<i>Agave angustifolia</i> bulbil growth in different substrates, with doses of fertigation and inoculation with <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>

Jarquín-Rosales, Domitila; Valle, José Raymundo Enríquez-del; Alpuche-Osorno, Juan José; Rodríguez-Ortiz, Gerardo; Campos-Ángeles, Gisela Virginia; Morales, Isidro

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210863

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Biology • Cienc. Rural 53 (3) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210863 copy

Agave angustifolia bulbil growth in different substrates, with doses of fertigation and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense

Crescimento de bulbos de Agave angustifolia em diferentes substratos, com doses de fertirrigação e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

There is little information about the production of agave plants in the nursery, so this research assessed the growth in the nursery of Agave angustifolia plants originating from inflorescence bulbils, subjected to different substrates, fertigation doses, and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. The bulbils were established for two months in a 50% peat-50% perlite substrate. One hundred and eighty plants were individually transferred to 3.8 dm³ pots for evaluation in an experiment with three factors: 1) type of irrigation: 1.1) water, or 1.2) fertigation with Steiner’s nutrient solution (NS), NS-50%, or 1.3) NS-100%; 2) inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, 2.1) inoculated plants, 2.2) non-inoculated plants; 3) substrate, mixtures of bovine manure (BM) + sand (S) in different proportions, Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S; Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S; Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S. Morphological characteristics were quantified for one year. The largest plants were those that were in substrates with 50% BM, and were fertirrigated with NS-100% and inoculated with Azospirillum brasiliense. The smallest plants were those established a in a substrate with the lowest manure content, irrigated with only water and without inoculation, which was respectively 71.6 and 54.10 cm high, 21 and 15.6 leaves, 76.6 and 62.2 mm in stem diameter, 84.4 and 59.8 cm in rosette diameter.

Key words:
agave; Azospirillum brasilense; fertigation; growth; substrate mixtures

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: imoralesg@ipn.mx. ^*Corresponding author

Substrate	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Fe	Zn
Substrate	------------------------------------------------------mg kg^-1---------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	1738.00	41.64	4119.60	6329.50	1983.20	1.81	3.24
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	960.50	11.85	559.90	1906.10	429.30	1.75	1.47
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	1360.50	34.60	1816.60	3756.90	1108.80	1.20	2.85
	Cu mg kg^-1	Mn mg kg^-1	R C/N	EC dS m^-1	pH	OM %	OC %
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	0.39	4.10	11.59	15.00	8.12	3.48	2.02
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	0.22	2.54	11.59	8.20	8.08	1.92	1.11
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	0.22	2.75	11.59	10.10	7.40	2.72	1.58

Sources of variation	DF	-------------------------------------------------------------------Mean squares-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources of variation	DF	Height	Number of leaves	Stem diameter	Rosette diameter	Length of the largest leaf
Type of irrigation	2	690.822^**	86.422^**	55.858^ns	395.297^**	8.162e55^ns
A. brasilense	1	86.632^ns	92.011^**	106.711^*	26.569^ns	2.184e55^ns
Mix	2	439.447^**	13.678^*	129.633^*	448.172^**	1.933e55^*
NSxAb	2	10.134^ns	11.344^*	153.286^*	36.342^ns	2.092e+55^ns
NSxMix	4	804.515^**	3.144^ns	114.667^*	667.629^**	8.087e+55^*
AbxMix	2	47.864^ns	4.678^ns	48.211^ns	26.101^ns	2.263e+55^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	154.420^ns	4.111^ns	254.161^**	56.687^ns	2.140e+55^ns
Error	162	14.209	2.078	19.061	22.340	2.896e+55
Total	179
Source of variation	DF	--------------------------------------------------------Mean squares (Relative growth rate)------------------------------------------------------
Source of variation	DF	Width of the largest leaf	Height	Number of leaves	Stem diameter	Rosette diameter
Type of irrigation	2	2.374^**	0.001522^**	0.00017^*	0.000055^ns	0.002177^**
A. brasilense	1	0.004^ns	0.001115^*	0.00082^**	0.000753^ns	0.000031^ns
Mix	2	0.570^*	0.001278^**	0.00013^*	0.001533^*	0.003291^**
NSxAb	2	0.052^ns	0.000120^ns	0.00009^*	0.002519^**	0.000059^ns
NSxMix	4	0.669^**	0.001318^**	0.00004^ns	0.000065^*	0.005149^**
AbxMix	2	0.097^ns	0.000176^ns	0.00002^ns	0.000038^ns	0.000354^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	0.087^ns	0.000509^*	0.00009^*	0.002409^**	0.000355^ns
Error	162	0.058	0.000113	0.00002	0.000201	0.0001947
Total	179

