Ishaq, A. R.; Manzoor, M.; Hussain, A.; Altaf, J.; Rehman, S. ur; Javed, Z.; Afzal, I.; Noor, A.; Noor, F.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.232466

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Brazilian Journal of Biology

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 81 (4) • Oct-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.232466 copiar

Perspectiva de doenças microbianas transmitidas por alimentos no Paquistão: uma revisão

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Hoje em dia, as doenças transmitidas por alimentos são mais comuns em pessoas devido à sua natureza epidêmica. Essas doenças afetam o sistema digestivo humano por meio de bactérias, vírus e parasitas. Os agentes das doenças são transmitidos em nosso corpo por meio de diversos tipos de alimentos, água e crus. Os patógenos mostram mudanças drásticas em pessoas imunossupressoras. Esta revisão fornece uma visão geral da vida microbiana prejudicial. O Paquistão é um país desenvolvido e, devido ao seu manejo alimentar inadequado, muitos problemas gastrointestinais são observados em muitos pacientes. As bactérias são os agentes mais comuns para espalhar diarreia, infecção de vilosidades, obstipação e doença disentérica em humanos e induzem a rejeição de transplantes de órgãos. Melhoria de seu estilo de vida, alimentos devidamente cozidos devem ser utilizados e para superar o aparecimento de doenças.

Palavras-chave:
introdução; doenças virais transmitidas por alimentos; doenças bacterianas transmitidas por alimentos; doenças parasitárias transmitidas por alimentos; perspectiva do Paquistão; medidas preventivas

Pathogens	Diseases	Morphology	Isolation	Toxins (Virulent Factors)	Optimum Temperature for Infections	References
Campylobacter sp.	Diarrhoea, Acute intestinal infections and Necrotic infections	Gram negative	Oral Cavity (Saliva)	Flagellin protein (FlaB, FlbA)	04	(Bouzid, Hunter, Chalmers, & Tyler, 2013BOUZID, M., HUNTER, P.R., CHALMERS, R.M. and TYLER, K.M., 2013. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 115-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00076-12 PMid:23297262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00076-12... ; Karmali & Fleming, 1979KARMALI, M.A. and FLEMING, P., 1979. Campylobacter enteritis in children. The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 527-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80004-9 PMid:430287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(79)... ; Lemos et al., 2015LEMOS, A., MORAIS, L., FONTES, M. C., PIRES, I. and VIEIRA-PINTO, M., 2015. Campylobacter spp. isolation from infected poultry livers with and without necrotic lesions. Food Control, vol. 50, pp. 236-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.201... ; Liu, Ma, Wang, & Zhang, 2018LIU, F., MA, R., WANG, Y. and ZHANG, L., 2018. The clinical importance of Campylobacter concisus and other human hosted Campylobacter species. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol. 8, pp. 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243 PMid:30087857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.002... ; Percival & Williams, 2014PERCIVAL, S.L. and WILLIAMS, D.W. (2014). Campylobacter Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (pp. 65-78): Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415846-7.00004-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-4158... ; Tzipori et al., 1983TZIPORI, S., BARNES, G., SMITH, M., BIRCH, C., and BISHOP, R., 1983. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital patients with gastroenteritis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 931-934. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.931 PMid:6625074. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.... )
		0.5-1 by 4µm
		Spiral to Rod Shape
Cryptosporidium sp.	Diarrhoea, Nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, Myalgia, Weakness, Malaise, Headache and anorexia	Gram negative4.	Intestines	Serine Protein, Aminopeptidase, cytokines, Hemolysin H4 and Phospholipase		(Bouzid et al., 2013BOUZID, M., HUNTER, P.R., CHALMERS, R.M. and TYLER, K.M., 2013. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 115-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00076-12 PMid:23297262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00076-12... ; Tzipori et al., 1983TZIPORI, S., BARNES, G., SMITH, M., BIRCH, C., and BISHOP, R., 1983. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital patients with gastroenteritis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 931-934. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.931 PMid:6625074. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.... )
		2-4.6 µm
		Rounded and spindle shaped
