Vernalization temperature and maturation point of seed cloves on garlic production and quality

Luz, José Magno Queiroz; Oliveira, Carlos Inácio Garcia de; Silva, Sérgio Macedo; Oliveira, Túlio Garcia; Castoldi, Renata

doi:10.1590/1413-7054202347015122

ABSTRACT

Brazilian producers have been seeking to improve garlic productivity and quality via vernalization at negative temperatures. However, more concrete information about the application and effects of this technique on the productivity and quality of noble garlic varieties is lacking. Moreover, there are also questions about the use and influence of seed cloves at different maturation points on this crop’s yield. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of vernalization temperatures and different maturation points of seed cloves on the yield and quality of noble garlic cultivars. Three experiments were conducted using the Ito cultivar over three garlic planting seasons in Cristalina, GO, Brazil. The experimental design followed a 3 x 3 factorial scheme: three vernalization temperature ranges (-1 to -3 °C; 1 to 3 °C; and 2 to 4 °C) and three seed clove maturation points (normal, early and late). Plant height, aboveground fresh mass, bulbar ratio, and bulb yield and quality were evaluated after harvesting. The negative vernalization temperature had significant results with the highest garlic yields occurring in all three planting seasons, with a considerable increase in the quantity of bulbs with better commercial value (‘class 6’) and a decrease in the quantity of ‘discard’ bulbs. In comparison to the other temperatures, negative vernalization temperatures also yielded higher fresh plants in all evaluated seasons. The normal maturation point resulted in gains in total bulb yield. The use of below-zero vernalization temperatures increased the productivity of the garlic cultivar Ito under the conditions found in Brazil.

Index terms:
Noble garlic; Ito cultivar; below-zero temperature; bulb productivity; class 6.

[1] ^*Corresponding authors: rcastoldi@ufu.br

Evaluated factors	Plant height (cm)	Fresh mass (g)	Bulbar ratio
Maturation Point (MP)
Normal	77.84^a	372.82^a	0.36^a
Early	75.59^a	374.47^a	0.37^a
Late	76.63^a	362.09^a	0.36^a
F_MP	3.09^ns	0.26^ns	0.34^ns
Vernalization Temperature (VT)
-1 to -3 °C	77.53^a	379.32^a	0.39^a
1 to 3 °C	75.94^a	372.24^a	0.35^b
2 to 4 °C	76.60^a	357.82^a	0.35^b
F_VT	1.56^ns	0.70^ns	6.96*
F_MPxVT	2.28^ns	2.26^ns	4.18*
C.V. (%)	4.09	17.39	10.98

Evaluated factor	TBP	BP2-5 (<35-50 mm)	BP6 (51-56 mm)	BPD
Maturation Point (MP)
Normal	14.03^a	12.62^a	0.24^ab	1.16^a
Early	14.04^a	12.53^a	0.52^a	0.98^a
Late	12.57^b	11.54^b	0.12^b	0.90^a
F_MP	20.56*	7.25*	3.35*	0.91^ns
Vernalization Temperature (VT)
-1 to -3 °C	15.18^a	13.62^a	0.68^a	0.87^a
1 to 3 °C	12.87^b	11.59^b	0.10^b	1.17^a
2 to 4 °C	12.59^b	11.48^b	0.10^b	1.00^a
F_VT	58.40*	29.51*	8.80*	1.20^ns
F_MPxVT	1.43^ns	0.31^ns	5.07*	1.39^ns
C.V. (%)	6.72	8.87	185.24	66.52

Evaluated factor	Plant height (cm)	Fresh mass (g)	Bulbar ratio
Normal	76.10^a	575.39^a	0.36^a
Early	74.72^a	520.13^b	0.33^b
Late	74.49^a	546.31^b	0.32^b
F_MP	1.80^ns	5.35**	3.92**
-1 to -3 °C	75.70^a	569.99^a	0.38^a
1 to 3 °C	74.45^a	553.22^ab	0.31^b
2 to 4 °C	75.17^a	518.62^b	0.33^b
F_VT	0.93^ns	4.81*	14.88*
F_MPxVT	3.13*	2.60*	3.69*
C.V. (%)	4.24	10.70	13.73

Evaluated factor	TBP	BP2-5 (<35 to 50 mm)	BP6 (51 to 56 mm)	PBD
Maturation Points (MP)
Normal	20.57^a	5.71^a	6.06^a	7.88^a
Early	18.09^c	6.30^a	5.45^a	6.33^a
Late	19.33^b	6.58^a	6.06^a	6.70^a
F_MP	12.74*	0.83^ns	1.95^ns	1.59^ns
Vernalization Temperatures (VT)
-1 to -3 °C	19.98^a	5.51^a	9.35^a	5.11^b
1 to 3 °C	19.47^ab	6.01^a	5.13^b	8.33^a
2 to 4 °C	18.53^b	7.07^a	4.00^b	7.46^a
F_VT	4.42*	2.67^ns	26.22*	6.73*
F_MPxVT	2.63*	1.41^ns	1.83^ns	0.89^ns
C.V. (%)	8.81	38.49	43.78	45.06

Evaluated factors	Height (cm)	Fresh mass (g)	Bulbar ratio
Maturation Points (MP)
Normal	79.01^a	356.51^a	0.23^a
Early	77.09^a	352.16^a	0.23^a
Late	79.17^a	348.90^a	0.23^a
F_MP	3.20^ns	0.14^ns	0.19^ns
Vernalization Temperatures (VT)
-1 to -3 °C	77.88^a	363.90^a	0.26^a
1 to 3 °C	77.67^a	341.09^a	0.22^b
2 to 4 °C	79.73^a	352.57^a	0.21b
F_VT	3.07^ns	1.27^ns	26.94*
F_MPxVT	1.89^ns	1.78^ns	1.26^ns
C.V. (%)

Brasil

Brasil

Vernalization temperature and maturation point of seed cloves on garlic production and quality

Temperatura de vernalização e ponto de maturação de bulbilhos-sementes na produtividade e qualidade do alho

ABSTRACT

Evaluated factors	TBP	BP2-5 (<35 to 50 mm)	BP6 (51 to 56 mm)	DBP
Maturation Points (MP)
Normal	25.76^a	9.43^a	8.81^a	7.51^a
Early	24.74^ab	9.54^a	7.81^a	7.39^a
Late	23.85^b	10.60^a	6.18^b	7.06^a
F_MP	7.08*	1.59^ns	9.01*	0.10^ns
Vernalization Temperatures (VT)
-1 to -3 °C	27.05^a	8.78^b	9.77^a	8.51^a
1 to 3 °C	23.24^b	11.82^a	7.07^b	4.34^b
2 to 4 °C	24.06^b	8.78^a	5.97^b	9.13^a
F_VT	31.07*	10.95*	19.59*	12.79*
F_MPxVT	1.09^ns	3.83*	5.05*	3.79*
C.V. (%)	7.11	25.63	28.47	48.68