Source of variation	DF	--------------------------------------------------------Mean squares---------------------------------------------------------
Source of variation	DF	Leaf area	Root volume	Leaf volume	Piña volume	Root fresh weight
Type of irrigation	2	852078.24^**	566.17^ns	515923.64^*	1950.72^**	0.29^ns
A. brasilense	1	988541.26^*	1020.01^ns	377580.50^*	342.35^ns	2532.35^*
Mix	2	97331.02^ns	669.19^ns	224179.04^*	633.09^*	306.79^ns
NSxAb	2	99951.14^ns	2970.06^ns	40907.79^ns	137.06^ns	869.01^ns
NSxMix	4	936716.80^**	3024.58^ns	258698.10^**	468.70^*	470.15^ns
AbxMix	2	64576.75^ns	62.35^ns	1264497.38^*	1020.18^*	50.04^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	320254.98^*	3608.89^ns	73045.60^ns	274.33^ns	1702.12^ns
Error	123	76925.39	1339.21	37108.05	154.92	548.71
Total	143
Source of variation	DF	---------------------------------------------------------Mean squares--------------------------------------------------------
Source of variation	DF	Leaf fresh weight	Piña fresh weight	Root dry weight	Leaf dry weight	Piña dry weight
Type of irrigation	2	430946.06^**	1842.26^**	553.55^*	9303.30^**	77.06^ns
A.brasilense	1	368797.35^*	242.00^ns	815.07^*	1326.55^ns	87.21^ns
Mix	2	169705.43^*	1233.60^*	46.75^ns	2594.093^*	154.73^*
NSxAb	2	38080.39^ns	37.04^ns	489.85^*	569.14^ns	38.547^ns
NSxMix	4	210976.24^**	491.81^*	125.71^ns	2364.65^*	29.21^ns
AbxMix	2	70035.60^ns	534.13^*	115.14^ns	408.9^ns	43.93^ns
NSxAbxMix	4	70956.08^ns	143.92^ns	140.82^ns	1388.52^*	58.01^ns
Error	123	28045.87	159.88	108.35	400.29	28.31
Total	143

Factor	Height (cm)	Number of Leaves	Stem Diameter (mm)	Rosette Diameter (cm)	Length of largest leaf (cm)
------------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation-------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	57.72^c	16.33^c	63.35^b	65.45^b	50.50^b
NS-50	60.36^b	17.50^b	64.48a^b	67.95^b	52.31a
NS-100	64.46a	18.73^a	66.06^a	72.60^a	56.48^a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	59.86^b	16.51^b	63.54^b	69.21^a	52.55^b
Inoculated	61.83^a	18.53^a	65.72^a	68.12^a	54.98^a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	59.33^b	18.07^a	65.80^a	67.11^b	51.38^b
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	59.23^b	16.77^b	62.23^b	65.82^b	52.91^b
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	63.97^a	17.73^a	65.87^a	73.06^a	56.98^a

Factor	Width of the largest leaf (cm)	-------------------------------------------Relative growth rate------------------------------------------
Factor	Width of the largest leaf (cm)	Height (cm day^-1)	Number of leaves (NL day^-1)	Stem diameter (mm day^-1)	Rosette diameter (cm day^-1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	4.71^c	0.12^b	0.028^b	0.12^a	0.15^b
NS-50	4.95^b	0.13^a	0.031^a	0.12^a	0.16^b
NS-100	5.27^a	0.14^a	0.033^a	0.12^a	0.17^a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	4.98^a	0.13^b	0.027^b	0.11^a	0.16^a
Inoculated	4.97^a	0.14^a	0.033^a	0.12^a	0.16^a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	4.91^b	0.13^b	0.033^a	0.12^a	0.16^b
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	4.89^b	0.13^b	0.028^b	0.11^b	0.15^b
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	5.14^a	0.14^a	0.031^a	0.12^a	0.17^a