Shigella sp.	Diarrhoea	Gram negative	Epithelial Lining of intestine	Shiga toxins	37	(Hailegebriel, Petros, & Endeshaw, 2017HAILEGEBRIEL, T., PETROS, B. and ENDESHAW, T., 2017. Evaluation of parasitological methods for the detection of Strongyloides stercoralis among individuals in selected health institutions In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 515-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v27i5.10 PMid:29217957. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v27i5.10... ; Percival & Williams, 2014PERCIVAL, S.L. and WILLIAMS, D.W. (2014). Campylobacter Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (pp. 65-78): Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415846-7.00004-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-4158... ; Radostits, Gay, Hinchcliff, & Constable, 2006RADOSTITS, O. M., GAY, C. C., HINCHCLIFF, K. W., & CONSTABLE, P. D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Elsevier Health Sciences.; Thomas et al., 2013THOMAS, M.K., MURRAY, R., FLOCKHART, L., PINTAR, K., POLLARI, F., FAZIL, A., NESBITT, A. and MARSHALL, B., 2013. Estimates of the burden of foodborne illness in Canada for 30 specified pathogens and unspecified agents, circa 2006. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 639-648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2012.1389 PMid:23659355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2012.1389... )
		750µm
		Rod-Shaped
Clostridium perfringens	Acute Abdominal Pain and Diarrhoea Enterotoxin	Gram +	Intestine	Enterotoxin A produce alpha toxins and theta toxins	41	(Aguilera, Stagnitta, Micalizzi, & de Guzmán, 2005AGUILERA, M.O., STAGNITTA, P.V., MICALIZZI, B. and DE GUZMÁN, A.M.S., 2005. Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium perfringens from spices in Argentina. Anaerobe, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 327-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.003 PMid:16701595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.200... ; Guo, Zhang, Ma, & He, 2020GUO, P., ZHANG, K., MA, X. and HE, P., 2020. Clostridium species as probiotics: potentials and challenges. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, vol. 11, no. 1, 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0402-1 PMid:32099648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-040... ; Labbe & Nolan, 1981LABBE, R.G. and NOLAN, L.L., 1981. Stimulation of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin formation by caffeine and theobromine. Infection and Immunity, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 50-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.34.1.50-54.1981 PMid:6271685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.34.1.50-54... ; Newstead et al., 2008NEWSTEAD, S.L., POTTER, J.A., WILSON, J.C., XU, G., CHIEN, C.-H., WATTS, A.G., WITHERS, S.G. and TAYLOR, G.L., 2008. The structure of Clostridium perfringens NanI sialidase and its catalytic intermediates. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 14, pp. 9080-9088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M710247200 PMid:18218621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M710247200... ; Omernik & Płusa, 2015OMERNIK, A., & PŁUSA, T. (2015). Toxins of Clostridium perfringens as a natural and bioterroristic threats. Polski merkuriusz lekarski: organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, vol. 39, no. 231, pp. 149-152.; Radostits et al., 2006RADOSTITS, O. M., GAY, C. C., HINCHCLIFF, K. W., & CONSTABLE, P. D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Elsevier Health Sciences.; Willardsen, Busta, Allen, & Smith, 1978WILLARDSEN, R., BUSTA, F., ALLEN, C. and SMITH, L., 1978. Growth and survival of Clostridium perfringens during constantly rising temperatures. Journal of Food Science, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 470-475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb02333.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.19... )
		0.3-2.0µm
		Rod-Shaped
Staphylococcus aureus	Vomiting, Diarrhoea	Gram –	Intestine and Nervous system	Enterotoxins (A, B, C1, C2, D and E)	8-30	(Hirsh, Maclachian, & Wlaker, 2004HIRSH, D., MACLACHIAN, J. and WLAKER, R. (2004). Botulism in veterinary microbiology. USA: Blackwell Publishing Professional.; Notermans & Heuvelman, 1983NOTERMANS, S. and HEUVELMAN, C., 1983. Combined effect of water activity, pH and sub‐optimal temperature on growth and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Food Science, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1832-1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb05096.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.19... ; Quinn et al., 2001QUINN, P., MARKEY, B., CARTER, M., DEMNELLY, W. and LEONARD, F. (2001). Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease. 8th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell publishing.; Smith, Peter, Daniela, & Melchior, 2007SMITH, K., PETER, K., DANIELA, H. and MELCHIOR, S., 2007. Food borne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins. Food drug Administration center food safety. Applied Nutrition, vol. 10, pp. 119-150.)
