184e55^ns
Mix	2	439.447^**	13.678^*	129.633^*	448.172^**	1.933e55^*
NSxAb	2	10.134^ns	11.344^*	153.286^*	36.342^ns	2.092e+55^ns
NSxMix	4	804.515^**	3.144^ns	114.667^*	667.629^**	8.087e+55^*
AbxMix	2	47.864^ns	4.678^ns	48.211^ns	26.101^ns	2.263e+55^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	154.420^ns	4.111^ns	254.161^**	56.687^ns	2.140e+55^ns
Error	162	14.209	2.078	19.061	22.340	2.896e+55
Total	179
Source of variation	DF	--------------------------------------------------------Mean squares (Relative growth rate)------------------------------------------------------
Source of variation	DF	Width of the largest leaf	Height	Number of leaves	Stem diameter	Rosette diameter
Type of irrigation	2	2.374^**	0.001522^**	0.00017^*	0.000055^ns	0.002177^**
A. brasilense	1	0.004^ns	0.001115^*	0.00082^**	0.000753^ns	0.000031^ns
Mix	2	0.570^*	0.001278^**	0.00013^*	0.001533^*	0.003291^**
NSxAb	2	0.052^ns	0.000120^ns	0.00009^*	0.002519^**	0.000059^ns
NSxMix	4	0.669^**	0.001318^**	0.00004^ns	0.000065^*	0.005149^**
AbxMix	2	0.097^ns	0.000176^ns	0.00002^ns	0.000038^ns	0.000354^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	0.087^ns	0.000509^*	0.00009^*	0.002409^**	0.000355^ns
Error	162	0.058	0.000113	0.00002	0.000201	0.0001947
Total	179

Source of variation	DF	--------------------------------------------------------Mean squares---------------------------------------------------------
Source of variation	DF	Leaf area	Root volume	Leaf volume	Piña volume	Root fresh weight
Type of irrigation	2	852078.24^**	566.17^ns	515923.64^*	1950.72^**	0.29^ns
A. brasilense	1	988541.26^*	1020.01^ns	377580.50^*	342.35^ns	2532.35^*
Mix	2	97331.02^ns	669.19^ns	224179.04^*	633.09^*	306.79^ns
NSxAb	2	99951.14^ns	2970.06^ns	40907.79^ns	137.06^ns	869.01^ns
NSxMix	4	936716.80^**	3024.58^ns	258698.10^**	468.70^*	470.15^ns
AbxMix	2	64576.75^ns	62.35^ns	1264497.38^*	1020.18^*	50.04^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	320254.98^*	3608.89^ns	73045.60^ns	274.33^ns	1702.12^ns
Error	123	76925.39	1339.21	37108.05	154.92	548.71
Total	143
Source of variation	DF	---------------------------------------------------------Mean squares--------------------------------------------------------
Source of variation	DF	Leaf fresh weight	Piña fresh weight	Root dry weight	Leaf dry weight	Piña dry weight
Type of irrigation	2	430946.06^**	1842.26^**	553.55^*	9303.30^**	77.06^ns
A.brasilense	1	368797.35^*	242.00^ns	815.07^*	1326.55^ns	87.21^ns
Mix	2	169705.43^*	1233.60^*	46.75^ns	2594.093^*	154.73^*
NSxAb	2	38080.39^ns	37.04^ns	489.85^*	569.14^ns	38.547^ns
NSxMix	4	210976.24^**	491.81^*	125.71^ns	2364.65^*	29.21^ns