Factor	Leaf area (cm²)	-------------------------Volume (cm³)----------------------			Fresh Weight Root (g)
Factor	Leaf area (cm²)	Root	leaf	Piña
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	1750.6^b	85.3^a	891.7^b	46.0^b	68.3^a
NS-50	1965.8^a	81.9^a	1062^a	56.0^a	68.5^a
NS-100	2126.1^a	75.7^a	1183.5^a	64.0^a	68.5^b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	1830.3^b	77.2^a	973.3^b	53.2^a	62.6^b
Inoculated	2064.7^a	84.7^a	1118.2^a	57.5^a	74.4^a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	1967.3^a	81.3^a	1046.5^ab	55.0^ab	69.0^a
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	1876.3^a	86.0^a	948.8^b	50.4^b	71.7^a
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	1998.90^a	75.5^a	1142.0^a	60.7^a	64.7^a
Factor	--------------Fresh weight (g)------------			-------------------------Dry Weight (g)------------------------
Factor	Leaf	Piña	Root	Leaf	Piña
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Type of irrigation------------------------------------------------------------------------
H₂O	804.2^c	47.0^b	26.0^b	93.5^c	14.2^a
NS-50	949.6^b	57.3^a	26.8^b	108.9^b	14.7^a
NS-100	1071.9^a	64.4^a	34.7^a	132.6^a	17.5^a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Inoculation---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-inoculated	870.3^b	54.4^a	25.8^b	107.4^a	14.3^a
Inoculated	1013.5^a	58.1^a	32.5^a	116.0^a	16.4^a
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Substrate---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S	938.6^ab	54.7^b	28.4^a	110.9^ab	14.7^ab
Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S	859.5^b	50.0^c	28.3^a	101.7^b	13.4^b
Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S	1027.6^a	64.0^a	30.8^a	122.5^a	18.3^a

T	Leaf área (cm²)	------------------------------------------Volume (cm³)---------------------------------			Fresh Weight Root (g)
T	Leaf área (cm²)	Root	leaf	Piña
1	2143.7^abcd	122.5^a	1005.0^bcd	42.5^cd	81.0^a
2	1717.9^bcde	117.5^a	825.0^d	45.0^bcd	85.3^a
3	1793.2^bcde	58.0^a	870.0^cd	41.0^d	61.8^a
4	2073.6^abcde	81.3^a	1100^abcd	52.5^abcd	66.0^a
5	1699.2^cde	72.5^a	772.5^d	45.0^bcd	68.8^a
6	1665.7^cde	75.0^a	885.0^cd	46.3^bcd	69.3^a
7	1533.9^de	55.0^a	810.0^d	52.3^abcd	46.0^a
8	1828.5^abcde	72.5^a	862.5^d	50.0^bcd	49.8^a
9	2219.1^abcd	85.0^a	1187.5^abcd	65.8^abcd	74.8^a
10	2510.4^ab	101.3^a	1362.5^abc	67.8^abcd	89.0^a
11	2106.1^abcd	112.5^a	1095.0^abcd	51.3^abcd	90.0^a
12	1895.4^abcde	65.00^a	1054.8^abcd	48.8^bcd	61.5^a
13	1278.6^e	43.00^a	762.5^d	45.0^bcd	39.8^a
14	1827.5^abcde	51.3^a	987.5^bcd	61.3^abcd	58.3^a
15	2454.3^abc	90.0^a	1450.0^ab	75.8^ab	66.3^a
16	1748.9^bcde	70.0^a	1131.3^abcd	73.8^abc	70.3^a
17	2128.3^abcd	90.0^a	1150.0^abcd	50.0^abcd	78.3^a
18	2604.4^a	95.0^a	1512.5^a	82.5^a	76.5^a
	-------------------Fresh weight (g)-----------------		--------------------------------------Dry Weight (g)-------------------------------------
	Leaf	Piña	Root	Leaf	Piña
1	919.5^bcd	42.8^c	27.7^ab	116.7^bcd	11.5^a
2	736.0^d	43.8^c	31.3^ab	87.6^cd	13.7^a
3	788.3^d	46.5^c	23.2^ab	103.8^bcd	12.4^a
4	967.5^bc	52.0^abc	27.7^ab	99.7^cd	13.0^a
5	705.3^d	43.3^c	22.4^ab	80.9^cd	13.6^a
6	817.0^cd	51.8^abc	24.0^ab	96.3^cd	21.4^a
7	711.8^d	53.0^abc	16.5^b	85.0^cd	13.2^a
8	799.5^cd	49.3^bc	21.6^ab	96.1^cd	12.6^a
9	1045.0^abcd	68.3^abc	31.2^ab	127.6^abcd	19.3^a
10	1225.0^abc	69.8^abc	38.2^ab	132.8^abc	18.2^a
11	980.3^bcd	51.5^abc	24.4^ab	107.3^bcd	11.9^a
12	936.3^bcd	52.3^abc	28.7^ab	104.8^bcd	12.8^a
13	680.0^d	48.3^bc	23.0^ab	80.0^d	11.9^a
14	880.3^bcd	58.0^abc	25.9^ab	115.0^bcd	14.8^a
15	1272.8^ab	79.8^ab	31.7^ab	154.8^ab	19.7^a
16	1019.8^abcd	64.0^abc	36.8^ab	127.4^abcd	19.9^a
17	1055.8^abcd	54.0^abc	44.3^a	123.4^abcd	13.6^a
18	1414.5^a	84.0^a	46.0^a	171.3^a	24.6^a