		1µm
		Round-Shaped
Clostridium botulinum	Botulism	Gram +	Fresh stomach contents	Neurotoxins Proteolytic and non-proteolytic toxins	6-30	(Hall, McCroskey, Pincomb, & Hatheway, 1985HALL, J.D., MCCROSKEY, L., PINCOMB, B. and HATHEWAY, C., 1985. Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium barati which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 654-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.4.654-655.1985 PMid:3988908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.4.654-6... ; Lund, Graham, George, & Brown, 1990LUND, B.M., GRAHAM, A.F., GEORGE, S.M. and BROWN, D., 1990. The combined effect of incubation temperature, pH and sorbic acid on the probability of growth of non‐proteolytic, type B Clostridium botulinum. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 481-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01539.x PMid:2292514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.19... )
		2µm
		Rod-Shaped
Hepatitis A virus	Invasive enteric	+ strand RNA Virus	Liver, Bile	Immunoglobulin M	35	(Binn et al., 1984BINN, L.N., LEMON, S.M., MARCHWICKI, R., REDFIELD, R.R., GATES, N. and BANCROFT, W., 1984. Primary isolation and serial passage of hepatitis A virus strains in primate cell cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 28-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.20.1.28-33.1984 PMid:6086708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.20.1.28-33... ; Lozano et al., 2012LOZANO, R., NAGHAVI, M., FOREMAN, K., LIM, S., SHIBUYA, K., ABOYANS, V., ABRAHAM, J., ADAIR, T., AGGARWAL, R., AHN, S.Y., ALMAZROA, M.A., ALVARADO, M., ANDERSON, H.R., ANDERSON, L.M., ANDREWS, K.G., ATKINSON, C., BADDOUR, L.M., BARKER-COLLO, S., BARTELS, D.H., BELL, M.L., BENJAMIN, E.J., BENNETT, D., BHALLA, K., BIKBOV, B., ABDULHAK, A.B., BIRBECK, G., BLYTH, F., BOLLIGER, I., BOUFOUS, S., BUCELLO, C., BURCH, M., BURNEY, P., CARAPETIS, J., CHEN, H., CHOU, D., CHUGH, S.S., COFFENG, L.E., COLAN, S.D., COLQUHOUN, S., COLSON, K.E., CONDON, J., CONNOR, M.D., COOPER, L.T., CORRIERE, M., CORTINOVIS, M., DE VACCARO, K.C., COUSER, W., COWIE, B.C., CRIQUI, M.H., CROSS, M., DABHADKAR, K.C., DAHODWALA, N., DE LEO, D., DEGENHARDT, L., DELOSSANTOS, A., DENENBERG, J., DES JARLAIS, D.C., DHARMARATNE, S.D., DORSEY, E.R., DRISCOLL, T., DUBER, H., EBEL, B., ERWIN, P.J., ESPINDOLA, P., EZZATI, M., FEIGIN, V., FLAXMAN, A.D., FOROUZANFAR, M.H., FOWKES, F.G.R., FRANKLIN, R., FRANSEN, M., FREEMAN, M.K., GABRIEL, S.E., GAKIDOU, E., GASPARI, F., GILLUM, R.F., GONZALEZ-MEDINA, D., HALASA, Y.A., HARING, D., HARRISON, J.E., HAVMOELLER, R., HAY, R.J., HOEN, B., HOTEZ, P.J., HOY, D., JACOBSEN, K.H., JAMES, S.L., JASRASARIA, R., JAYARAMAN, S., JOHNS, N., KARTHIKEYAN, G., KASSEBAUM, N., KEREN, A., KHOO, J.-P., KNOWLTON, L.M., KOBUSINGYE, O., KORANTENG, A., KRISHNAMURTHI, R., LIPNICK, M., LIPSHULTZ, S.E., OHNO, S.L., MABWEIJANO, J., MACINTYRE, M.F., MALLINGER, L., MARCH, L., MARKS, G.B., MARKS, R., MATSUMORI, A., MATZOPOULOS, R., MAYOSI, B.M., MCANULTY, J.H., MCDERMOTT, M.M., MCGRATH, J., MEMISH, Z.A., MENSAH, G.A., MERRIMAN, T.R., MICHAUD, C., MILLER, M., MILLER, T.R., MOCK, C., MOCUMBI, A.O., MOKDAD, A.A., MORAN, A., MULHOLLAND, K., NAIR, M.N., NALDI, L., NARAYAN, K.M.V., NASSERI, K., NORMAN, P., O’DONNELL, M., OMER, S.B., ORTBLAD, K., OSBORNE, R., OZGEDIZ, D., PAHARI, B., PANDIAN, J.D., RIVERO, A.P., PADILLA, R.P., PEREZ-RUIZ, F., PERICO, N., PHILLIPS, D., PIERCE, K., POPE, C.A. 3rd., PORRINI, E., POURMALEK, F., RAJU, M., RANGANATHAN, D., REHM, J.T., REIN, D.B., REMUZZI, G., RIVARA, F.P., ROBERTS, T., DE LEÓN, F.R., ROSENFELD, L.C., RUSHTON, L., SACCO, R.L., SALOMON, J.A., SAMPSON, U., SANMAN, E., SCHWEBEL, D.C., SEGUI-GOMEZ, M., SHEPARD, D.S., SINGH, D., SINGLETON, J., SLIWA, K., SMITH, E., STEER, A., TAYLOR, J.A., THOMAS, B., TLEYJEH, I.M., TOWBIN, J.A., TRUELSEN, T., UNDURRAGA, E.A., VENKETASUBRAMANIAN, N., VIJAYAKUMAR, L., VOS, T., WAGNER, G.R., WANG, M., WANG, W., WATT, K., WEINSTOCK, M.A., WEINTRAUB, R., WILKINSON, J.D., WOOLF, A.D., WULF, S., YEH, P.-H., YIP, P., ZABETIAN, A., ZHENG, Z.-J., LOPEZ, A.D. and MURRAY, C.J.L., 2012. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, vol. 380, no. 9859, pp. 2095-2128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMid:23245604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)... )