AbxMix	2	70035.60^ns	534.13^*	115.14^ns	408.9^ns	43.93^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	70956.08^ns	143.92^ns	140.82^ns	1388.52^*	58.01^ns
Error	123	28045.87	159.88	108.35	400.29	28.31
Total	143

Factor	Height (cm)	Number of Leaves	Stem Diameter (mm)	Rosette Diameter (cm)	Length of largest leaf (cm)
------------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation-------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	57.72^c	16.33^c	63.35^b	65.45^b	50.50^b
NS-50	60.36^b	17.50^b	64.48a^b	67.95^b	52.31a
NS-100	64.46a	18.73^a	66.06^a	72.60^a	56.48^a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	59.86^b	16.51^b	63.54^b	69.21^a	52.55^b
Inoculated	61.83^a	18.53^a	65.72^a	68.12^a	54.98^a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	59.33^b	18.07^a	65.80^a	67.11^b	51.38^b
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	59.23^b	16.77^b	62.23^b	65.82^b	52.91^b
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	63.97^a	17.73^a	65.87^a	73.06^a	56.98^a

Factor	Width of the largest leaf (cm)	-------------------------------------------Relative growth rate------------------------------------------
Factor	Width of the largest leaf (cm)	Height (cm day^-1)	Number of leaves (NL day^-1)	Stem diameter (mm day^-1)	Rosette diameter (cm day^-1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	4.71^c	0.12^b	0.028^b	0.12^a	0.15^b
NS-50	4.95^b	0.13^a	0.031^a	0.12^a	0.16^b
NS-100	5.27^a	0.14^a	0.033^a	0.12^a	0.17^a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	4.98^a	0.13^b	0.027^b	0.11^a	0.16^a
Inoculated	4.97^a	0.14^a	0.033^a	0.12^a	0.16^a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	4.91^b	0.13^b	0.033^a	0.12^a	0.16^b
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	4.89^b	0.13^b	0.028^b	0.11^b	0.15^b
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	5.14^a	0.14^a	0.031^a	0.12^a	0.17^a

Factor	Leaf area (cm²)	-------------------------Volume (cm³)----------------------			Fresh Weight Root (g)
Factor	Leaf area (cm²)	Root	leaf	Piña
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	1750.6^b	85.3^a	891.7^b	46.0^b	68.3^a
NS-50	1965.8^a	81.9^a	1062^a	56.0^a	68.5^a
NS-100	2126.1^a	75.7^a	1183.5^a	64.0^a	68.5^b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	1830.3^b	77.2^a	973.3^b	53.2^a	62.6^b
Inoculated	2064.7^a	84.7^a	1118.2^a	57.5^a	74.4^a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	1967.3^a	81.3^a	1046.5^ab	55.0^ab	69.0^a
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	1876.3^a	86.0^a	948.8^b	50.4^b	71.7^a
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	1998.90^a	75.5^a	1142.0^a	60.7^a	64.7^a
