Dietary lipid sources on the fatty acid profile of swine fat: a review

Alencar, Stephan Alexander da Silva; Kiefer, Charles

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210554

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 53 (3) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210554 copy

Dietary lipid sources on the fatty acid profile of swine fat: a review

Fontes lipídicas da dieta no perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura suína: revisão

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Swine production has focused its efforts to reduce the amount and improve the quality of fat deposited on carcass. Due to the association of the lipid profile with cardiovascular diseases, researches have been developed to understand how the deposition occurs and to improve the fatty acid profile of swine fat. Among the factors that affect the fat composition, race, sex, and diet, the third one has the greatest impact. Lipid inclusion seems to be a promising way to modulate the lipid profile of fat in pig carcass, with an effect on saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect is greater in that fatty acid with the highest concentration in the source used. Soybean oil can double the value of linoleic acid, a by-product of olive oil increases oleic acid by 4%, and flaxseed oil has the ability to increase α-linolenic acid from less than 1% to over 18% in total fatty acids. In addition to the source, the duration and concentration influence the modulation of the fatty acid profile.

Key words:
lipid profile; omega 3; omega 6

Authorship

Stephan Alexander da Silva Alencar

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil..Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)BrazilCampo Grande, MS, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil..

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-2417

Charles Kiefer ^*E-mail: charles.kiefer@ufms.br. *Corresponding author

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-2844

E-mail: charles.kiefer@ufms.br. ^*Corresponding author

Editors: Rudi Weiblen(0000-0002-1737-9817) Amanda D’avila Verardi(0000-0001-7031-9963)

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

The authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (1)

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Table 1
Results of main lipid sources inclusion in pork fatty acids.

Table 1 Results of main lipid sources inclusion in pork fatty acids.