T	Height (cm)	Number of Leaves	Stem Diameter (mm)	Rosette Diameter (cm)	Length of largest leaf (cm)	width of the largest leaf (cm)
1	60.2^cde	17.0^cde	66.3^bcde	76.1^abc	51.3^bcde	4.9^bc
2	56.2^cde	15.4^e	59.6^ef	65.8^cdefg	49.3^cde	4.9^bc
3	55.6^de	15.2^e	61.0^def	64.9^cdefg	49.0^cde	4.8^bc
4	60.0^cde	18.0^abcd	68.8^abcd	67.4^cdrfg	52.9^bcde	4.7^bc
5	57.4^cde	15.8^e	60.6^def	61.9^g	51.4^bcde	4.7^bc
6	58.4^cde	16.2^de	62.0^cdef	61.6^g	52.0^bcde	4.6^bc
7	54.1^e	15.6^e	62.8^bcdef	59.8^g	46.1^e	4.6^c
8	58.8^cde	16.0d^e	63.2^bcdef	63.2^efg	52.0^bcde	5.0^bc
9	64.8^bc	17.8^abcd	71.6^abc	75.6^abce	59.0^ab	5.0^bc
10	63.3^bcd	20.0^abc	72.7^ab	67.8^cdefg	55.6^abcd	5.1^bc
11	57.9^cde	17.6^bcde	60.4^def	62.4^fg	52.3^bcde	4.7^bc
12	61.7^cde	18.4^abcd	57.0^f	73.8^abcde	58.0^ab	5.1^bc
13	56.2^cde	17.6^bcde	63.8^bcdef	61.0^g	46.9^de	5.0^bc
14	61.7^cde	16.6^de	59.4^ef	73.2^bcdef	55.6^abc	5.1^bc
15	71.2^ab	17.4^bcde	64.2^bcdef	83.2^ab	63.8^a	5.8^a
16	60.7^cde	20.6^ab	62.2^cdef	65.4^cdefg	52.7^bcde	5.1^bc
17	63.4^bcd	19.2^abcd	70.2^abcd	68.4^cdefg	56.9^abc	5.1^bc
18	73.61^a	21.0^a	76.6^a	84.4^a	63.0^a	5.7^a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Relative growth rate-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
T	Height (cm day^-1)	Number of leaves (NL day^-1)	Stem Diameter (mm day^-1)	Rosette Diameter (cm day^-1)	Length of largest leaf (cm day^-1)	width of the largest leaf (cm day^-1)
1	0.13^bcde	0.03^bcde	0.13^abcd	0.18^abc	0.11^cdef	0.007^abc
2	0.12^de	0.02^de	0.10^de	0.15^bcdef	0.11^def	0.007^abc
3	0.12^de	0.02^e	0.11^bcde	0.15^bcdef	0.11^def	0.006^bc
4	0.13^cde	0.03^abcd	0.13^abcde	0.16^bcdef	0.11^bcdef	0.006^bc
5	0.13^cde	0.03^cde	0.11^cde	0.14^ef	0.11^bcdef	0.007^abc
6	0.13^cde	0.03^bcde	0.11^bcde	0.15^def	0.12^bcdef	0.007^abc
7	0.11^e	0.03^cde	0.12^bcde	0.13^f	0.10^f	0.006^c
8	0.13^bcde	0.03^cde	0.12^bcde	0.15^bcdef	0.12^abcde	0.008^abc
9	0.14^bcd	0.03^abcde	0.14^abcd	0.18^ab	0.13^abc	0.008^abc
10	0.14^abc	0.04^ab	0.14^ab	0.16^bcdef	0.13^abcd	0.008^abc
11	0.12^cde	0.03^abcd	0.10^de	0.15^def	0.12^bcdef	0.006^bc
12	0.14^bcde	0.03^abcd	0.10^de	0.18^abcd	0.13^abc	0.008^abc
13	0.12^e	0.03^abcde	0.11^bcde	0.14^ef	0.10^fe	0.007^abc
14	0.13^bcde	0.03^cde	0.10^e	0.17^abcd	0.12^abcde	0.008^abc
15	0.15^ab	0.03^bcde	0.10^de	0.20^a	0.14^ab	0.009^ab
16	0.13^bcde	0.04^abc	0.11^bcde	0.15^cdef	0.11^bcdef	0.007^abc
17	0.14^bcde	0.03^abcde	0.13^abcde	0.16^bcdef	0.13^abcd	0.008^abc
18	0.17^a	0.04^a	0.15^a	0.20^a	0.14^a	0.010^a