Factor	--------------Fresh weight (g)------------			-------------------------Dry Weight (g)------------------------
Factor	Leaf	Piña	Root	Leaf	Piña
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	804.2^c	47.0^b	26.0^b	93.5^c	14.2^a
NS-50	949.6^b	57.3^a	26.8^b	108.9^b	14.7^a
NS-100	1071.9^a	64.4^a	34.7^a	132.6^a	17.5^a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	870.3^b	54.4^a	25.8^b	107.4^a	14.3^a
Inoculated	1013.5^a	58.1^a	32.5^a	116.0^a	16.4^a
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	938.6^ab	54.7^b	28.4^a	110.9^ab	14.7^ab
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	859.5^b	50.0^c	28.3^a	101.7^b	13.4^b
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	1027.6^a	64.0^a	30.8^a	122.5^a	18.3^a

T	Leaf área (cm²)	------------------------------------------Volume (cm³)---------------------------------			Fresh Weight Root (g)
T	Leaf área (cm²)	Root	leaf	Piña
1	2143.7^abcd	122.5^a	1005.0^bcd	42.5^cd	81.0^a
2	1717.9^bcde	117.5^a	825.0^d	45.0^bcd	85.3^a
3	1793.2^bcde	58.0^a	870.0^cd	41.0^d	61.8^a
4	2073.6^abcde	81.3^a	1100^abcd	52.5^abcd	66.0^a
5	1699.2^cde	72.5^a	772.5^d	45.0^bcd	68.8^a
6	1665.7^cde	75.0^a	885.0^cd	46.3^bcd	69.3^a
7	1533.9^de	55.0^a	810.0^d	52.3^abcd	46.0^a
8	1828.5^abcde	72.5^a	862.5^d	50.0^bcd	49.8^a
9	2219.1^abcd	85.0^a	1187.5^abcd	65.8^abcd	74.8^a
10	2510.4^ab	101.3^a	1362.5^abc	67.8^abcd	89.0^a
11	2106.1^abcd	112.5^a	1095.0^abcd	51.3^abcd	90.0^a
12	1895.4^abcde	65.00^a	1054.8^abcd	48.8^bcd	61.5^a
13	1278.6^e	43.00^a	762.5^d	45.0^bcd	39.8^a
14	1827.5^abcde	51.3^a	987.5^bcd	61.3^abcd	58.3^a
15	2454.3^abc	90.0^a	1450.0^ab	75.8^ab	66.3^a
16	1748.9^bcde	70.0^a	1131.3^abcd	73.8^abc	70.3^a
17	2128.3^abcd	90.0^a	1150.0^abcd	50.0^abcd	78.3^a
18	2604.4^a	95.0^a	1512.5^a	82.5^a	76.5^a
	-------------------Fresh weight (g)-----------------		--------------------------------------Dry Weight (g)-------------------------------------
	Leaf	Piña	Root	Leaf	Piña
1	919.5^bcd	42.8^c	27.7^ab	116.7^bcd	11.5^a
2	736.0^d	43.8^c	31.3^ab	87.6^cd	13.7^a
3	788.3^d	46.5^c	23.2^ab	103.8^bcd	12.4^a
4	967.5^bc	52.0^abc	27.7^ab	99.7^cd	13.0^a
5	705.3^d	43.3^c	22.4^ab	80.9^cd	13.6^a
6	817.0^cd	51.8^abc	24.0^ab	96.3^cd	21.4^a
7	711.8^d	53.0^abc	16.5^b	85.0^cd	13.2^a
8	799.5^cd	49.3^bc	21.6^ab	96.1^cd	12.6^a
9	1045.0^abcd	68.3^abc	31.2^ab	127.6^abcd	19.3^a
10	1225.0^abc	69.8^abc	38.2^ab	132.8^abc	18.2^a
11	980.3^bcd	51.5^abc	24.4^ab	107.3^bcd	11.9^a
12	936.3^bcd	52.3^abc	28.7^ab	104.8^bcd	12.8^a
13	680.0^d	48.3^bc	23.0^ab	80.0^d	11.9^a
14	880.3^bcd	58.0^abc	25.9^ab	115.0^bcd	14.8^a
15	1272.8^ab	79.8^ab	31.7^ab	154.8^ab	19.7^a