Comparison	Period	---------------------------Effect of fatty acids-----------------------		Reference
		Increase	Decrease
		Canola Oil
Control diet	42 days	C18:2, C18:3n3, C20:5, PUFA, n6, n3	C16:1, C18:1n9, C22:6, MUFA	VEHOVSKÝ et al. (2019VEHOVSKÝ, K. et al. Effect of dietary rapeseed and soybean oil on growth performance, carcass traits, and fatty acid composition of pigs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.48, 2019.Available from: <Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbz/a/hVYjC5rv6b4FhPPTtYrTzvc/?format =pdf& lang=en >. Accessed: Dec. 16, 2021. doi: 10.1590/rbz4820180131. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbz/a/hVYjC5rv6b... )
Animal fat (1.1%)	68 days	C18:3n3, C20:3n3, C20:5n3	C16:0, C16:1,	GJERLAUG-ENGER et al. (2015GJERLAUG-ENGER, E. et al. Pig feeds rich in rapeseed products and organic selenium increased omega-3 fatty acids and selenium in pork meat and backfat. Food Science & Nutrition, v.3, n.2, p.120-128, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go v/pmc/articles/PMC4376406/ >. Accessed: Dec. 01, 2021. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.182. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go v/pmc/articl... )
Control diet	98 days	C16:1; C18:1n9, MUFA	C16:0; C18:0; C18:2n6; C18:3n3; C20:5n3; C22:6n3; PUFA; n6; n3	ALMEIDA et al. (2021ALMEIDA, V. V. et al. Effects of increasing dietary oil inclusion from different sources on growth performance, carcass and meat quality traits, and fatty acid profile in genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs. Livestock Science, v.248, p.104515, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871141321001232 >. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104515. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
Soybean oil (4.0%)	28 days	C16:1; C18:1n9, C18:3n6; C20:5n3; MUFA; n3	C18:2n6; PUFA; n6	OKROUHLÁ et al. (2018OKROUHLÁ, M. et al. Effect of duration of dietary rapeseed and soybean oil feeding on physical characteristics, fatty acid profile, and oxidative stability of pig backfat. Animals, v.8, n.11, p.193, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/ 93103.pdf >. Accessed: Dec. 20, 2021. doi: 10.3390/ani8110193. https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publi... )
		Soybean Oil
Control diet	42 days	C18:2, C18:3n3, C20:5, C22:6, PUFA, n6, n3	C16:1, C18:1n9, MUFA	VEHOVSKÝ et al. (2019VEHOVSKÝ, K. et al. Effect of dietary rapeseed and soybean oil on growth performance, carcass traits, and fatty acid composition of pigs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.48, 2019.Available from: <Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbz/a/hVYjC5rv6b4FhPPTtYrTzvc/?format =pdf& lang=en >. Accessed: Dec. 16, 2021. doi: 10.1590/rbz4820180131. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbz/a/hVYjC5rv6b... )
Control diet	90 days	C18:2n6, C18:3n3, C20:5, PUFA	C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1n9, SFA, MUFA	ALENCAR et al. (2021ALENCAR, S. A. S. et al. Dietary soybean oil modulates fatty acid composition of pork. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v.53, n.357, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02804-1 >. Acessed: Jun. 20, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02804-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02804... )
Control diet	30 days	C18:2n6, C18:3n3, C20:5, C22:6n3, PUFA	C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1n9, SFA, MUFA	ALENCAR et al. (2017ALENCAR, S. A. S. et al. Net energy levels on the lipid profile of pork. Ciência Rural, v.47, n.10, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/gGP88MsxYv7yngqS TpgxHSG/?lang=en >. Accessed: Mar. 18, 2021. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170189. https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/gGP88MsxYv7... )
Control diet	98 days	C16:1; C18:1n9, MUFA	C18:2n6; C18:3n3; C20:5n3; C22:6n3; PUFA; n6; n3	ALMEIDA et al. (2021ALMEIDA, V. V. et al. Effects of increasing dietary oil inclusion from different sources on growth performance, carcass and meat quality traits, and fatty acid profile in genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs. Livestock Science, v.248, p.104515, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871141321001232 >. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104515. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
		Linseed Oil
Control diet	70 days	C18:3n3, PUFA, n3	-	BRESTENSKÝ et al. (2016BRESTENSKÝ, M. et al. Effect of the supplementation linseed oil, inulin and horse chestnut into a high fat diet on the fatty acid profile of pigs. Ciência Rural, v.46, p.1992-1997, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/yynrjPvpDHCsvw8HmNsgNxB/?lang=en >. Accessed: Dec. 29, 2021. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151382. https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/yynrjPvpDHC... )
Soybean oil (1.5%)	-	C16:1, C18:3n3, n3	-	JIANG et al. (2017JIANG, J. et al. Dietary linseed oil supplemented with organic selenium improved the fatty acid nutritional profile, muscular selenium deposition, water retention, and tenderness of fresh pork. Meat Science, v.131, p.99-106, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/28500964/ >. Accessed: Dec. 03, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.03.014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/2850096... )
Control diet	-	UFA, n-3	SFA	CERVEK et al. (2011ČERVEK, M. et al. Effect of linseed supplementation on carcass, meat quality and fatty acid composition in pigs. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, v.76, n.3, p.183-186, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/107278 >. Accessed: Dec. 05, 2021. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/107278... )
Soybean oil (5.0%)	28 days	C18:2n6, C18:3n3, n6, n3	C16:0	KIM et al. (2014KIM, J. S. et al. Impact of dietary fat sources and feeding level on adipose tissue fatty acids composition and lipid metabolism related gene expression in finisher pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.196, p.60-67, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037784011400193X >. Accessed: Mar. 18, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.007. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
		Animal Fat
Corn oil (4%)	-	-	C18:2	KOUBA & MOUROT (1999KOUBA, M.; MOUROT, J. Effect of a high linoleic acid diet on lipogenic enzyme activities and on the composition of the lipid fraction of fat and lean tissues in the pig. Meat Science, v.52, n.1, p.39-45, 1999. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/22062141/ >. Accessed: Dec. 30, 2021. doi: 10.1016/s0309-1740(98)00146-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/2206214... )
Control diet	56 days	C18:1n9; C18:3n6	C16:0	WEBER et al. (2006WEBER, T. E. et al. Evaluation of the effects of dietary fat, conjugated linoleic acid, and ractopamine on growth performance, pork quality, and fatty acid profiles in genetically lean gilts. Journal of Animal Science, v.84, n.3, p.720-732, 2006. Available from: <Available from: https://pub med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16478965/ >. Accessed: Dec. 17, 2021. doi: 10.2527/2006.843720x. https://pub med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1647896... )
Control diet	44 days	C14:0	C12:0; C18:3n6; C20:4n6	ALONSO et al. (2012ALONSO, V. et al. Influence of dietary fat on pork eating quality. Meat Science, v.92, n.4, p.366-373, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0 309174012000058 >. Accessed: Mar. 18, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.01.004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
Control diet	-	C20:3n6; C20:4n6	C16:0; SFA	APPLE et al (2009)a
		Fish Oil
Control diet	98 days	C16:0; C18:0; C16:1; C20:5n3; C22:6n3; SFA; n3	C18:2n6; C18:3n3; PUFA; n6	ALMEIDA et al. (2021ALMEIDA, V. V. et al. Effects of increasing dietary oil inclusion from different sources on growth performance, carcass and meat quality traits, and fatty acid profile in genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs. Livestock Science, v.248, p.104515, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871141321001232 >. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104515. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
Linseed oil (5.0%)	47 days	C18:1n9; C20:5n3; C22:5n3; C22:6n3	C14:0; C16:1; C18:2n6; C18:3n3; C20:4n6	SKIBA et al. (2014)
Control diet	-	C18:3n3; C20:5n3; C22:5n3; C22:6n3	C16:0; SFA	HALLENSTVEDT et al. (2010HALLENSTVEDT, E. et al. Fish oil in feeds for entire male and female pigs: Changes in muscle fatty acid composition and stability of sensory quality. Meat Science, v.85, n.1, p.182-190, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20374883/ >. Accessed: Dec. 12, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.12.023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20374883... )
Control diet	80 days	C14:0; C20:5n3; C22:6n3; n3	C18:2n6; PUFA; n6	JATURASITHA et al. (2009JATURASITHA, S. et al. Early deposition of n-3 fatty acids from tuna oil in lean and adipose tissue of fattening pigs is mainly permanent. Journal of Animal Science, v.87, n.2, p.693-703, 2009. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18849381/ >. Accessed: Dec. 09, 2021. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-0863. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18849381... )

¹SFA = Saturated fatty acids; MUFA = Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids; UFA = Unsaturated fatty acids; n6 = Omega 6; n3 = Omega 3.

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[1] E-mail: charles.kiefer@ufms.br. ^*Corresponding author