Hepatitis A virus	Invasive enteric	27nm	Liver, Bile	Immunoglobulin M	35
Brucella inopinata	Chronic pneumonia in human	Gram –	Lungs	Urease and positive H₂S Production	35-37	(Tiller et al., 2010TILLER, R.V., GEE, J.E., LONSWAY, D.R., GRIBBLE, S., BELL, S.C., JENNISON, A.V., BATES, J., COULTER, C., HOFFMASTER, A.R. and DE, B.K., 2010. Identification of an unusual Brucella strain (BO2) from a lung biopsy in a 52 year-old patient with chronic destructive pneumonia. BMC Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-23 PMid:20105296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-2... )
		1.5mm
		Globular and Rod Shaped
Listeria monocytogenes	Listeriosis, Febrile gastroenteritis, CNS infection (Non-perinatal case), Septicaemia, Maternofetal infections	Gram +	Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid	Hemolysin (Intestine), Cytokines (Liver), Internalin Protein (Binding protein), listeriolysin and Two phosphate (PLcA and PLcB)	10-25	(Cossart et al., 1989COSSART, P., VICENTE, M.F., MENGAUD, J., BAQUERO, F., PEREZ-DIAZ, J. and BERCHE, P., 1989. Listeriolysin O is essential for virulence of Listeria monocytogenes: direct evidence obtained by gene complementation. Infection and Immunity, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3629-3636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.57.11.3629-3636.1989 PMid:2509366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.57.11.3629... ; de Noordhout et al., 2014DE NOORDHOUT, C.M., DEVLEESSCHAUWER, B., ANGULO, F.J., VERBEKE, G., HAAGSMA, J., KIRK, M., HAVELAAR, A. and SPEYBROECK, N., 2014. The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1073-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70870-9 PMid:25241232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)... ; Gregory & Wing, 1990GREGORY, S.H. and WING, E.J., 1990. Accessory function of Kupffer cells in the antigen-specific blastogenic response of an L3T4+ T-lymphocyte clone to Listeria monocytogenes. Infection and Immunity, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2313-2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.58.7.2313-2319.1990 PMid:2114361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.58.7.2313-... ; Vázquez-Boland et al., 2001VÁZQUEZ-BOLAND, J.A., KUHN, M., BERCHE, P., CHAKRABORTY, T., DOMÍNGUEZ-BERNAL, G., GOEBEL, W., GONZÁLEZ-ZORN, B., WEHLAND, J. and KREFT, J., 2001. Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 584-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.14.3.584-640.2001. PMid:11432815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.14.3.584-6... )
		1-1.5µm
		Rod-Shaped
Myobacterium bovis	Invasive enteric diseases and Bovine type of tuberculosis	Gram -/+	Gastrointestinal Tract Calmette and Guérin, African ancestry	Contagium vivum	37	(Dürr et al., 2013DÜRR, S., MÜLLER, B., ALONSO, S., HATTENDORF, J., LAISSE, C.J., VAN HELDEN, P.D. and ZINSSTAG, J., 2013. Differences in primary sites of infection between zoonotic and human tuberculosis: results from a worldwide systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. e2399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002399 PMid:24009789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0... ; Forrellad et al., 2013FORRELLAD, M.A., KLEPP, L.I., GIOFFRÉ, A., SABIO Y GARCIA, J., MORBIDONI, H.R., DE LA PAZ SANTANGELO, M., CATALDI, A.A. and BIGI, F., 2013. Virulence factors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Virulence, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.22329 PMid:23076359. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.22329... ; Müller et al., 2013MÜLLER, B., DÜRR, S., ALONSO, S., HATTENDORF, J., LAISSE, C.J., PARSONS, S.D., VAN HELDEN, P.D. and ZINSSTAG, J., 2013. Zoonotic Mycobacterium bovis–induced tuberculosis in humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 899-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1906.120543 PMid:23735540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1906.120543... ; Young, Gormley, & Wellington, 2005YOUNG, J.S., GORMLEY, E. and WELLINGTON, E.M., 2005. Molecular detection of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Pasteur) in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1946-1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.4.1946-1952.2005 PMid:15812024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.4.1946-... ; Zhang & Groves, 1988ZHANG, A. and GROVES, M.J., 1988. Size characterization of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guérin) Vaccine, Tice™ Substrain. Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 607-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015954316139 PMid:3073388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:101595431613... )
		About 1 micron		Mycolic acid, Glycolipids in cell envelope, mycocerosic acid
		Rod-Shaped
Brucella sp.	Invasive enteric diseases	Gram-	Stomach	Th1-type cell	37	(Dean, Crump, Greter, Schelling, & Zinsstag, 2012DEAN, A.S., CRUMP, L., GRETER, H., SCHELLING, E. and ZINSSTAG, J., 2012. Global burden of human brucellosis: a systematic review of disease frequency. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. e1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001865 PMid:23145195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0... ; Thacker, Parikh, Shouche, & Madamwar, 2007THACKER, U., PARIKH, R., SHOUCHE, Y. and MADAMWAR, D., 2007. Reduction of chromate by cell-free extract of Brucella sp. isolated from Cr (VI) contaminated sites. Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 1541-1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.06.011 PMid:16931000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.200... )
		0.5-0.7 µ		Interleukin 12
		Rod-Shaped		Interferon
		Rod-Shaped		Urease
Escherichia coli	Diarrhea	Gram –	Faecal matter	Cytotoxins	20-30	(Adler, 1973ADLER, J., 1973. A method for measuring chemotaxis and use of the method to determine optimum conditions for chemotaxis by Escherichia coli. Journal of general microbiology, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 77-91. PMid:4632978.; Bryan, McKinley, & Mixon, 1971BRYAN, F.L., MCKINLEY, T.W. and MIXON, B., 1971. Use of time-temperature evaluations in detecting the responsible vehicle and contributing factors of foodborne disease outbreaks. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 576-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0022-2747-34.12.576. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0022-2747-34.1... )
		3µm		Shiga -like toxins
		Rod-Shaped		Shiga -like toxins
Listeria sp.	Invasive enteric diseases	Gram +	Blood	Β-hemolytic	37.8	(de Noordhout et al., 2014DE NOORDHOUT, C.M., DEVLEESSCHAUWER, B., ANGULO, F.J., VERBEKE, G., HAAGSMA, J., KIRK, M., HAVELAAR, A. and SPEYBROECK, N., 2014. The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1073-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70870-9 PMid:25241232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)... ; Guillet et al., 2010GUILLET, C., JOIN-LAMBERT, O., LE MONNIER, A., LECLERCQ, A., MECHAÏ, F., MAMZER-BRUNEEL, M.-F., BIELECKA, M.K., SCORTTI, M., DISSON, O., BERCHE, P., VAZQUEZ-BOLAND, J., LORTHOLARY, O. and LECUIT, M., 2010. Human listeriosis caused by Listeria ivanovii. Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 136-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1601.091155 PMid:20031061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1601.091155... )
		0.5-4.0µm		Catalase
		Rod-Shaped		esculin hydrolysis

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