16	1019.8^abcd	64.0^abc	36.8^ab	127.4^abcd	19.9^a
17	1055.8^abcd	54.0^abc	44.3^a	123.4^abcd	13.6^a
18	1414.5^a	84.0^a	46.0^a	171.3^a	24.6^a

T	Height (cm)	Number of Leaves	Stem Diameter (mm)	Rosette Diameter (cm)	Length of largest leaf (cm)	width of the largest leaf (cm)
1	60.2^cde	17.0^cde	66.3^bcde	76.1^abc	51.3^bcde	4.9^bc
2	56.2^cde	15.4^e	59.6^ef	65.8^cdefg	49.3^cde	4.9^bc
3	55.6^de	15.2^e	61.0^def	64.9^cdefg	49.0^cde	4.8^bc
4	60.0^cde	18.0^abcd	68.8^abcd	67.4^cdrfg	52.9^bcde	4.7^bc
5	57.4^cde	15.8^e	60.6^def	61.9^g	51.4^bcde	4.7^bc
6	58.4^cde	16.2^de	62.0^cdef	61.6^g	52.0^bcde	4.6^bc
7	54.1^e	15.6^e	62.8^bcdef	59.8^g	46.1^e	4.6^c
8	58.8^cde	16.0d^e	63.2^bcdef	63.2^efg	52.0^bcde	5.0^bc
9	64.8^bc	17.8^abcd	71.6^abc	75.6^abce	59.0^ab	5.0^bc
10	63.3^bcd	20.0^abc	72.7^ab	67.8^cdefg	55.6^abcd	5.1^bc
11	57.9^cde	17.6^bcde	60.4^def	62.4^fg	52.3^bcde	4.7^bc
12	61.7^cde	18.4^abcd	57.0^f	73.8^abcde	58.0^ab	5.1^bc
13	56.2^cde	17.6^bcde	63.8^bcdef	61.0^g	46.9^de	5.0^bc
14	61.7^cde	16.6^de	59.4^ef	73.2^bcdef	55.6^abc	5.1^bc
15	71.2^ab	17.4^bcde	64.2^bcdef	83.2^ab	63.8^a	5.8^a
16	60.7^cde	20.6^ab	62.2^cdef	65.4^cdefg	52.7^bcde	5.1^bc
17	63.4^bcd	19.2^abcd	70.2^abcd	68.4^cdefg	56.9^abc	5.1^bc
18	73.61^a	21.0^a	76.6^a	84.4^a	63.0^a	5.7^a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Relative growth rate-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
T	Height (cm day^-1)	Number of leaves (NL day^-1)	Stem Diameter (mm day^-1)	Rosette Diameter (cm day^-1)	Length of largest leaf (cm day^-1)	width of the largest leaf (cm day^-1)
1	0.13^bcde	0.03^bcde	0.13^abcd	0.18^abc	0.11^cdef	0.007^abc
2	0.12^de	0.02^de	0.10^de	0.15^bcdef	0.11^def	0.007^abc
3	0.12^de	0.02^e	0.11^bcde	0.15^bcdef	0.11^def	0.006^bc
4	0.13^cde	0.03^abcd	0.13^abcde	0.16^bcdef	0.11^bcdef	0.006^bc
5	0.13^cde	0.03^cde	0.11^cde	0.14^ef	0.11^bcdef	0.007^abc
6	0.13^cde	0.03^bcde	0.11^bcde	0.15^def	0.12^bcdef	0.007^abc
7	0.11^e	0.03^cde	0.12^bcde	0.13^f	0.10^f	0.006^c
8	0.13^bcde	0.03^cde	0.12^bcde	0.15^bcdef	0.12^abcde	0.008^abc
9	0.14^bcd	0.03^abcde	0.14^abcd	0.18^ab	0.13^abc	0.008^abc
10	0.14^abc	0.04^ab	0.14^ab	0.16^bcdef	0.13^abcd	0.008^abc
11	0.12^cde	0.03^abcd	0.10^de	0.15^def	0.12^bcdef	0.006^bc
12	0.14^bcde	0.03^abcd	0.10^de	0.18^abcd	0.13^abc	0.008^abc
13	0.12^e	0.03^abcde	0.11^bcde	0.14^ef	0.10^fe	0.007^abc
14	0.13^bcde	0.03^cde	0.10^e	0.17^abcd	0.12^abcde	0.008^abc
15	0.15^ab	0.03^bcde	0.10^de	0.20^a	0.14^ab	0.009^ab
16	0.13^bcde	0.04^abc	0.11^bcde	0.15^cdef	0.11^bcdef	0.007^abc
17	0.14^bcde	0.03^abcde	0.13^abcde	0.16^bcdef	0.13^abcd	0.008^abc
18	0.17^a	0.04^a	0.15^a	0.20^a	0.14^a	0.010^a